The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899-1901. Resentment against foreign missionaries and imperialism fueled the movement of martial arts groups called "Boxers". After attacks on Christians and foreigners, Boxers besieged foreign legations in Beijing for 55 days. In response, an international coalition of 8 countries including the US, Japan and European powers deployed troops to China to lift the siege. The Boxers were defeated and China was required to pay large reparations, while foreign powers increased their control over China.
The Cultural Revolution - Key Features & ConsequencesRCB78
The document outlines the key features and consequences of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution in China from 1966-1976. It describes how Mao mobilized students into Red Guard groups to purge Chinese society of "old ways of thinking" and target intellectuals, religious groups, and cultural artifacts. This led to widespread social chaos and violence across China, with the destruction of cultural heritage and severe economic and social consequences, though it did allow Mao to regain power over political rivals for a time.
Japan was historically ruled by a Shogun with military power and Emperor with religious authority. In 1853, Commodore Perry arrived and forced Japan to open trade, throwing the country into turmoil. In 1868, the Meiji Restoration overthrew the Shogunate and modernized Japan rapidly through political, economic, social, and military reforms inspired by Western nations. By the Meiji Emperor's death in 1912, Japan had transformed into a major world power with a strong industrial economy and military that allowed it to defeat major powers like China and Russia in war.
The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, were formidable warriors and tacticians. They lived a nomadic lifestyle and were expert horsemen and archers. Through dividing their forces to surround enemies and using mobility and deception, the Mongols were able to conquer vast lands despite often being outnumbered. Their military strategies and tactics contributed greatly to the expansion and success of the Mongol Empire.
The Hundred Days Reforms of 1898 in China aimed to modernize and strengthen the country through institutional, educational, and governmental reforms. However, the reforms faced opposition from conservative forces and the Empress Dowager Cixi, who saw it as a threat to her power. After just 100 days, Cixi halted the reforms and had their leaders, including Kang Youwei, arrested or exiled. The failure of the reforms weakened China and left it more vulnerable to foreign domination.
The documents discuss different perspectives on the Meiji Restoration in Japan between 1868-1900. This period saw the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule, but historians debate whether this was a revolution or coup, and the extent and nature of the changes initiated by the new Meiji government. The documents outline various schools of thought, from orthodox and Marxist to revisionist views, on the objectives and success of the Meiji leaders in modernizing Japan while balancing traditional and foreign influences.
The Boxer Uprising was a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement that took place in China between 1899-1901. It was a response to foreign occupation and Christian missionary activity in China following the Opium Wars. The uprising was supported by the Empress Dowager Cixi as a way to direct discontent against foreign powers instead of the Manchu government. However, the uprising failed when foreign powers sent military forces to China, defeated the Boxers, and made China sign a humiliating treaty imposing heavy reparations. The uprising further weakened China's power internationally and paved the way for the nationalist revolution of 1911.
The document provides an overview of the 1911 Revolution in China. It discusses:
1) How China was traditionally ruled through dynasties, but by the late 1900s the Qing dynasty was in decline due to internal problems, foreign humiliation, and modernization elsewhere.
2) Sun Yat Sen emerged as a revolutionary leader advocating for nationalism, democracy, and socialism. He founded the Tongmenghui group to overthrow the Qing.
3) In 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out and quickly spread. A provisional republican government was formed in Nanjing. Yuan Shi Kai negotiated for the abdication of the child emperor, becoming China's first president.
The document summarizes the major events of the Chinese Revolution from the Opium Wars in the 19th century through the establishment of communist rule under Mao Zedong. It discusses the weakening of the Qing dynasty due to foreign encroachment, the establishment of the Republic of China after the 1911 revolution, the rise of warlords and instability, the civil war between the Kuomintang and Communist Party, and Mao's consolidation of power and disastrous economic policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution.
The Cultural Revolution - Key Features & ConsequencesRCB78
The document outlines the key features and consequences of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution in China from 1966-1976. It describes how Mao mobilized students into Red Guard groups to purge Chinese society of "old ways of thinking" and target intellectuals, religious groups, and cultural artifacts. This led to widespread social chaos and violence across China, with the destruction of cultural heritage and severe economic and social consequences, though it did allow Mao to regain power over political rivals for a time.
Japan was historically ruled by a Shogun with military power and Emperor with religious authority. In 1853, Commodore Perry arrived and forced Japan to open trade, throwing the country into turmoil. In 1868, the Meiji Restoration overthrew the Shogunate and modernized Japan rapidly through political, economic, social, and military reforms inspired by Western nations. By the Meiji Emperor's death in 1912, Japan had transformed into a major world power with a strong industrial economy and military that allowed it to defeat major powers like China and Russia in war.
