Hypersensitivity reactions of a drug
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This document summarizes hypersensitivity reactions to drugs. It defines hypersensitivity as undesirable immune reactions, including allergies and autoimmunity. Drug hypersensitivity is an immunologically mediated reaction unrelated to the drug's intended effects. Common symptoms include urticaria, erythema, and Stevens Johnson syndrome. Diagnosis involves tests like skin testing, RAST testing, and antiglobulin tests. Treatment involves discontinuing the drug, using alternative medications, and managing symptoms with corticosteroids or antihistamines.
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I) Type II hypersensitivity reactions, also known as cytotoxic reactions, involve antibody-mediated destruction of cells through two main mechanisms:
1) Activation of the complement system leads to pore formation and lysis of the target cell.
2) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) occurs when antibodies bind to target cells and recruit natural killer cells or macrophages to destroy the target cell.
Some examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions include hemolytic anemia caused by antibodies against blood cells, transfusion reactions due to ABO incompatibility, and hemolytic disease of the newborn from Rh incompatibility.
Hypersensitivity
I) Type III hypersensitivity reactions are immune complex-mediated reactions. They can be either local, like the Arthus reaction seen with an antigen injection, or systemic like serum sickness seen when antigen enters the bloodstream.
II) In the Arthus reaction, immune complexes form locally at the site of antigen injection and cause tissue damage and necrosis. Serum sickness occurs when immune complexes deposit in various tissues after antigens enter the bloodstream, activating the complement system and causing inflammation.
III) Examples of conditions caused by type III reactions include serum sickness, various forms of glomerulonephritis, infectious diseases like meningitis and hepatitis, and the local reaction seen with repeated antigen injections like insulin for diabetes.
Hypersensitivity allergy reactions
This document discusses hypersensitivity and allergy reactions, specifically focusing on the four main types of hypersensitivity reactions:
Type I is an immediate hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies that binds to mast cells, causing the release of mediators like histamine. It causes rapid allergic reactions.
Type II involves IgG or IgM antibody reactions, complement activation, and cell damage. It includes transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease.
Type III is caused by antigen-antibody immune complexes that deposit in tissues, activating platelets and neutrophils and potentially causing conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or glomerulonephritis.
Type IV is a delayed hypersensitivity mediated by T cells and cytokines rather than antibodies.
mechanism and predisposing factors of ADR.pptx
The document discusses various mechanisms of adverse drug reactions including drug intolerance, drug allergy, drug dependence, drug withdrawal, idiosyncrasy, and teratogenicity. It provides examples and definitions for each type of reaction. Drug intolerance refers to an inability to tolerate adverse effects at therapeutic doses and is not an immune reaction. Drug allergy involves the immune system and can range from mild rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Drug dependence involves physical and psychological reliance on a substance and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation. Idiosyncratic reactions are unpredictable, uncommon, and not dose-dependent responses in individuals. Teratogenicity refers to birth defects caused by maternal exposure to chemicals during pregnancy.
Hypersensitivity pathology by urooj umer
hypersensitivity and allergy relation and difference and the types and diseases related to each type of of hypersensitivity are discussed here.
Hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity, also known as delayed type hypersensitivity, involves T cell-mediated immune responses that occur 1-3 days after re-exposure to an antigen. It results from the activation of CD4+ T helper 1 cells and macrophages by the antigen, causing the release of cytokines and chemokines that recruit more immune cells and lead to localized inflammation, edema, and tissue damage at the site. Common examples include contact dermatitis, infectious disease tests like the tuberculin test, and acute rejection of transplanted organs.
hypersensitivity-130720075955-phpapp02.pdf
Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable immune reactions including allergies and autoimmunity. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions: type I involves IgE antibodies and is rapid acting, type II involves IgG/IgM antibodies attacking body cells, type III involves immune complexes depositing in tissues, and type IV is delayed and involves T cells and lymphokines. Type I causes allergic reactions, type II includes hemolytic anemia, type III includes serum sickness and rheumatoid arthritis, and type IV includes contact dermatitis and transplant rejection. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the type of hypersensitivity reaction.
