menstural cycle
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The document discusses the hormones released during the menstrual cycle and the steps involved. It describes that the menstrual cycle involves three phases - the menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase. The menstrual phase lasts for 4 days and involves shedding of the endometrial lining. The proliferative phase lasts 10 days and involves thickening of the endometrial lining in preparation for implantation. The secretory phase lasts 15-28 days and involves secretion of hormones like progesterone to support implantation if fertilization occurs. Key hormones released during the cycle include FSH, LH, progesterone, and estrogen, which regulate follicle development, ovulation, and uterine lining changes.
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Implantation
The document discusses the process of implantation, beginning with definitions and timing. Implantation occurs around 6 days after fertilization and is completed by 11 days. The blastocyst implants in the posterior uterine wall. There is a short window of implantation around days 20-24 of the menstrual cycle. During this time, pinopods appear on the endometrial surface and decidualization of the endometrial stroma occurs to support implantation. The stages of implantation are apposition, adhesion, and invasion of the trophoblast into the endometrium. Various mediators help guide the blastocyst to the optimal implantation site. Complications can include ectopic pregnancy and abnormal placentation.
Labor management
This document outlines the management of the three stages of labor. The first stage involves monitoring the mother's vital signs and positioning, providing nutrition and pain management, as well as fetal heart rate monitoring and assessing cervical dilation. The second stage focuses on monitoring the mother's vitals and pushing efforts, as well as fetal descent. Procedures like episiotomy and delivery of the baby are also described. The third stage involves active management with uterotonic drugs, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage to achieve a quick delivery and reduce bleeding.
Fertilization, implantaion and embryology
1. The document summarizes key stages in human development from fertilization through embryonic and fetal development. It describes fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and extraembryonic membranes.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones released by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. The hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH causes follicles in the ovaries to mature and estrogen levels to rise. The LH surge triggers ovulation. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall and menstruation begins. The typical cycle is around 28 days and consists of the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases. Menstruation involves shedding of the uterine lining if pregnancy does not occur.
Development of female external genitalia
The document describes the development of the female external genitalia from an indifferent stage through common development with males to sexual differentiation. It notes that initially the genitalia are indistinct but develop structures like the genital tubercle, urogenital folds, and labioscrotal swellings. These structures then differentiate in females to form the mons pubis from fused folds, the clitoris from the phallus, the labia minora from the folds, and the labia majora from the swellings.
Ovulation, fertilization, implantation (1 st week
The document discusses the processes of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. It explains that ovulation is triggered by hormones like LH and FSH, leading to the release of an egg. If fertilization by sperm occurs, the fertilized egg undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst over a week. The blastocyst then implants in the uterus by attaching to the endometrial lining with the help of hormonal changes brought on by the corpus luteum.
Implantation and placentation , and overview
Implantation and formation of placenta is an essential developmental process during human embryogenesis as it marks the connection between maternal and fetal blood, a condition specific to mammals more precisely eutherians. It works as a passage of required nutrients to the growing embryo and collection of its waste. It also discusses various types of placenta that are seen in mammals.
The placenta
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
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Implantation
The document discusses the process of implantation, beginning with definitions and timing. Implantation occurs around 6 days after fertilization and is completed by 11 days. The blastocyst implants in the posterior uterine wall. There is a short window of implantation around days 20-24 of the menstrual cycle. During this time, pinopods appear on the endometrial surface and decidualization of the endometrial stroma occurs to support implantation. The stages of implantation are apposition, adhesion, and invasion of the trophoblast into the endometrium. Various mediators help guide the blastocyst to the optimal implantation site. Complications can include ectopic pregnancy and abnormal placentation.
Labor management
This document outlines the management of the three stages of labor. The first stage involves monitoring the mother's vital signs and positioning, providing nutrition and pain management, as well as fetal heart rate monitoring and assessing cervical dilation. The second stage focuses on monitoring the mother's vitals and pushing efforts, as well as fetal descent. Procedures like episiotomy and delivery of the baby are also described. The third stage involves active management with uterotonic drugs, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage to achieve a quick delivery and reduce bleeding.