The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, were formidable warriors and tacticians. They lived a nomadic lifestyle and were expert horsemen and archers. Through dividing their forces to surround enemies and using mobility and deception, the Mongols were able to conquer vast lands despite often being outnumbered. Their military strategies and tactics contributed greatly to the expansion and success of the Mongol Empire.
The Hundred Days Reforms of 1898 in China aimed to modernize and strengthen the country through institutional, educational, and governmental reforms. However, the reforms faced opposition from conservative forces and the Empress Dowager Cixi, who saw it as a threat to her power. After just 100 days, Cixi halted the reforms and had their leaders, including Kang Youwei, arrested or exiled. The failure of the reforms weakened China and left it more vulnerable to foreign domination.
The documents discuss different perspectives on the Meiji Restoration in Japan between 1868-1900. This period saw the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule, but historians debate whether this was a revolution or coup, and the extent and nature of the changes initiated by the new Meiji government. The documents outline various schools of thought, from orthodox and Marxist to revisionist views, on the objectives and success of the Meiji leaders in modernizing Japan while balancing traditional and foreign influences.
The Boxer Uprising was a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement that took place in China between 1899-1901. It was a response to foreign occupation and Christian missionary activity in China following the Opium Wars. The uprising was supported by the Empress Dowager Cixi as a way to direct discontent against foreign powers instead of the Manchu government. However, the uprising failed when foreign powers sent military forces to China, defeated the Boxers, and made China sign a humiliating treaty imposing heavy reparations. The uprising further weakened China's power internationally and paved the way for the nationalist revolution of 1911.
The document provides an overview of the 1911 Revolution in China. It discusses:
1) How China was traditionally ruled through dynasties, but by the late 1900s the Qing dynasty was in decline due to internal problems, foreign humiliation, and modernization elsewhere.
2) Sun Yat Sen emerged as a revolutionary leader advocating for nationalism, democracy, and socialism. He founded the Tongmenghui group to overthrow the Qing.
3) In 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out and quickly spread. A provisional republican government was formed in Nanjing. Yuan Shi Kai negotiated for the abdication of the child emperor, becoming China's first president.
The document summarizes the major events of the Chinese Revolution from the Opium Wars in the 19th century through the establishment of communist rule under Mao Zedong. It discusses the weakening of the Qing dynasty due to foreign encroachment, the establishment of the Republic of China after the 1911 revolution, the rise of warlords and instability, the civil war between the Kuomintang and Communist Party, and Mao's consolidation of power and disastrous economic policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution.
This document summarizes the major social, political, and intellectual developments that occurred in 18th century Europe. It discusses the rise of absolute monarchy in many countries, but its failure to take hold in some like the UK. It also outlines the growing population and division of society into three estates. The Enlightenment thinkers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau pushed back against absolutism and advocated for reason, tolerance, and participatory democracy. The document also provides some specifics on developments in Spain during this time period under various rulers.
Hong Xiuquan failed the imperial exams and converted to Christianity. He started a new religious cult where he believed he was the younger brother of Jesus. This cult grew into a rebel army called the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom that sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty. The Taiping army grew to millions but faced opposition from the Imperial army and European mercenaries. They captured many cities but ultimately their capital of Nanjing fell in 1864, ending the rebellion. Hong was killed during the final defeat.
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was launched in 1966 by Mao Zedong to renew China's revolutionary spirit and remove opponents to his rule. Young students formed militant groups called Red Guards to attack teachers, officials, and intellectuals. Red Guards traveled China destroying heritage sites and old books. The Cultural Revolution led to widespread chaos, violence, and economic damage before ending with Mao's death in 1976.
The Meiji Restoration began on January 3, 1869 in Japan, ending the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate. Emperor Meiji Mutsuhito was restored as the head of state. During the restoration, Japan's borders were opened to Western influence, the economy was modernized, the military was strengthened, education was improved, and the rigid social structure was eliminated. The goals of the Meiji government were to enrich the country, strengthen the military, pursue civilization and enlightenment, and catch up and overtake the Western powers.
The revolutions of 1848 saw uprisings across Europe seeking liberal reforms and national independence. Revolutions broke out in cities like Paris, Vienna, Berlin and Milan. However, the revolutions ultimately failed due to several factors. They did not attract widespread support from workers and peasants. As revolutions turned more radical, the middle class withdrew support. Nationalist goals divided rather than united in places like Germany and Italy. Where revolutions succeeded temporarily, the old ruling elites were left intact and moved to reassert control. By 1850, the pre-revolutionary political order was largely restored across Europe through direct military intervention or co-optation of liberal gains.
The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising in China in 1900 led by the Righteous and Harmonious Fists secret society, also known as the Boxers, who sought to drive foreign influence from China. Angry mobs killed hundreds of foreigners during the rebellion. While the Chinese government secretly supported the Boxers, an international police force composed of troops from imperialist powers eventually crushed the rebellion. The rebellion encouraged Chinese nationalism despite its failure.
