This is the presentation which was presented in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized byThiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.

1. MESTON COLLEGE OF
EDUCATION
By
SANGEETHA. S
II B.ED English

2. MEMORY:
Meaning:
Human memory is the capacity to encode information and experiences in the
brain. These codes are subsequently stored and can be retrieved at a later time. This offers human
beings the possibility to learn, adapt and build relationships.
Memory is the terms given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and
subsequent retrieval of information.
Memory is involved in processing vast amount of information. The information takes
many different forms like images, sounds etc.

3. DEFINITION:
“Memory is the process of maintaining information over time.”
--Matlin(2005)
“Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experience in order to use this information
in the present”.
--Strenberg,1999

4. STAGES ANALYSIS OF MEMORY:
Encoding → Storage-->>Retrieval
Encoding: Storage a memory trace.
Storage: Retaining trace in a memory.
Retrieval: Recovering encoded trace from storage

5. EVENTS OF MEMORY:
MEMORY ENCODING:
When information comes into our memory system, it needs to change that
the system can cope with so, it can be stored.
There are three main ways in which information can be encoded.
❖ Visual(Picture)
❖ Acoustic (Sound)
❖ Semantic (Meaning)

6. MEMORY STORAGE:
This concerns the nature of memory stores (i.e) Where the information
is stored how long the memory Lasts for duration how much can be stored at
anytime (capacity) and what kind of information is held.
The way we stored information affects the way we retrieve it. There has
been a significant amount of research regarding the difference between short
term memory(STM) and Long term memory (LTM).
Information can only be stored for a brief duration in STM (0-30) Sec
but LTM can last a lifetime.

7. MEMORY RETRIEVAL:
● This refers to getting information out from storage.
● If we can't remember something it may be because we are unable to retrieve it.
● When we are asked to retrieve something from memory, the difference between STM
and LTM become very clear.
● STM is stored and retrieval sequentially, for example: If a group of Participants are
given a list of words to remember, and then asked to recall the fourth word on the list,
participants go through the list in the order they heard it in order to retrieve the
information.
● LTM is the stored and retrieved by association;- This is why you can remember what
you went upstairs for it you go back to the room where you first thought about it.

8. MODEL OF MEMORY:
R.Atkinson and R.Shiffrin(1968) purposed that our memories are not just stored in one place but
actually memory consist of several stores.
Memory made up of a series of parts, working together as a process.

9. THREE LEVELS OF MEMORY:
After the information has entered has entered the brain via all kind of impulse, it must be stored,
maintained or remove.
Many psychologist use the three step model of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin to describe the
storage process. For each memory system the capacity, type of storage and duration are described.
Information is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory memory. If attended to this
information enters the short term memory.
Information from the short term memory is transferred to the long term memory only if the information
is reheared i.e repeated.

10. SENSORY MEMORY:
● Sense memory stores information for only a moment.
● Sensory memory process incoming sensory information for very brief periods of time.
● Main purpose of sensory memory is to screen the income stimuli and process only those stimuli that
are most relevant at the present times.
● Visual sensory memoryis referred to as iconic Memory and auditory sensory memory is called echoic
memory.
● Storage duration: 0.25-0.5 seconds
● Capacity: All sensory information,large capacity
● Coding: Visual, auditory.

11. SHORT TERM MEMORY:
A small part of information that enters the brain via the sensory part of brain is transferred to short term memory.
Here information can be stored for about 18seconds with a capacity of 7-8 items.
Several useful terms have been developed to describe efficient cognitive processing in working memory. It is also called
as working memory.
○ LIMITED ATTENTIONAL RESOURCES: Refers to being able to perform a task very quickly and
effectively due to repeated practice.
○ SELECTIVE PROCESS: Refers to the act of intentionally focusing one’s limited cognitive resources on
stimuli that are most relevant
■ Storage duration: 0-18 seconds
■ Capacity: 7-8 items
■ Encoding:- Mainly auditory memory.

12. LONG TERM MEMORY:
Information from short term memory can be transferred bro long term memory
by means of rehearsal, and back again to short term memory.
It has a practice infinite capacity, which showcases the brain’s enormous
potential. When the information is stored in LTM, it usually remains there for the
rest of a person’s life.
■ Storage duration: Unlimited
■ Capacity: Unlimited
■ Encoding: Mainly semantic facts , general memory but also visual and auditory.

13. MERITS/USES:
● One strength of the multistore model is that is gives us a good
understanding of structure and process of the STM.
● This is good because this allows researchers to expand on this model.
● This means researchers can do experiment to improve on this model and
make it more valid and they can prove what the stores actually do.
● Therefore, the model is influential as it has generated a lot of research
into memory
● Many Memory studies provide evidence to support the distinction
between STM and LTM.

14. EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS:
➔ Memory stores are extremely limited in sensory and working memory.
➔ It is essential for students to become more automated at basic skills such
as letter and word decoding, number recognition and simple procedural
skills such as handwriting, multiplication and spelling.
➔ Relevant prior knowledge facilitates encoding and retrieval process.
➔ Automated information efficiency by reducing information processing
demands.
➔ Learning strategies improve information processing because learners are
more efficient and process information at deeper level.

15. MEMORY IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES:
Focus your attention:
Attention is one of the major components of memory. Try to study in a
place free of distraction such as television music and other diversions.
Avoid cramming:
Research has continuously shown that the students who study regularly
remember the material for better than those who do all of their studying in one
marathon session.

16. Utilizes mnemonic devices:
Mnemonic devices are a technique often used by students to aid in recall.
A mnemonic is simply a way to remember information eg VIBGYOR.
Elaborate and Rehearse:
One of the most effective encoding techniques is known as elaborative
rehearsal.
Visualize Concept:
Pay attention to the photographs charts and other graphics in your
textbooks if you don't have visual cues to help try creating your own.

17. Related new information to things you already know:
By establishing relationships between new ideas and previously existing
memories, one can dramatically increase the likelihood of recalling the recently
learner information.
Read out loud:
Educators and psychologist have also discovered that having students
actually teach new concepts to others enhance understanding and recall.
Pay extra attention to difficult information:
When you come across an especially difficult concept, devote some extra
time to memorizing the information.

18. Varying your study routine:
If your study in the evening try spending a few minutes each morning
reviewing the information your studied the previous night.
Follow SQ3R Method:
Survey questioning Recite, Repeat, Review.

20. Thank you