Fertilization, implantaion and embryology
1. The document summarizes key stages in human development from fertilization through embryonic and fetal development. It describes fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and extraembryonic membranes.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones released by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. The hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH causes follicles in the ovaries to mature and estrogen levels to rise. The LH surge triggers ovulation. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall and menstruation begins. The typical cycle is around 28 days and consists of the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases. Menstruation involves shedding of the uterine lining if pregnancy does not occur.
Development of female external genitalia
The document describes the development of the female external genitalia from an indifferent stage through common development with males to sexual differentiation. It notes that initially the genitalia are indistinct but develop structures like the genital tubercle, urogenital folds, and labioscrotal swellings. These structures then differentiate in females to form the mons pubis from fused folds, the clitoris from the phallus, the labia minora from the folds, and the labia majora from the swellings.
Ovulation, fertilization, implantation (1 st week
The document discusses the processes of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. It explains that ovulation is triggered by hormones like LH and FSH, leading to the release of an egg. If fertilization by sperm occurs, the fertilized egg undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst over a week. The blastocyst then implants in the uterus by attaching to the endometrial lining with the help of hormonal changes brought on by the corpus luteum.
Implantation and placentation , and overview
Implantation and formation of placenta is an essential developmental process during human embryogenesis as it marks the connection between maternal and fetal blood, a condition specific to mammals more precisely eutherians. It works as a passage of required nutrients to the growing embryo and collection of its waste. It also discusses various types of placenta that are seen in mammals.
The placenta
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
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The third stage of labor, which involves delivery of the placenta, is the most crucial stage for the mother's health. A major complication is postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), excessive bleeding after childbirth. PPH can be primary (within 24 hours) or secondary (24+ hours later). The main causes of primary PPH are uterine atony (95%), retained tissue, trauma, and coagulopathy. Treatment involves controlling bleeding through uterine massage, medications, and in severe cases, surgery. While clinical examination and ultrasound are used for diagnosis, homeopathy may also help prevent PPH complications.
Menstruation and Ovulation
Menstruation is a land mark in female life cycle and Ovulation is an essential part for having conception.
Female reproductive hormones
The female reproductive system undergoes a monthly cycle of maturation and release of eggs, regulated by hormones. During ovulation, a mature egg is released from the ovaries and travels to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels fall and the thickened uterine lining is shed through menstruation, starting a new cycle. Key hormones like estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH fluctuate according to negative feedback loops to control follicle development, ovulation, and the preparation of the uterus for potential pregnancy each month until menopause.
Implantation
The tiny fertilized egg sitting in the oviduct now has to
perform a heroic task. It must somehow communicate its
presence to the mother and convert the whole of her physiology
and anatomy from a cyclic reproductive state to a
pregnant one.
Preterm labour
This document discusses preterm labour, including its definition, causes, risk factors, prediction, and clinical features. Preterm labour is defined as onset of labour before 37 weeks of gestation. It can be caused by obstetric complications, infection, genetic factors, and more. Prediction of preterm labour involves testing for fetal fibronectin levels and assessing cervical length via ultrasound. Clinical features include contractions, cervical changes, and vaginal bleeding or discharge.
Physiology of labor
The physiology of labor involves three main phases:
1) Uterine quiescence and cervical softening in which the cervix prepares for labor through changes in vascularity and collagen.
2) Preparation for labor in which cervical ripening and increases in hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins make the uterus more contractile.
3) Active labor consisting of 3 stages - dilation of the cervix, delivery of the fetus, and delivery of the placenta through uterine contractions and retraction. A combination of hormonal, mechanical, and fetal factors all contribute to initiating the complex process of parturition.
Implantation
The key steps in implantation are:
1. The blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida 1-3 days after entering the uterine cavity.
2. The endometrium is prepared for implantation through the activity of hormones and growth factors.
3. Implantation begins with the blastocyst apposing and adhering to the uterine epithelium 2-4 days after entering the cavity, mediated by cytokines and adhesion molecules.
4. Trophoblastic invasion then occurs, facilitated by protein degradation of the extracellular matrix. Invasion is limited by proteinase inhibitors.
