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Mesopotamia
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- 2. Mesopotamia Location: “Meso” means________ so Mesopotamia means “land between the rivers” specifically the ______ and _________ rivers. The world’s _______civilization developed here and is called________. Sumer’s boundaries are the _______ _____ to the south and the city-state of ____ in the north. The people who lived in Sumer were called ___________ which means the black-headed people. “between” Tigris Euphrates oldest Sumer Persian Gulf Kish Sumerians
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- 6. The Geography Mesopotamia isthe eastern portion of an area rich in __________ called the ______ ___________. It lies between the two rivers: the ______ in the east and the ___________ in the west. Both rivers flow into the ______ ________. The rivers _____ at _________ intervals so life in Mesopotamia was unpredictable. After a flood, the rivers left a soil rich in minerals called ____. It was the ____ that made the soil good for large-scale farming. East of the Tigris were the ___________ mountains which provided wood and metals. To the west of the Euphrates was the Syrian _________ . agriculture Fertile Crescent Tigris Euphrates Persian Gulf flood irregular silt silt Zagros Desert
- 7. Advanced Cities Around ______B.C. Sumerians had built cities. The most famous is ___ which was excavated by British ___________ Leonard ________ in the 1920s and 30s. The Sumerians in Ur lived in small box-like, ____ storey houses. The central feature of the city was the large _______ which was a ______ to the gods. 3000 Ur archaeologist Wooley one Ziggurat temple
- 8. The _______ wasa ________-shaped building made up of __ to __ temples stacked on top of each other in wedding cake style. Ziggurats were constructed with ____ _______. Several flights of stairs led to the top of the temple where priests would make ___________ to the gods. Ziggurat pyramid 3 5 mud bricks sacrifices
- 9. Complex Institutions: Religion TheSumerians were ___________ which means that they worshipped __________________ There were more than _______ Sumerian gods. These gods were believed to be _____________ so the Sumerians gave them ______________ of both plants and _________. Sumerians believed in an _________, but viewed it as a __________ place where souls did not find ________ or any rewards from the gods. The poem, the ____ __ ________ gives us the Sumerian view of their gods. polytheistic more than one god 3,000 unpredictable sacrifices animals afterlife gloomy rest Epic of Gilgamesh
- 10. Q/A • How mightthe geography attribute to their negative view of the gods? • Unpredictable flooding led to a view that the gods were unpredictable!
- 11. Complex Institutions: Government Sumeriansorganized themselves into _____ _____ which were ___________of each other. Sumerians were ___ ______ politically. Each city-state had its own___________. Historians believe that governments were created to ____ _________ faced by the Sumerians. The _______ _______ of the rivers required that the Sumerians learn how to______ their environment by developing a system of irrigation and flood control. city - states independent not united government solve problems irregular flooding control
- 12. Government ________ were createdto hold excess water from the flooding, and _______ ditches were dug to carry water into the ______. At first _______ organized and directed the _______ projects and the _________ was their base of operations serving as both a _______ and a ___________ building. The city-states were often at ____ with each other so in times of crisis a ________ commander would take over the government. Reservoirs irrigation fields priests irrigation Ziggurat temple government war military
- 13. Government Eventually military commandersdid not want to give up control after the war and ruled as kings or ________. When the title of “king” passed from father to son and stayed within one ______, a _______ was established. By 2500 B.C., most city states were ruled by a ________. monarchs family dynasty dynasty Dynasty – “a family of rulers”
- 14. Complex Institutions: economy Sumeriansdid not use money. They traded one product for another which is called the _______ system. Since irrigation had allowed farmers to harvest a _______ of crops, not all Sumerians had to engage in farming. _____________ ___ _________ developed so that there were many jobs in Sumer such as ________, weavers and _____ workers. Men who specialized in a particular craft such as pottery were called ____________. By 3000 B.C. artisans barter surplus Specialization of labor potters metal artisans
- 15. Economy began using ________to craft tools, weapons and artistic objects. The _______ Era gave way to the _______ _____ in Mesopotamia. The specialization of labor led to the formation of ___________. There were four social classes. bronze Neolithic Bronze Age social classes
- 16. Socio-economic classes Slaves Lower class Middleclass Upper class priests, military commanders monarchs Wealthy merchants Farmers and artisans Conquered Peoples
- 17. Record Keeping Also around3000 B.C., Sumerians created a form of writing called _________. Men who learned to write in cuneiform were called _______. Cuneiform is a _____ shaped form of writing. cuneiform scribes wedge-
- 18. Record Keeping • Writing: –3500 B.C. – pictograms – 3200 B.C. - cuneiform which is a wedge shaped form of writing.