The document summarizes key events of the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1931 to 1945. It describes how the Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931 and continued pushing into China over subsequent years, with major battles including the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Battle of Shanghai, and the Rape of Nanking. While inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese, the Japanese also suffered increasing losses as the war progressed. By 1941 the Chinese army had been largely destroyed, leaving China occupied until the end of World War II in 1945.
The Sino-Japanese War was fought between 1894-1895 over control of Korea. While smaller incidents contributed, the primary cause was the Tonghak Rebellion in Korea and China and Japan's decision to send troops to respond. Japan had a military advantage due to recent modernization. They defeated Chinese land and naval forces, culminating in the Treaty of Shimonoseki where China ceded control of Korea and paid war indemnities. Although brief, the war established Japan as an emerging power and weakened Chinese influence in the region.
http://www.tomrichey.net
Peter the Great transformed Russia from an Eastern-oriented landlocked nation into a modern, Western-oriented empire. After touring Europe for several months, Peter returned in Russia to reform the military, the civil service, and the Church. His conquests gave Russia access to warm water ports.
Three things were needed to end the Sengoku Era in Japan:
1) Oda Nobunaga utilized ruthless force and military skill to unite most of Honshu before being betrayed and killed in 1580.
2) Toyotomi Hideyoshi utilized great military skill and diplomacy to pacify resisting daimyos, becoming the military master of Japan by 1590 before dying in 1598.
3) Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized military and political skill to limit the power of the daimyos, being granted the title of Shogun in 1603 and unifying Japan, ending the era of "sengoku".
The document provides background information on the causes of the Russian Revolutions of 1905, February 1917, and October 1917. It discusses factors such as Russia's backward economic and social conditions under the Tsar, including a large peasant population and inefficient bureaucracy. It also examines the impact of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which saw Russia suffer several major defeats and damaged national pride, fueling further unrest and calls for reform. Overall, the document outlines many long-term and short-term factors that contributed to revolutionary sentiment in Russia.
The major events of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, a series of two revolutions in RUSSIA in 1917. The first revolution in March (O.S. February) deposed TSAR NICHOLAS II. The second revolution in November (O.S. October) toppled the Provisional Government and handed power to the Bolsheviks, giving way to the rise of the SOVIET UNION (U.S.S.R.), the world's first communist state.
The document summarizes the history of revolution and communism in China from the early 20th century to modern times. It describes the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 and the rise of nationalist and communist movements led by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong. Mao emerged as the leader of the communists after their famous Long March retreat. The communists defeated the nationalists in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China under Mao's leadership. Mao implemented authoritarian policies and economic programs that had mixed results, including the Great Leap Forward that caused a devastating famine.
European history for 2nd year in St.Patrick's school. It includes both videos seen in class and information about the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean War.
The document provides background information on the Russian Revolution through a vocabulary list and sections on pre-revolutionary Russia, the reign of Czar Nicholas II, World War I and the rise of the Bolsheviks. Key events summarized are the 1905 revolution in response to Bloody Sunday and the October Manifesto, World War I which weakened Russia and led to the March Revolution of 1917 overthrowing the Czar, and the Bolsheviks seizing power in November 1917 by promising to withdraw from WWI and preventing the Czar's return. A civil war followed between the Bolsheviks and opposing White Army which the Bolsheviks eventually won, allowing Lenin and the USSR to be established.
The document summarizes major events in modern Chinese history from the late 19th century to present day. It describes the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 and establishment of the Republic of China led by Sun Yat-sen. However, the republic faced weaknesses like disunity and foreign imperialism. Communist ideas grew under Mao Zedong, and civil war broke out between Nationalists and Communists. They temporarily united to fight the Japanese invasion from 1937-1945. The Communists emerged victorious in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China under Mao's rule. His economic policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution had major impacts, though issues in China continue today around balancing reforms with communist ideals.
On January 9, 1905 (Bloody Sunday) in St. Petersburg, around 150,000 lower-class Russian citizens peacefully demonstrated for better working and living conditions but were fired upon by the military, killing 40 people and injuring hundreds, which sparked further violent demonstrations and marked the beginning of the Russian Revolution. The revolution climaxed in October and September after Tsar Nicholas failed to take the uprising seriously and address citizens' grievances around unfair treatment by the nobility and corrupt government that taxed lower classes more with few benefits in return.
Unit 6 lesson 2 ming dynasty power pointCRCourseDev
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644. A peasant rebellion overthrew the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, establishing the Ming Dynasty. The early Ming emperors ran an effective centralized bureaucracy and presided over a period of economic prosperity. However, weak later rulers, corruption, high taxes, and natural disasters led to widespread unrest and rebellion, culminating in the fall of Beijing and the end of the Ming Dynasty in 1644.