04 implantation
Implantation begins around 6 days after fertilization and is usually complete by 11-12 days. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium through enzymes produced by the trophoblast. Trophoblast cells penetrate the endometrium and develop into two layers. By 10 days the conceptus is fully embedded and a blood supply is established. The formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc and primary chorionic villi occurs around 13 days. Ectopic pregnancies can occur if implantation is outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle involves changes in the ovaries and uterus across approximately 28 days. In the ovaries, a follicle grows and matures, culminating in ovulation around day 14 when the mature egg is released. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus in case of fertilization. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels drop and the endometrial lining is shed through menstruation, starting a new cycle.
Reproductive system 3
This document discusses female reproductive physiology. It describes how the female reproductive system prepares for potential fertilization each month through the ovarian and uterine cycles. It details the processes of oogenesis and follicular development, including the roles of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, ending the luteal phase and starting a new cycle. If fertilization does occur, the corpus luteum remains active and supports early pregnancy until the placenta develops.
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Human chorionic gonadotropin HCG.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by placental trophoblastic cells during pregnancy. It is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, with the unique beta subunit being the earliest marker of pregnancy. hCG functions to maintain the corpus luteum until 6-8 weeks and stimulate progesterone secretion to support the pregnancy. It also stimulates fetal testosterone production and inhibits maternal immunorejection of the fetus. Normal hCG levels are detectable after 6-8 days and double every two days until 10 weeks, peaking at 10,000 by the second trimester. Abnormally high levels can indicate multiple fetuses, molar pregnancy, or germ cell tumors, while
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormone
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
this is a long study on all aspects of human reproduction & most asked questions about human reproductive system ( medical information ).
please comment
thank u
First week of embryology
The document discusses the process of fertilization and early embryonic development. It begins with an overview of the events of fertilization, including sperm penetration through the corona radiata and zona pellucida, the cortical reaction, and fusion of the male and female pronuclei. It then describes the early cleavage stages, where the zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions without growth to form a morula, followed by blastulation and implantation in the uterus. Key events include capacitation of sperm, the acrosomal reaction, prevention of polyspermy, and formation of the blastocyst from the inner cell mass and trophoblast.
Ovarian hormones-Estrogen & Progesterone
Estrogen and progesterone are the two main ovarian hormones. Estrogen is produced primarily in the ovaries and stimulates the development of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. It also regulates the female estrus cycle. Progesterone is produced in the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy. It prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains pregnancy by supporting embryo development. Both hormones work together to regulate the female reproductive system.
Ovulation
Ovulation occurs when a mature follicle ruptures and releases an egg. This process is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, where hormones like GnRH, FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone interact in a feedback loop. Near the midpoint of the menstrual cycle, rising estradiol triggers an LH surge which causes the follicle to rupture and the egg to be released, in a process called ovulation. If the egg is fertilized, the remaining follicle cells form the corpus luteum which produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation.
Adrenal gland endocrine-
The adrenal gland is a retroperitoneal organ located above the kidneys that is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids and androgens, developing from mesoderm, while the medulla secretes catecholamines and develops from neural crest cells. The adrenal gland receives its blood supply from superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries and drains into renal veins. It develops from mesodermal and ectodermal tissues and regulates stress response and metabolism through hormones. Diseases can occur if it over or underproduces hormones, like pheochromocytoma increasing catecholamines or Cushing's syndrome increasing cortisol.
PPH
1. Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) remains a major cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 100,000 deaths annually.
2. PPH can be primary (within 24 hours of delivery) or secondary (after 24 hours) and is usually caused by uterine atony (80%) or trauma (20%). Prevention focuses on risk identification, active management of the third stage of labour, and prompt treatment.
3. Initial management of PPH involves uterotonic drugs, uterine massage, IV fluids, and bimanual compression. If bleeding continues, additional measures may include condom catheter tamponade, uterine or internal iliac artery ligation, or hysterectomy.
Phases of menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle can be divided into four phases: the menstrual phase (days 1-5), the follicular phase (days 1-13), the ovulation phase (day 14), and the luteal phase (days 15-28). During the follicular phase, an egg cell matures and estrogen levels rise. On day 14, the pituitary gland triggers ovulation, releasing the mature egg. If the egg is not fertilized during the luteal phase, menstruation begins again, starting a new cycle.