Paper 4 hypersensitivity
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hypersensitivity reactions given by Ankit Sharma. The presentation covered the introduction, definition, classification, types, mechanisms and conclusion of hypersensitivity reactions. It discussed the four main types classified by Gell and Coombs, focusing on type I immediate hypersensitivity and allergic reactions. It provided examples of localized and systemic reactions, and the roles of mast cells, basophils, and primary and secondary mediators.
Hypersensitivity
hypersensitivity,hypersensitivity, pathophysiology, pathology, pharmd, vels, hypersensitivity reactions, immunoglobulin e, immunoglobulin g, hypersensitivity types
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Hypersensitivity reactions of a drug
- 1. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS OF A DRUG T.SAI SWAPNA II/VI PHARM.D Y17PHD0827 NIRMALA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY ,ATMAKUR
- 3. HYPERSENSITIVITY Hypersensitivity refers to the undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system , including allergies and autoimmunity These reactions may cause damaging , uncomfortable or occasionally fatal These reactions require a presensitized state of the host
- 4. DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; It is an immunologically mediated reaction producing symptoms unrelated to pharmacodynamic actions of the drug generally occuring with much smaller amounts and have a different time course of onset and duration These reactions account for about 1/6th of all ADR’S The most common allergic reactions occurs in skin and observed 2-3% in hospitalized patients
- 5. Antibiotics and antiepileptics are the drugs most frequently causing hypersensitivity reactions The severity and symptoms depends up on the immune activation and duration of treatment , sex
- 6. TYPES ; 1. ANAPHYLAXIS 2. CYTOTOXIC 3 . IMMUNE COMPLEX 4 . DELAYED TYPE
- 7. TYPES ; s. no Mechanism Examples 1. IgE mediated hypersensitivity Anaphylaxis , asthma 2. Cytotoxic antibody dependent Haemolytic anaemia thrombocytopenia 3. Immune complex damage Serum sickness , SLE 4 . Delayed Dermatitis
- 8. IGE MEDIATED IgE antibodies is ready to react to small amounts of antigens Stimulate receptors bound ige antibodies The drug causes formation of tissue sensitive ige antibodies that are fixed to mast cells Subsequent exposure of drug activate leucocytes and release of chemical mediators that cause allergy
- 10. CYTOTOXIC ; The mediator of these reactions are IgE /IgM membrane attack complex It results when drug binds to RBC and is recognised by IgE antibodies The Ag- Ab reactions trigger the lysis of RBC either by activating complement system or by action of cytotoxic T cells or by phagocytosis of macrophages leads to disintegration of cell
- 11. EXAMPLES ; Seen in high dose pencillin and cephalosporin Quinine induced immune thrombocytopenia Heamolytic anemia
- 12. IMMUNE COMPLEX ; These reactions occurs within 1 – 2 hours of drug administration Soluble antigen antibody forms soluble complexes deposited on vascular endothelium and activate complement Characterized by allergic inflammatory reactions in tissues
- 14. CLINICAL FEATURES ; Vasculitis Sulphamethoxazole , cephalexin , amoxicillin , NSAID’S and diuretics
- 15. DELAYED REACTIONS ; These reactions mediated by T cell and macrophages Activation of T cell release of cytokines these activate macrophages and NK cells The term delayed because the response occurs after 48 – 72 hours after antigen response Pnemonitis , contact dermatitis
- 16. PSUEDOALLERGY ; Pathogenically poorly determined , alternation in metabolism of histamines . Detection of particular immune mechanism is negative The exact mechanism is unknown by which these cause reactions through IgE / T cells or not These reactions mainly occurs when taken of NSAID’S
- 17. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; Urticaria Erythema Stevens john syndrome Epidermal necrosis
- 18. DIAGNOSIS ; Patient symptomology IgE Skin testing RAST testing Antiglobulin test ESR , CRP , ANA Patch test lymphocyte proliferation assay
- 19. TREATMENT ; Discontinuation of drug Alternative medications Additional therapy to manage symptoms caused by drugs Systemic corticosteroids and antihistamines may improve dermatological effects
- 20. THANK YOU