The document summarizes China's rejection of trade with the West in the late 18th century due to its self-sufficiency. It then discusses how the British pushed the sale of opium in China, leading to the Opium Wars and Britain gaining control of Hong Kong. Overpopulation and food shortages contributed to rebellions against the Qing dynasty. Despite reform attempts, foreign powers maintained growing control over China through the late 19th century, culminating in the Boxer Rebellion.
The document summarizes the decline of Imperial China under the Qing dynasty in the 19th century. The Qing faced numerous problems including population pressures, natural disasters, an outdated political system, and social/economic crises. Western imperialism exacerbated China's weaknesses through unequal treaties following the Opium Wars. Attempts at self-strengthening and reform failed to prevent the rise of foreign spheres of influence and defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, leading to nationalist revolts and the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
This document summarizes the major social, political, and intellectual developments that occurred in 18th century Europe. It discusses the rise of absolute monarchy in many countries, but its failure to take hold in some like the UK. It also outlines the growing population and division of society into three estates. The Enlightenment thinkers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau pushed back against absolutism and advocated for reason, tolerance, and participatory democracy. The document also provides some specifics on developments in Spain during this time period under various rulers.
Hong Xiuquan failed the imperial exams and converted to Christianity. He started a new religious cult where he believed he was the younger brother of Jesus. This cult grew into a rebel army called the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom that sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty. The Taiping army grew to millions but faced opposition from the Imperial army and European mercenaries. They captured many cities but ultimately their capital of Nanjing fell in 1864, ending the rebellion. Hong was killed during the final defeat.
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was launched in 1966 by Mao Zedong to renew China's revolutionary spirit and remove opponents to his rule. Young students formed militant groups called Red Guards to attack teachers, officials, and intellectuals. Red Guards traveled China destroying heritage sites and old books. The Cultural Revolution led to widespread chaos, violence, and economic damage before ending with Mao's death in 1976.
The Meiji Restoration began on January 3, 1869 in Japan, ending the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate. Emperor Meiji Mutsuhito was restored as the head of state. During the restoration, Japan's borders were opened to Western influence, the economy was modernized, the military was strengthened, education was improved, and the rigid social structure was eliminated. The goals of the Meiji government were to enrich the country, strengthen the military, pursue civilization and enlightenment, and catch up and overtake the Western powers.
The revolutions of 1848 saw uprisings across Europe seeking liberal reforms and national independence. Revolutions broke out in cities like Paris, Vienna, Berlin and Milan. However, the revolutions ultimately failed due to several factors. They did not attract widespread support from workers and peasants. As revolutions turned more radical, the middle class withdrew support. Nationalist goals divided rather than united in places like Germany and Italy. Where revolutions succeeded temporarily, the old ruling elites were left intact and moved to reassert control. By 1850, the pre-revolutionary political order was largely restored across Europe through direct military intervention or co-optation of liberal gains.
The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising in China in 1900 led by the Righteous and Harmonious Fists secret society, also known as the Boxers, who sought to drive foreign influence from China. Angry mobs killed hundreds of foreigners during the rebellion. While the Chinese government secretly supported the Boxers, an international police force composed of troops from imperialist powers eventually crushed the rebellion. The rebellion encouraged Chinese nationalism despite its failure.
The document summarizes key events of the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1931 to 1945. It describes how the Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931 and continued pushing into China over subsequent years, with major battles including the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Battle of Shanghai, and the Rape of Nanking. While inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese, the Japanese also suffered increasing losses as the war progressed. By 1941 the Chinese army had been largely destroyed, leaving China occupied until the end of World War II in 1945.
The Sino-Japanese War was fought between 1894-1895 over control of Korea. While smaller incidents contributed, the primary cause was the Tonghak Rebellion in Korea and China and Japan's decision to send troops to respond. Japan had a military advantage due to recent modernization. They defeated Chinese land and naval forces, culminating in the Treaty of Shimonoseki where China ceded control of Korea and paid war indemnities. Although brief, the war established Japan as an emerging power and weakened Chinese influence in the region.
http://www.tomrichey.net
Peter the Great transformed Russia from an Eastern-oriented landlocked nation into a modern, Western-oriented empire. After touring Europe for several months, Peter returned in Russia to reform the military, the civil service, and the Church. His conquests gave Russia access to warm water ports.
Three things were needed to end the Sengoku Era in Japan:
1) Oda Nobunaga utilized ruthless force and military skill to unite most of Honshu before being betrayed and killed in 1580.
2) Toyotomi Hideyoshi utilized great military skill and diplomacy to pacify resisting daimyos, becoming the military master of Japan by 1590 before dying in 1598.
3) Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized military and political skill to limit the power of the daimyos, being granted the title of Shogun in 1603 and unifying Japan, ending the era of "sengoku".