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
The slides will talk about
1. Introduction
2. Stages of follicular development
3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Menstrual cycle
This document summarizes the female menstrual cycle. It describes that the menstrual cycle occurs over 28 days in the female reproductive system. It involves changes in the ovaries and uterus. In the ovaries, a follicle develops and then ruptures to release an egg (ovulation). If the egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones to support pregnancy. If not fertilized, the corpus luteum breaks down, hormones decrease, and the uterine lining sheds through menstruation. The cycle then begins again with follicle development. Menarche begins the cycles at puberty and menopause ends them in older age.
Menstrual cycle
The document discusses the female menstrual cycle. It begins at menarche around age 12-15 and ends at menopause around age 45-50. The typical cycle is 28 days and consists of two phases - the follicular phase where an ovarian follicle matures and is released during ovulation on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. Hormonal changes in the ovaries, uterus, vagina and cervix occur under the influence of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The cycle regulates female reproductive functions and prepares the body for potential pregnancy each month.
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The third stage of labor, which involves delivery of the placenta, is the most crucial stage for the mother's health. A major complication is postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), excessive bleeding after childbirth. PPH can be primary (within 24 hours) or secondary (24+ hours later). The main causes of primary PPH are uterine atony (95%), retained tissue, trauma, and coagulopathy. Treatment involves controlling bleeding through uterine massage, medications, and in severe cases, surgery. While clinical examination and ultrasound are used for diagnosis, homeopathy may also help prevent PPH complications.
Menstruation and Ovulation
Menstruation is a land mark in female life cycle and Ovulation is an essential part for having conception.
Female reproductive hormones
The female reproductive system undergoes a monthly cycle of maturation and release of eggs, regulated by hormones. During ovulation, a mature egg is released from the ovaries and travels to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels fall and the thickened uterine lining is shed through menstruation, starting a new cycle. Key hormones like estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH fluctuate according to negative feedback loops to control follicle development, ovulation, and the preparation of the uterus for potential pregnancy each month until menopause.
Implantation
The tiny fertilized egg sitting in the oviduct now has to
perform a heroic task. It must somehow communicate its
presence to the mother and convert the whole of her physiology
and anatomy from a cyclic reproductive state to a
pregnant one.
Preterm labour
This document discusses preterm labour, including its definition, causes, risk factors, prediction, and clinical features. Preterm labour is defined as onset of labour before 37 weeks of gestation. It can be caused by obstetric complications, infection, genetic factors, and more. Prediction of preterm labour involves testing for fetal fibronectin levels and assessing cervical length via ultrasound. Clinical features include contractions, cervical changes, and vaginal bleeding or discharge.
Physiology of labor
The physiology of labor involves three main phases:
1) Uterine quiescence and cervical softening in which the cervix prepares for labor through changes in vascularity and collagen.
2) Preparation for labor in which cervical ripening and increases in hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins make the uterus more contractile.
3) Active labor consisting of 3 stages - dilation of the cervix, delivery of the fetus, and delivery of the placenta through uterine contractions and retraction. A combination of hormonal, mechanical, and fetal factors all contribute to initiating the complex process of parturition.
Implantation
The key steps in implantation are:
1. The blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida 1-3 days after entering the uterine cavity.
2. The endometrium is prepared for implantation through the activity of hormones and growth factors.
3. Implantation begins with the blastocyst apposing and adhering to the uterine epithelium 2-4 days after entering the cavity, mediated by cytokines and adhesion molecules.
4. Trophoblastic invasion then occurs, facilitated by protein degradation of the extracellular matrix. Invasion is limited by proteinase inhibitors.
04 implantation
Implantation begins around 6 days after fertilization and is usually complete by 11-12 days. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium through enzymes produced by the trophoblast. Trophoblast cells penetrate the endometrium and develop into two layers. By 10 days the conceptus is fully embedded and a blood supply is established. The formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc and primary chorionic villi occurs around 13 days. Ectopic pregnancies can occur if implantation is outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle involves changes in the ovaries and uterus across approximately 28 days. In the ovaries, a follicle grows and matures, culminating in ovulation around day 14 when the mature egg is released. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus in case of fertilization. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels drop and the endometrial lining is shed through menstruation, starting a new cycle.