- 19. Record Keeping The scribesused a ______ to make the wedge-shaped indentions in ___ tablets. At first scribes only recorded ____________ of products for trade and __________ events. Eventually, they would record religious ______ such as the _____ ___ __________ stylus clay inventories historical poems Epic of Gilgamesh
- 20. The Epic ofGilgamesh Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the bull of heaven
- 21. Advanced Technology Sumerians developedthe world’s first _____, ______, and _______. They were also the first to use _______ which is the combination of copper and tin. wheel plow sailboat bronze
- 22. Epic of GilgameshTablet I 1. Describe Gilgamesh’s appearance and character. Is he loved by his people? 2. Describe Enkidu’s appearance and character. 3.What do you think Enkidu and Gilgamesh symbolize? 4.Do the Sumerians have a positive view of “civilized man” based on your answer to #3?
- 23. Tablets 2-6 1. Whydo Gilgamesh and Enkidu decide to leave Uruk? 2. What does the first adventure into the Cedar Forest reveal about the character of Gilgamesh? 3. At the end of Tablet 6, Anu is angry that Gilgamesh and Enkidu have killed the Bull of heaven. Whom do you think the gods will choose to die for this crime? Explain.
- 24. Development of Art •Temples - the ziggurat • Mudbrick and baked brick were used to make massive architecture • Statues of seated figures with exaggerated heads • Figurines made of metals like copper • Standard of Ur
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- 28. The Akkadians ________ theGreat began to create the ______ ______ _______around 2350 B.C. Akkad was located just______________. The Akkadians adopted the _______ of the Sumerians, so Sumerian civilization continued to survive but under Akkadian rulers. What is culture? Sargon world’s first empire north of Sumer culture A people’s unique way of life!
- 29. The Babylonians Originally calledAmorites, a second group of conquerors ruled Mesopotamia beginning in 2000 B.C. They made ________ their capital and thus were known as the Babylonians. Ancient Babylon is very close to the present Iraqi capital of __________. __________ was their best known ruler as he ordered that the world’s ______________________ be Babylon Baghdad Hammurabi first written law code
- 30. Hammurabi’s Stele inscribed onclay tablets. Hammurabi based his code of law on older collections of the _____________.Sumerians
- 31. Hammurabi’s Code One principleof the Code of Hammurabi is that “the strong shall ______________the weak.” The provisions of the code cover many legal matters including false accusations, ___________, military service, ____ and business regulations, family laws, ________, _____, loans and_______. It was a rather __________ code calling for “an ____________ ” or for the _______ penalty. not oppress witchcraft land wages trade debts severe eye for an eye death
- 32. Palestine Location: Eastern endof the ____________ Sea. It was also called ________. It was a fairly narrow strip of land with the _______________ on its west and _______ to the east and to the south. The ________ river was an important water source. Mediterranean Canaan Mediterranean Sea deserts Jordan
- 33. Sea of Galilee Nazareth JordanRiver Dead Sea Cyprus Sidon Jerusalem Egypt
- 34. A new religion:Judaism Palestine would eventually become the land of the __________ and their religion called Judaism. Around 2000 B.C., a man named __________lived in Sumer, in the city-state of __. Abraham rejected the polytheism practiced by the Sumerians and believed in only ___ god which he called _______ The belief in only one god is called ____________ Jews Abraham Ur one Yahweh monotheism
- 35. Judaism continued Abraham madean agreement or _________ with Yahweh in which he would ______ Yahweh who would in return provide ___________ for Abraham and his descendants. Yahweh commanded Abraham to move his family from Mesopotamia to ________. Thus the region known as ________ or Canaan became the __________________ to the Hebrews (Jews). covenant obey protection Palestine Palestine “Promised Land”
- 36. Hebrew Conception ofGodHebrew Conception of God God is _________ and is ___________ to nature. Nature is not to be worshiped but is just part of God’s ___________ God is __________ God is ____________________. He is supreme. universal superior creation eternal subject to nothing
- 37. Key People, Termsand Events ______________: Patriarch and founder ___________: leader of the Hebrew Exodus ___________: flight of Hebrews from Egypt _______: sacred book of Hebrews given to Moses by Yahweh. It is the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. It was written on a ______ and kept in an ornamental chest called the _____ of the ________ Abraham Moses Exodus Torah scroll ark covenant
- 38. Before the temple… TheTabernacle of the Ark
- 39. The ark accordingto the Bible. Similarities in Egypt? (Tomb of Tutankamen)
- 40. Where is theArk of the Covenant?