The document provides background information on the causes of the Russian Revolutions of 1905, February 1917, and October 1917. It discusses factors such as Russia's backward economic and social conditions under the Tsar, including a large peasant population and inefficient bureaucracy. It also examines the impact of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which saw Russia suffer several major defeats and damaged national pride, fueling further unrest and calls for reform. Overall, the document outlines many long-term and short-term factors that contributed to revolutionary sentiment in Russia.
The major events of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, a series of two revolutions in RUSSIA in 1917. The first revolution in March (O.S. February) deposed TSAR NICHOLAS II. The second revolution in November (O.S. October) toppled the Provisional Government and handed power to the Bolsheviks, giving way to the rise of the SOVIET UNION (U.S.S.R.), the world's first communist state.
The document summarizes the history of revolution and communism in China from the early 20th century to modern times. It describes the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 and the rise of nationalist and communist movements led by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong. Mao emerged as the leader of the communists after their famous Long March retreat. The communists defeated the nationalists in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China under Mao's leadership. Mao implemented authoritarian policies and economic programs that had mixed results, including the Great Leap Forward that caused a devastating famine.
European history for 2nd year in St.Patrick's school. It includes both videos seen in class and information about the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean War.
The document provides background information on the Russian Revolution through a vocabulary list and sections on pre-revolutionary Russia, the reign of Czar Nicholas II, World War I and the rise of the Bolsheviks. Key events summarized are the 1905 revolution in response to Bloody Sunday and the October Manifesto, World War I which weakened Russia and led to the March Revolution of 1917 overthrowing the Czar, and the Bolsheviks seizing power in November 1917 by promising to withdraw from WWI and preventing the Czar's return. A civil war followed between the Bolsheviks and opposing White Army which the Bolsheviks eventually won, allowing Lenin and the USSR to be established.
The document summarizes major events in modern Chinese history from the late 19th century to present day. It describes the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 and establishment of the Republic of China led by Sun Yat-sen. However, the republic faced weaknesses like disunity and foreign imperialism. Communist ideas grew under Mao Zedong, and civil war broke out between Nationalists and Communists. They temporarily united to fight the Japanese invasion from 1937-1945. The Communists emerged victorious in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China under Mao's rule. His economic policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution had major impacts, though issues in China continue today around balancing reforms with communist ideals.
On January 9, 1905 (Bloody Sunday) in St. Petersburg, around 150,000 lower-class Russian citizens peacefully demonstrated for better working and living conditions but were fired upon by the military, killing 40 people and injuring hundreds, which sparked further violent demonstrations and marked the beginning of the Russian Revolution. The revolution climaxed in October and September after Tsar Nicholas failed to take the uprising seriously and address citizens' grievances around unfair treatment by the nobility and corrupt government that taxed lower classes more with few benefits in return.
Unit 6 lesson 2 ming dynasty power pointCRCourseDev
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644. A peasant rebellion overthrew the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, establishing the Ming Dynasty. The early Ming emperors ran an effective centralized bureaucracy and presided over a period of economic prosperity. However, weak later rulers, corruption, high taxes, and natural disasters led to widespread unrest and rebellion, culminating in the fall of Beijing and the end of the Ming Dynasty in 1644.
The document summarizes China's rejection of trade with the West in the late 18th century due to its self-sufficiency. It then discusses how the British pushed the sale of opium in China, leading to the Opium Wars and Britain gaining control of Hong Kong. Overpopulation and food shortages contributed to rebellions against the Qing dynasty. Despite reform attempts, foreign powers maintained growing control over China through the late 19th century, culminating in the Boxer Rebellion.
The document summarizes the decline of Imperial China under the Qing dynasty in the 19th century. The Qing faced numerous problems including population pressures, natural disasters, an outdated political system, and social/economic crises. Western imperialism exacerbated China's weaknesses through unequal treaties following the Opium Wars. Attempts at self-strengthening and reform failed to prevent the rise of foreign spheres of influence and defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, leading to nationalist revolts and the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
Japan invades China in the late 19th century, carving up Chinese territory. China loses the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and is forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Shimonoseki, ceding Taiwan and other territories to Japan. Japan then uses China's internal political conflicts and weaknesses to further expand its colonial rule over parts of China in the 1930s-40s, committing atrocities like the Nanjing Massacre. China remains negatively impacted by Japan's imperialism through ongoing historical disputes.
The document summarizes key events in Sino-Japanese relations between 1867 and 1941. It discusses Japan's growing imperial ambitions and its defeat of China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, allowing Japan to acquire Taiwan and other territories. This established Japan as the dominant power and left China humiliated. The document also mentions the Boxer Rebellion, Japan's increasing colonization of China, and lingering effects on relations due to issues like Japan's wartime atrocities.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIREGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIRE. It contains: the first opium war, the second opium war, extraterritoriality, Dalai Lama in exile, China in late Qing, questioning China, Russia and China.