Reproductive system 3
This document discusses female reproductive physiology. It describes how the female reproductive system prepares for potential fertilization each month through the ovarian and uterine cycles. It details the processes of oogenesis and follicular development, including the roles of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, ending the luteal phase and starting a new cycle. If fertilization does occur, the corpus luteum remains active and supports early pregnancy until the placenta develops.
ECLAMPSIA
Eclampsia is a life-threatening condition characterized by seizures in pregnant or postpartum women. It is caused by severe preeclampsia leading to high blood pressure and organ damage. Management involves preventing further seizures with magnesium sulfate. Delivery of the baby is usually required to fully resolve the condition since it is caused by pregnancy. The baby must be closely monitored during treatment for signs of distress.
Human chorionic gonadotropin HCG.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by placental trophoblastic cells during pregnancy. It is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, with the unique beta subunit being the earliest marker of pregnancy. hCG functions to maintain the corpus luteum until 6-8 weeks and stimulate progesterone secretion to support the pregnancy. It also stimulates fetal testosterone production and inhibits maternal immunorejection of the fetus. Normal hCG levels are detectable after 6-8 days and double every two days until 10 weeks, peaking at 10,000 by the second trimester. Abnormally high levels can indicate multiple fetuses, molar pregnancy, or germ cell tumors, while
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormone
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
this is a long study on all aspects of human reproduction & most asked questions about human reproductive system ( medical information ).
please comment
thank u
First week of embryology
The document discusses the process of fertilization and early embryonic development. It begins with an overview of the events of fertilization, including sperm penetration through the corona radiata and zona pellucida, the cortical reaction, and fusion of the male and female pronuclei. It then describes the early cleavage stages, where the zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions without growth to form a morula, followed by blastulation and implantation in the uterus. Key events include capacitation of sperm, the acrosomal reaction, prevention of polyspermy, and formation of the blastocyst from the inner cell mass and trophoblast.
Ovarian hormones-Estrogen & Progesterone
Estrogen and progesterone are the two main ovarian hormones. Estrogen is produced primarily in the ovaries and stimulates the development of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. It also regulates the female estrus cycle. Progesterone is produced in the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy. It prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains pregnancy by supporting embryo development. Both hormones work together to regulate the female reproductive system.
Ovulation
Ovulation occurs when a mature follicle ruptures and releases an egg. This process is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, where hormones like GnRH, FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone interact in a feedback loop. Near the midpoint of the menstrual cycle, rising estradiol triggers an LH surge which causes the follicle to rupture and the egg to be released, in a process called ovulation. If the egg is fertilized, the remaining follicle cells form the corpus luteum which produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation.
Adrenal gland endocrine-
The adrenal gland is a retroperitoneal organ located above the kidneys that is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids and androgens, developing from mesoderm, while the medulla secretes catecholamines and develops from neural crest cells. The adrenal gland receives its blood supply from superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries and drains into renal veins. It develops from mesodermal and ectodermal tissues and regulates stress response and metabolism through hormones. Diseases can occur if it over or underproduces hormones, like pheochromocytoma increasing catecholamines or Cushing's syndrome increasing cortisol.
PPH
1. Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) remains a major cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 100,000 deaths annually.
2. PPH can be primary (within 24 hours of delivery) or secondary (after 24 hours) and is usually caused by uterine atony (80%) or trauma (20%). Prevention focuses on risk identification, active management of the third stage of labour, and prompt treatment.
3. Initial management of PPH involves uterotonic drugs, uterine massage, IV fluids, and bimanual compression. If bleeding continues, additional measures may include condom catheter tamponade, uterine or internal iliac artery ligation, or hysterectomy.
Phases of menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle can be divided into four phases: the menstrual phase (days 1-5), the follicular phase (days 1-13), the ovulation phase (day 14), and the luteal phase (days 15-28). During the follicular phase, an egg cell matures and estrogen levels rise. On day 14, the pituitary gland triggers ovulation, releasing the mature egg. If the egg is not fertilized during the luteal phase, menstruation begins again, starting a new cycle.