- 41. Key People, termsand events ___________________: the basis of Hebrew ____ and _________ law given to Moses. ____________________: the emphasis on a _______ code of conduct and the worship of only one god. Kingdom of ________: Around 1000 B.C., the Hebrews united into a kingdom ruled by a man named Saul. Ten Commandments civil religious Ethical Monotheism moral Israel
- 42. Kingdom of Israel __________:King and author of many of the poems in the book of Psalms _________: King known for his great __________ and for building the first permanent house of worship called _____________________. ____________: Jewish house of worship ________: By 922 B.C., the Hebrews had divided into two Kingdoms. Judah was in the _________ part of Palestine. It survived longer than did Israel which is why the Hebrews are now called ______ and their religion is called ___________. ____________ : capital city of __________and most holy city of Judaism. David Solomon wisdom Solomon’s Temple Synagogue Judah southern Jews Judaism Jerusalem Judah
- 44. Kingdom of Israel _______:By 586 B.C., the Babylonians had conquered Israel and Judah. The Jews were forced to leave Palestine and to live in _________ in Mesopotamia. (Babylon) _________: The Jews would be persecuted by the Roman empire in the first century A.D. and would ________ around the world. Exile captivity Diaspora disperse
- 45. The Assyrians Around 850B.C. a group of people from northern Mesopotamia created an empire. They conquered both _____________ and the Kingdom of ______. Eventually they would conquer _______ as well. Assyrian society valued ___________ strength. ____________ was the Assyrian capital located on the Tigris north of Ancient Sumer. Mesopotamia Israel Egypt military Nineveh
- 48. Library at Nineveh Itsgreatest king _______________ encouraged a less militaristic culture and he built a huge ______ at _______. There he collected over 25,000 clay tablets of Mesopotamian literature. Some of these tablets were dictionaries that have unlocked the key to translating ancient ____________. Ashurbanipal library Nineveh cuneiform
- 49. The new Babylonians Around612 B.C., the Medes and Chaldeans conquered the Assyrians. They made their capital the ancient city of _________ and thus are named the new Babylonians. Their greatest King ________________ turned Babylon into one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. He constructed a monument to his wife in the form of a _________. On each of the tiers of the ziggurat- like monument, he cultivated plants that cascaded from one tier to the next. This gave the effect of a hanging gardens. Thus the monument is called the ________ ________ of Babylon. Babylon’s largest ziggurat had 7 tiers and stood over 300 feet tall. This group of Babylonians would conquer the _____ in 587 B.C. and carry them off into captivity called the _________ ___________ or simply the _______. Babylon Nebuchadnezzar Ziggurat Hanging Gardens Jews Babylonian Captivity exile
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- 51. The Persians Originally fromthe land east of Mesopotamia in what is now ____, the Persians created one of the largest empires. Around 550 B.C., led by ______ the Great, the Persians conquered all of Mesopotamia, Palestine and Egypt. Their land stretched from _______ (modern day Turkey) and Northwest Africa in the west to the _______ River (India) in the east. Iran Cyrus Anatolia Indus
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- 53. Persian Rule The Persianswere very _______ of the beliefs and customs of conquered peoples. They allowed the _______ to return to _________ where they rebuilt their temple in Jerusalem. The Jews would live in Palestine until they left in great numbers during the ________ occupation. Their dispersal into Europe in the first century A.D. is known as the _____________. tolerant Jews Palestine Roman Diaspora
- 54. Add to thebottom of your outline: ____________: non-elected, paid government officials who work for the emperor _____________: polytheistic religion of Persia: god of light vs god of evil; concepts of judgment day, heaven &hell, Avesta=sacred text Bureaucracy Zoroastrianism
- 55. The Guardian Spiritin Zoroastrianism