The document provides an overview of Japan's occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. It discusses key events that led to Japan formally annexing Korea in 1910 after Japan had defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The occupation period saw Japan heavily censor information and crack down on Korean nationalism and political dissidents. There was widespread resistance, most notably the March First Movement of 1919 where Koreans protested for independence. Japan later eased restrictions in the 1920s to foster more cultural development while still maintaining control over Korea.
The document provides an overview of China's one-child policy, which was introduced in 1979 to address overpopulation concerns. While initially intended to be temporary, the policy remains in effect today. Supporters argue it has prevented hundreds of millions of births and helped conserve resources, but critics say it has led to forced abortions and abandonment of children. The harsh punishments for violations, including forced abortions and even killings of babies, are considered inhumane. Overall the policy's severe human rights abuses are questionable for addressing population issues.
Korea and southeast asia in the modern worldJerlie
The Yi Dynasty in Korea went into decline in the late 16th century due to several factors: chronic conflicts weakened the authorities; the country was devastated by Japanese invasions in the late 16th century and invaded by Manchus in 1626. Korea was then poorly prepared to resist Western imperialism in the 19th century and rejected foreign ideas. It suffered under Japanese rule from 1910 to 1945 before being divided after World War II, with the South and North each backed by opposing superpowers.
The document provides an overview of the political and social turmoil in China from the 19th century to the 1920s/30s that led to the Chinese Civil War between the communists and nationalists. It discusses how Western imperialism and unequal treaties weakened the Qing dynasty, allowing rebellions and the rise of warlordism after 1911. Growing nationalism and anti-imperial sentiment led to the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. Initially, the communists and nationalists allied against the warlords and foreigners through the Northern Expedition from 1924-1927. However, Chiang Kai-shek purged communists in 1927, starting the civil war. Mao established communist bases and developed guerrilla warfare strategies. Ch
The document provides background on the decline and fall of the Qing Dynasty in China in the late 19th century. It summarizes how Western powers imposed unequal treaties on China after victories in wars, forcing concessions like legalizing opium imports. Meanwhile, the Qing Dynasty was already in long-term decline due to internal political issues and corruption after centuries of rule. The combination of foreign imperialism and domestic instability hastened the collapse of the dynasty and China's humiliation in the international order.
The document summarizes the decline of the Qing dynasty in China from 1841-1911 CE due to external pressures from Western imperialism and internal pressures such as corruption and unrest. It led to events like the Opium Wars, which forced China to open ports to British trade, and the Taiping Rebellion, a massive civil war. Meanwhile, Japan underwent the Meiji Restoration from 1868-1912 CE which transformed it from an isolated feudal society into a modern imperialist power through reforms emulating Western political systems and industrialization.
Unit 6 lesson 3 manchu dynasty power pointCRCourseDev
The Manchus, originally from Manchuria, conquered Beijing in 1644 after a peasant revolt overthrew the Ming dynasty. They established the Qing dynasty and ruled China until 1911. The Manchus faced resistance from the Chinese people and ordered all men to adopt Manchu hairstyles and clothing. To balance their ethnic differences with the majority Han Chinese, the Manchus maintained their own legal status and military units while also recruiting Chinese into government positions. The Qing dynasty began to decline in the late 18th century due to factors such as corruption, high taxes, overpopulation, and the costly suppression of rebellions. Their refusal of more liberal trade with European powers also contributed to later problems with Western military advances.
Chapter 8 Ways of the World AP World History Book By R. Strayer - China and t...S Sandoval
AP World History - Ways of the World by Strayer. Chapter 8: China and the world. Tribute System, China and Korea, China and Vietnam, China and Buddhism, China and Japan.
The document summarizes the effects of British imperialism in China in the 19th century. It discusses how Britain exploited the declining Qing Dynasty through the opium trade, which led to the Opium War. As a result of defeating China, Britain gained control of Hong Kong and trading advantages through the unequal Treaty of Nanking. This allowed Britain to dominate trade with China and marked the beginning of China's "century of humiliation" under foreign imperialism.
The Boxer Rebellion began in 1898 when groups of peasants in northern China formed a secret society called the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists", nicknamed the "Boxers" by Western press. Members practiced boxing rituals which they believed made them impervious to bullets. On October 10, 1911, nationalist physician Dr. Sun Yat-Sen founded the nationalist party and led a revolution against the Manchu dynasty. He had previously founded societies to regenerate China and studied other countries' political systems. During the Meiji Restoration in Japan, the emperor emerged as a symbol of unity during radical reforms, including the 1868 Charter Oath that outlined the new government's aims.
