Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. It is the reason why offspring look like their parents. It also explains why cats always give birth to kittens and never puppies. The process of heredity occurs among all living things including animals, plants, bacteria, protists and fungi. The study of heredity is called genetics and scientists that study heredity are called geneticists.
Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents. Traits are physical characteristics. You resemble your parents because you inherited your hair and skin color, nose shape, height, and other traits from them.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Tiny biochemical structures inside each cell called genes carry traits from one generation to the next. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are strung together to form long chains of DNA in structures known as chromosomes. Genes are like blueprints for building a house, except that they carry the plans for building cells, tissues, organs, and bodies. They have the instructions for making the thousands of chemical building blocks in the body. These building blocks are called proteins. Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids. Differences in genes cause the building of different amino acids and proteins. These differences cause individuals to have different traits such as hair color or blood types.
A gene gives only the potential for the development of a trait. How this potential is achieved depends partly on the interaction of the gene with other genes. But it also depends partly on the environment. For example, a person may have a genetic tendency toward being overweight. But the person's actual weight will depend on such environmental factors as how what kinds of food the person eats and how much exercise that person does.
Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. It is the reason why offspring look like their parents. It also explains why cats always give birth to kittens and never puppies. The process of heredity occurs among all living things including animals, plants, bacteria, protists and fungi. The study of heredity is called genetics and scientists that study heredity are called geneticists.
Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents. Traits are physical characteristics. You resemble your parents because you inherited your hair and skin color, nose shape, height, and other traits from them.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Tiny biochemical structures inside each cell called genes carry traits from one generation to the next. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are strung together to form long chains of DNA in structures known as chromosomes. Genes are like blueprints for building a house, except that they carry the plans for building cells, tissues, organs, and bodies. They have the instructions for making the thousands of chemical building blocks in the body. These building blocks are called proteins. Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids. Differences in genes cause the building of different amino acids and proteins. These differences cause individuals to have different traits such as hair color or blood types.
A gene gives only the potential for the development of a trait. How this potential is achieved depends partly on the interaction of the gene with other genes. But it also depends partly on the environment. For example, a person may have a genetic tendency toward being overweight. But the person's actual weight will depend on such environmental factors as how what kinds of food the person eats and how much exercise that person does.
Lecture given by Leon MUTESA, MD,PhD , a genetician teaching at UR( UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA, HUYE CAMPUS,SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY, DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY).
Lecture given by Leon MUTESA, MD,PhD , a genetician teaching at UR( UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA, HUYE CAMPUS,SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY, DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY).
Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3:
The New Genetics
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University, Los Angeles
Overview
Genetic Code
The Beginning of Life
Male & Female
Twins
Genotype & Phenotype
Disorders
Genetic Counseling
Genetic Code
Cells
Basic unit of life
Trillions!
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Thread– like structures made up of DNA & protein
23 pairs
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2 strands twisted in a double helix
Chemical composition of molecules that contain the genes
Contains all of the information required to build/maintain the cell
3
Genes
Small section of the chromosome
18,000 – 23,000 genes
Each gene provides a unique recipe to make a protein
4 bases
Code for your traits
A - adenine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
G – guanine
Only 4 possible pairs
A-T; T-A; C-G; G-C
http://mybrainnotes.com/brain-dna-behavior.html
4
Allele
A variation of a gene
Example: the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles); an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes
Everyone inherits alleles from sperm & ovum
Genetic diversity
Distinguishes each person
Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of the environment
Genome
Full set of genes with instructions to make a living organism
Genomes exist for each species
Video about Genes
5
The Beginning of Life
Two Parents, Millions of Gametes
Gamete
Reproductive cell
Sperm or Ovum
Each contains 23 pairs
Zygote
Cell formed with union of Sperm & Ovum
Produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent
Conception
http://predictingbabygender.info/tag/intercourse-timing/
Matching genes
Genotype
Organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Homozygous (same zygote)
Two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code
Heterozygous
Two genes of one pair that differ in some way
Usually not an issue
Male of Female?
Humans usually possess
46 chromosomes
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
SEX chromosome = 23rd pair
Female – XX
Male – XY
Mother’s contain X
Father’s may have X or Y
X chrom. Is larger & more genes
Y contain SRY,
making male hormones & organs
It's a girl!
Uncertain Sex
“ambiguous genitals,” = child's sex is not abundantly clear
a quick analysis of the chromosomes is needed, to make sure there are exactly 46 and to see whether the 23rd pair is XY or XX
shown here a baby boy (left) and girl (right).
Too Many Boys?
Is sex selection the parents’ right or a social wrong?
Preference for boys in many areas of world
Ways to prevent female birth
Inactivating X sperm before conception
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Aborting XX fetuses
My Strength, My Daughter
slogan these girls in New Delhi are shouting at a demonstration against abortion of female fetuses in India
The current sex ratio of children in India suggests that this campaign has not convinced every couple.