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
The slides will talk about
1. Introduction
2. Stages of follicular development
3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
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Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
Similar to menstural cycle
Menstrual cycle
This document summarizes the female menstrual cycle. It describes that the menstrual cycle occurs over 28 days in the female reproductive system. It involves changes in the ovaries and uterus. In the ovaries, a follicle develops and then ruptures to release an egg (ovulation). If the egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones to support pregnancy. If not fertilized, the corpus luteum breaks down, hormones decrease, and the uterine lining sheds through menstruation. The cycle then begins again with follicle development. Menarche begins the cycles at puberty and menopause ends them in older age.
Menstrual cycle
The document discusses the female menstrual cycle. It begins at menarche around age 12-15 and ends at menopause around age 45-50. The typical cycle is 28 days and consists of two phases - the follicular phase where an ovarian follicle matures and is released during ovulation on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. Hormonal changes in the ovaries, uterus, vagina and cervix occur under the influence of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The cycle regulates female reproductive functions and prepares the body for potential pregnancy each month.
Jeopardy reproductive system
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The menstrual cycle- Mr. panneh
this lecture was presented to the December 2016 Midwifery class of the school for Enrolled Nurses and Midwives- The Gambia.
Folliculogenesis
Folliculogenesis is the maturation process of ovarian follicles that contain oocytes. It begins with primordial follicles at birth and progresses through primary, secondary, tertiary, and preovulatory stages over approximately 375 days. Key changes include recruitment of granulosa and theca cells, antrum formation, and growth in response to hormones like FSH and LH. By the time of ovulation, usually one follicle remains to release its oocyte while the remaining follicles die through atresia. The supply of follicles steadily declines with age until menopause due to DNA damage accumulation that impairs repair in oocytes.
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The document discusses the normal menstrual cycle physiology including the ovarian, endometrial, cervical, tubal, and vaginal cycles. It also covers abnormalities of the menstrual cycle such as primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and Mittelschmerz's syndrome. The cycles are regulated by hormones including estrogen and progesterone which act on the ovaries, endometrium, cervix and other reproductive organs over the course of each menstrual cycle.
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The document discusses normal menstruation, including:
1) Menstruation is the shedding of the endometrium due to declining estrogen and progesterone levels caused by the regression of the corpus luteum.
2) The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis regulates the menstrual cycle through hormones like GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone.
3) A normal menstrual cycle is 28 days, with bleeding typically lasting 3-7 days.
Female Reproductive System
1. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
2. During the menstrual cycle, hormones cause an egg to mature and be released from an ovary, changing the uterine lining in preparation for potential pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterine lining is shed through menstruation.
3. The major female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, regulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and control the menstrual cycle by stimulating the growth of the uterine lining and changes in cervical mucus. Their levels fluctuate during
Reproduction in human
in this topic complete lecture about human reproduction on unacademy awesome slide .share this slide to everyone
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The document summarizes the key events and hormonal changes that occur during the human menstrual cycle. It describes the follicular phase where FSH causes follicle growth and estrogen rise, leading to the LH surge and ovulation on day 14. After ovulation the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for potential implantation during the luteal phase. If implantation does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation and the start of a new cycle.
physiologyofthemenstrualcycle
The menstrual cycle is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. It typically lasts 28 days and is divided into the follicular phase and luteal phase. During the follicular phase, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes follicles to mature in the ovaries with one becoming dominant. Around day 14, luteinizing hormone (LH) surges causing ovulation of the dominant follicle. The remaining follicle cells form the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone to prepare the endometrium for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation and the start of a new cycle.
Physiology of the menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. It typically lasts 28 days and is divided into the follicular phase and luteal phase. During the follicular phase, follicles in the ovaries mature under the influence of hormones like FSH. Around day 14, ovulation occurs when a dominant follicle ruptures to release an egg. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation and the start of a new cycle.
Hormonal control of pregnancy
The document summarizes hormonal control of pregnancy. It discusses the steps of fertilization, including sperm being attracted to the ovum, binding to the zona pellucida, and the fusion of membranes allowing the male pronucleus to enter the ovum. Implantation typically occurs 5-7 days after ovulation, aided by trophoblast cells and progesterone. The placenta then develops, serving functions like nutrient exchange and endocrine activity. Estrogens and progesterone produced during pregnancy impact development of the fetus and preparation of the mother's body for childbirth and lactation.
reproduction
This document provides an overview of reproduction in mammals. It summarizes the structure and function of the testis and ovaries, including gamete formation through spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The key stages of the ovarian and uterine cycles are described, including the roles of hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone. Menstruation occurs in females due to these cyclical changes in the ovaries and uterus each month from puberty to menopause.