Xinhai Revolution and the May Fourth Movement Question Discussion.docxwrite22
This document discusses China's Xinhai Revolution and May Fourth Movement. It provides background information on both events, comparing their historical significance. The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China, while the May Fourth Movement in 1919 was a cultural and political movement growing from student demonstrations in Beijing. The document examines these two pivotal moments in China's modern history and nation-formation through a political and cultural lens.
1) The document describes China's economy and society in the late 18th/early 19th century, including its strong agricultural and manufacturing industries.
2) It discusses how the British smuggled opium into China, leading to widespread addiction, and the First Opium War in 1839 when China asked Britain to stop smuggling opium but received no response.
3) Internal rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century weakened China as European powers established spheres of influence over parts of the country.
Ranavalona III was the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar, ruling from 1883 to 1897. As a young woman, she was selected to succeed Queen Ranavalona II upon her death. Like her predecessors, Ranavalona III entered a political marriage with Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony, who largely oversaw governance. Throughout her reign, Ranavalona III tried to resist colonial efforts by France by strengthening trade with other nations, but France ultimately captured Antananarivo in 1895, ending the kingdom's sovereignty and exiling Ranavalona III.
In 1832, settlement began in an area called Little Thames in what would become Stratford, Ontario. By the 1840s, Stratford had around 200 inhabitants and various mills, stores, and other businesses. The town slowly grew until the 1850s when the railway arrived, bringing furniture manufacturing and locomotive repair that became major industries by the 20th century. In 1933, a major strike in the furniture industry was led by communist organizers. While some of the documents discuss outlandish claims about Adolf Hitler living in Stratford after being kidnapped as a child, Stratford is best known as the home of the renowned Shakespearean Stratford Festival held from May to October each year.
Shannon Selin's book about Napoleon is criticized for being very boring and poorly written. Reviews indicate the book feels as dead as its subject, Napoleon, and that readers found it difficult to stay awake while reading due to the sad writing style. The reviews suggest Wikipedia entries provide more interesting information about Napoleon than the book.
Eskilstuna's history dates back to medieval times when an English monk named Saint Eskil established a base called "Tuna" and served as the bishop of the southern coast of Lake Mälaren. Saint Eskil was later killed by pagan Vikings for trying to convert them to Christianity. The monastery founded by Saint Eskil was eventually destroyed during the Protestant Reformation and replaced with Eskilstuna House, the royal castle. Eskilstuna was granted city privileges in 1659 and grew significantly during the Industrial Revolution as it became a major center of steel production in Sweden, earning its nickname "The City of Steel."
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3) Trump scapegoats immigrants and racial minorities as enemies and dangers, and offers simplistic solutions like building a border wall, mirroring tactics used by authoritarian leaders.
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The document summarizes German federal elections between 1928 and 1938, during which time the Nazi party rose to power. Some key points:
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A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
4. The Boxer Rebellion , Boxer
Uprising, or Yihetuan
Movement was an anti-
imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-
Christian uprising in China
between 1899 and 1901, toward
the end of the Qing dynasty.
It was initiated by the Militia United
in Righteousness (Yìhéquán), known
in English as the Boxers because
many of their members had
practiced Chinese martial arts, also
referred to in the west as Chinese
Boxing.
5. Villagers in North China had been building resentment against Christian
missionaries who ignored tax obligations and abused their extraterritorial rights
to protect their congregants against lawsuits. The immediate background of the
uprising included severe drought and disruption by the growth of foreign
spheres of influence after the Sino-Japanese War of 1895.
After several months of growing violence and murder in Shandong and the
North China Plain against foreign and Christian presence in June 1900, Boxer
fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on
Beijing with the slogan Support the Qing government and exterminate the
foreigners. Foreigners and Chinese Christians sought refuge in the Legation
Quarter.
Resentment against Christian
6. In response
In response to reports of an invasion by Eight Nation Alliance of American,
Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian
troops to lift the siege, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi supported the
Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign
powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians, and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in
the Legation Quarter were besieged for 55 days by the Imperial Army of China
and the Boxers. Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the
Boxers and those favoring conciliation, led by Prince Qing. The supreme
commander of the Chinese forces, the Manchu General Ronglu (Junglu), later
claimed he acted to protect the foreigners. Officials in the Mutual Protection of
Southeast China ignored the imperial order to fight against foreigners.