New Cells
Within hours of conception
23 pairs of chromosomes carrying all the genes duplicate, forming two complete sets of the genome
Two sets.
Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 3:
The New Genetics
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University, Los Angeles
Overview
Genetic Code
The Beginning of Life
Male & Female
Twins
Genotype & Phenotype
Disorders
Genetic Counseling
Genetic Code
Cells
Basic unit of life
Trillions!
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Thread– like structures made up of DNA & protein
23 pairs
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2 strands twisted in a double helix
Chemical composition of molecules that contain the genes
Contains all of the information required to build/maintain the cell
3
Genes
Small section of the chromosome
18,000 – 23,000 genes
Each gene provides a unique recipe to make a protein
4 bases
Code for your traits
A - adenine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
G – guanine
Only 4 possible pairs
A-T; T-A; C-G; G-C
http://mybrainnotes.com/brain-dna-behavior.html
4
Allele
A variation of a gene
Example: the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles); an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes
Everyone inherits alleles from sperm & ovum
Genetic diversity
Distinguishes each person
Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of the environment
Genome
Full set of genes with instructions to make a living organism
Genomes exist for each species
Video about Genes
5
The Beginning of Life
Two Parents, Millions of Gametes
Gamete
Reproductive cell
Sperm or Ovum
Each contains 23 pairs
Zygote
Cell formed with union of Sperm & Ovum
Produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent
Conception
http://predictingbabygender.info/tag/intercourse-timing/
Matching genes
Genotype
Organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Homozygous (same zygote)
Two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code
Heterozygous
Two genes of one pair that differ in some way
Usually not an issue
Male of Female?
Humans usually possess
46 chromosomes
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
SEX chromosome = 23rd pair
Female – XX
Male – XY
Mother’s contain X
Father’s may have X or Y
X chrom. Is larger & more genes
Y contain SRY,
making male hormones & organs
It's a girl!
Uncertain Sex
“ambiguous genitals,” = child's sex is not abundantly clear
a quick analysis of the chromosomes is needed, to make sure there are exactly 46 and to see whether the 23rd pair is XY or XX
shown here a baby boy (left) and girl (right).
Too Many Boys?
Is sex selection the parents’ right or a social wrong?
Preference for boys in many areas of world
Ways to prevent female birth
Inactivating X sperm before conception
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Aborting XX fetuses
My Strength, My Daughter
slogan these girls in New Delhi are shouting at a demonstration against abortion of female fetuses in India
The current sex ratio of children in India suggests that this campaign has not convinced every couple.
New Cells
Within hours of conception
23 pairs of chromosomes carrying all the genes duplicate, forming two complete sets of the genome
Two sets ...
Genetics is the science of studying how living things pass on characteristics or traits and its variations in their cell make-up from one generation to the other.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. OBJECTIVES
• The learner should demonstrate
how genetic information genes on
chromosomes.
• Identify the different pattern of
inheritance.
3. Heredity or Hereditary is the process of passing the
traits and characteristics from parents to offsprings
through genes. The offspring, get their features and
characteristics that is genetic information from their
mother and father. Heredity and genetics are the
reason you look so much like your parents. Genetics is
a branch of science that studies the DNA, genes,
genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms. Let
us learn all about it.
4. GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
Gregor Mendel- The Father of Genetics
Acquiring characteristics or traits from
one generation to the other is nothing
but inheritance. Here, both parents
contribute equally to the inheritance of
traits. Gregor Mendel, also known as
the Father of Genetics, conducted
immense research and studies on this
inheritance of traits.
He researched on plant breeding and
hybridization and conducted his
experiments on pea plants to show the
inheritance of traits in living organisms.
5. KNOW SOME TERMS
Gene – It is the basic unit of inheritance. It consists of a sequence
of DNA, which is the genetic material. Genes can mutate and can
take two or more alternative forms.
Alleles – The alternative forms of genes. They affect the same
characteristics or traits in alternate forms. They are located on the
same place of the chromosome.
Chromosomes – These are thread-like structures made up of
nucleic acids (DNA) and proteins. They are mostly found in the
nucleus of the cells. They carry the hereditary or genetic
in the form of genes.
Genotype – It is the complete heritable genetic identity of an
organism. It is the set of alleles that are carried by the organism. It
also includes non-expressed alleles.
Phenotype – It is the description of the actual physical
characteristics of an organism or the expressed form of the
genotype.
6. Dominant alleles – When an allele affects the phenotype of
an organism, then it is a dominant allele. Capital letters
represent dominant alleles. For example, “T” to express
tallness.
Recessive alleles – An allele that affects the genotype in the
absence of the dominant allele is called a recessive allele.
Small letters represent recessive alleles. For example – “t” for
tallness.