Ovary: Structure and hormonal regulation
Slides describe the structure of ovary, folliculogenesis, hormonal control of female reproductive cycle, mechanism of ovulation, female sex hormones and their function.
Human Reproduction - II
The female reproductive system produces egg cells and sex hormones. The ovaries contain primordial follicles which develop into mature follicles containing oocytes. At ovulation, the mature follicle ruptures and releases an oocyte. If fertilization occurs, the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone. The endometrium thickens under the influence of estrogen in preparation for implantation. If implantation does not occur, the endometrium is shed through menstruation. The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones including FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone.
INTERACTION BETWEEN PROLACTIN AND GONADOTROPINS
RAT OVARIAN FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS: A MODEL TO STUDY
INTERACTION BETWEEN PROLACTIN AND GONADOTROPINS
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Folliculogenesis.pptx
This document discusses ovarian follicle development and the menstrual cycle. It explains that folliculogenesis is the process by which follicles form, mature through different stages, and eventually release an oocyte or undergo atresia. Primordial follicles are activated through changes in intraovarian factors and develop through primary, preantral, and antral stages in a gonadotropin-independent manner. Select antral follicles are recruited in a gonadotropin-dependent manner by responding to FSH, and mature into preovulatory follicles capable of ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
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The document summarizes key aspects of ovulation, fertilization, and early embryonic development. It describes the ovarian and menstrual cycles controlled by hormones like FSH and LH. Ovulation occurs mid-cycle due to an LH surge, releasing an egg. Sperm travel through the reproductive tract while undergoing capacitation. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes, involving penetration of the egg's layers and fusion of gametes. This activates the egg and forms pronuclei, leading to cell division and pregnancy if implantation occurs. Otherwise, the corpus luteum regresses and menstruation begins.
Similar to menstural cycle (20)
First week of development: Ovulation to Implantation
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menstural cycle
- 1. T.SAI SWAPNA II/VIPHARM.D NIRMALA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY MENSTRUAL CYCLE
- 2. HARMONES RELEASED DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE FOLLICLE STIMULATING HARMONE(FSH) LUETINISING HARMONE(LH) PROGESTERONE ESTROGEN
- 3. HOW THEY ARE RELEASED
- 4. STEPS INVOLVED IN MENSTRUAL CYCLE 1.MENSTRUAL PHASE 2.PROLIFERATORY PHASE 3.SECRETARY PHASE
- 7. MENSTRUAL PHASE ; Lasts for 4 days Endometrial wall depends on oestrogen , the stratum functionalis become weaker Release of prostaglandins and cause vasoconstriction so that cells shed off The endometrium become 2-3 mm during this phase
- 8. Proliferatory phase Lasts for 10 days In ovaries In uterus
- 9. In ovaries ; With the help of FSH from anterior pituatary the primordial follicle converts into graffian follicle Oestrogen levels are more On 14th day the LH harmone triggers the ovulation and the ovum is available for fertilization The released ovum is avialable for 8 hours
- 10. In uterus ; The estrogen from developing follicle helps in regrowth of stratum functanalis layer In this phase the endometrium thickness is 4- 10mm The uterus is supplied with more bloodvessels and prepared for embedding ovum
- 11. Secretary phase In ovaries In uterus Last for 15-28 days
- 12. In ovaries ; Formation of corpus leutem More amount of progesterone release IN Uterus ; Secretions in uterus increases If sperm available leads to fertilization oherwise corpus leuteum converts to corpus albucans progesterone release decrease 27th day prostaglandin release new menstrual cycle starts
- 14. Harmones released during menstrual cycle ; Follicle stimulating harmone – helps in maturation of follicle and helps in ovulation Leutinizing harmone – helps in release of progesterone and triggers ovulation Human chronic gonodotropin – comes from baby if fertilization takes place helps in baby growth
- 15. Harmone levels
- 16. Menopause; Stoppage of reproductive cycles After 45 years ACTOPIC PREGNANCY; Baby growth occurs at fallopian tube not in uterus
- 17. THANK YOU