Homozygous – Each organism has two alleles for every
gene (Each chromosome has one each). In homozygous,
both the alleles are same. For Example, “TT” is the
homozygous expression for tallness trait.
Heterozygous – If the two alleles are different from each
other, then they are heterozygous in nature. For Example,
“Tt” is the heterozygous expression for tallness trait.
7. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT
Monohybrid Cross
It is the cross between
two plants which have
one pair of contrasting
characters. For Example,
cross between a tall pea
plant and a short (dwarf)
plant. The following
diagram explains this in
detail
8. OBSERVATIONS & CONCLUSION
• In Tt, ‘T’ is expressed and ‘t’ is suppressed. Hence, the
characters ‘T’ is the dominant trait and ‘t’ is the
recessive trait.
9. Dihybrid Cross
It is the cross between two
plants which have two pairs of
contrasting characters. This
takes into consideration
alternative traits of two
different characters. For
example, a cross between one
pea plant with round and
green seeds and the other
plant having wrinkled and
yellow seeds. The following
diagram explains the dihybrid
cross in detail.
11. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
Mendel’s results were
groundbreaking partly
because they contradicted
the (then-popular) idea that
parents' traits were
permanently blended in
their offspring. In some
cases, however, the
phenotype of a
heterozygous organism can
actually be a blend between
the phenotypes of its
12.
13. CODOMINANCE
Co-Dominance
Both alleles can be
expressed
For example, red cows
crossed with white will
generate roan cows.
Roan refers to cows that
have red coats with
white blotches.
14. MULTIPLE ALLELES
Three or more alternative
forms of a gene (alleles)
that can occupy the same
locus. However, only two
of the alleles can be
present in a single
organism. For example, the
ABO system of blood
groups is controlled by
three alleles, only two of
which are present in an
individual
16. • Genetic disorders can be the result of genetic
abnormalities such as gene mutation or
additional chromosomes. The effects of
abnormalities in an individual’s DNA were once
entirely unpredictable. However, modern
medicine has produced methods of identifying
the potential health outcomes of genetic
disorders, as evidenced by medical research
from educated, advanced-degreed nurse
practitioners and practicing physicians. By
collecting the following evidence-based
statistical observations, these professionals
have identified some of the current best
practices for detecting, treating, and potentially
preventing some genetic disorders.
17. DOWN SYNDROME
Typically, the nucleus of an individual cell
contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, but Down
syndrome occurs when the 21st chromosome
is copied an extra time in all or some cells.
Nurse practitioners and physicians commonly
perform detailed prenatal screening tests, like
blood tests, that detect quantities of
chromosomal material and other substances
in a mother’s blood. This type of testing can
determine, with high accuracy, whether or not
a child will be born with Down syndrome.
When a person is diagnosed with Down
syndrome, they are likely to exhibit varying
levels of mild to severe cognitive delays.
18. THALASSEMIA
Thalassemia is a family of
hereditary genetic conditions
that limits the amount of
hemoglobin an individual can
naturally produce. This
condition inhibits oxygen flow
throughout the body. There is
a 25 percent chance that
children who inherit the
Thalassemia gene from both
parents will be born with
19. CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME
A genetic condition present from birth that
affects growth and development. Infants with this
condition often have a high-pitched cat-like cry,
small head size, and a characteristic facial
appearance.
They may have trouble breathing and feeding
difficulties. People with this condition typically
have intellectual disability, developmental and
speech delay, and behavioral issues.
Cri du chat syndrome is due to a missing piece
(deletion) of a specific part of chromosome 5
known as the 'p' arm. In general, the severity of
the symptoms is determined by the size and
20. CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Cystic Fibrosis is a chronic, genetic
condition that causes patients to
produce thick and sticky mucus,
inhibiting their respiratory, digestive,
and reproductive systems. Like
Thalassemia, the disease is commonly
inherited at a 25 percent rate when
both parents have the Cystic Fibrosis
gene. In the United States, there are
close to 30,000 people living with
Cystic Fibrosis, and they frequently
develop greater health problems.
21. TAY-SACHS DISEASE
The genetic condition known as Tay-
Sachs is carried by about one in
every 27 Jewish people, and by
approximately one of every 250
members of the general population.
The condition is caused by a
chromosomal defect similar to that
of Down syndrome. Unlike Down
syndrome, however, Tay-Sachs
results from a defect found in
chromosome #15, and the disorder
is irreversibly fatal when found in
22. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Sickle Cell Disease is a lifelong genetic
condition that may be inherited when
the Sickle Cell trait is passed down by
both parents to their children. The trait
is more commonly inherited by people
with a sub-Saharan, Indian, or
Mediterranean heritage. Sickle Cell
Disease causes red blood cells to
change from their usual donut shape to
a sickle shape. This causes the cells to
clump together and become caught in
blood vessels, triggering severe pain
and serious complications such as
infections, organ damage, and acute