7. Eight-Nation Alliance
The Eight-Nation Alliance
was a multi-national
military coalition set up in
response to the Boxer
Rebellion crisis in Imperial
China in 1900. The forces
consisted of approximately
51,000 troops from eight
nations of German
Empire, Japan, Russia,
Britain, France, the United
States, Italy and Austria-
Hungary
8. Forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance
Countries Warships (units) Marines (men) Army (men)
Empire of Japan 18 540 20,300
Russian Empire 10 750 12,400
United Kingdom 8 2,020 10,000
French Republic 5 390 3,130
United States 2 295 3,125
German Empire 5 600 300
Kingdom of Italy 2 80 2,500
Austria-Hungary 4 296 unknown
Total 54 4,971 51,755
9. When - Why
Active June 10, 1900 - September 7, 1901 (455 days)
Country Zhili Province
Allegiance None (individual)
Type Navy, Marine Corps, Army
Role: To safeguard the privileges of foreign nationals and
China Christian, the Qing government is required to
punish the boxing people and the Qing government
officials who support and use the boxing people to
consolidate and seize the extended lease area.
10. The Eight – Nation Alliance
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000
armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and arrived at Peking on
August 14, relieving the siege of the Legations. Uncontrolled plunder of the
capital and the surrounding countryside ensued, along with summary execution
of those suspected of being Boxers. The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901
provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the
Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million
taels of silver—approximately $10 billion at 2018 silver prices and more than the
government's annual tax revenue—to be paid as indemnity over the course of the
next 39 years to the eight nations involved.
11. Historical background
The Righteous and Harmonious Fists
(Yihequan) arose in the inland sections of the
northern coastal province of Shandong, long
known for social unrest, religious sects, and
martial societies. American Christian
missionaries were probably the first to refer to
the well-trained, athletic young men as "Boxers",
because of the martial arts and weapons training
they practiced. Their primary practice was a
type of spiritual possession which involved the
whirling of swords, violent prostrations, and
chanting incantations to deities.
Views of the South Gate to
Heaven at Mount Tai
12. The Boxers
The opportunities to fight back Western encroachment and colonization were
especially attractive to unemployed village men, many of whom were teenagers.
The tradition of possession and invulnerability went back several hundred years
but took on special meaning against the powerful new weapons of the West.
The Boxers, armed with rifles and swords, claimed supernatural invulnerability
towards blows of cannon, rifle shots, and knife attacks. Furthermore, the Boxer
groups popularly claimed that millions of soldiers of Heaven would descend to
assist them in purifying China of foreign oppression.
In 1895, despite ambivalence toward their heterodox practices, Yuxian, a
Manchu who was then prefect of Caozhou and would later become provincial
governor, used the Big Swords Society in fighting bandits.
13. The Big Swords
The Big Swords, emboldened by this official support, also attacked their local
Catholic village rivals, who turned to the Church for protection. The Big Swords
responded by attacking Catholic churches and burning them. "The line between
Christians and bandits became increasingly indistinct", remarks a recent
historian. As a result of diplomatic pressure in the capital, Yuxian executed
several Big Sword leaders, but did not punish anyone else. More martial secret
societies started emerging after this. The early years saw a variety of village
activities, not a broad movement with a united purpose. Martial folk religious
societies such as the Baguadao (Eight Trigrams) prepared the way for the
Boxers. Like the Red Boxing school or the Plum Flower Boxers, the Boxers of
Shandong were more concerned with traditional social and moral values, such as
filial piety, than with foreign influences.
14. Causes of conflict and unrest
The combination of extreme weather conditions, Western attempts at
colonizing China and growing anti-imperialist sentiment fueled the movement.
First, a drought followed by floods in Shandong province in 1897–1898 forced
farmers to flee to cities and seek food. As one observer said, "I am convinced
that a few days' heavy rainfall to terminate the long-continued drought ... would
do more to restore tranquility than any measures which either the Chinese
government or foreign governments can take. A major cause of discontent in
north China was missionary activity. The Treaty of Tientsin (or Tianjin) and the
Convention of Peking, signed in 1860 after the Second Opium War, had granted foreign
missionaries the freedom to preach anywhere in China and to buy land on which to build
churches. On 1 November 1897, a band of armed men who were perhaps members of the
Big Swords Society stormed the residence of a German missionary from the Society of the
Divine Word and killed two priests. This attack is known as the Juye Incident.
15. Kaiser Wilhelm II
When Kaiser Wilhelm II received news of these
murders, he dispatched the German East Asia
Squadron to occupy Jiaozhou Bay on the southern
coast of the Shandong peninsula. In December
1897, Wilhelm II declared his intent to seize
territory in China,which triggered a "scramble for
concessions" by which Britain, France, Russia and
Japan also secured their own sphere of influence in
China. The Germany gained exclusive control of
developmental loans, mining, and railway
ownership in Shandong province.
16. The War
The Germany gained exclusive control of developmental loans, mining, and
railway ownership in Shandong province.
Russia gained influence of all territory north of the Great Wall, plus the previous tax
exemption for trade in Mongolia and Xinjiang, economic powers similar to Germany's over
Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. France gained influence of Yunnan, most of
Guangxi and Guangdong provinces, Japan over Fujian province. Britain gained influence of the
whole Yangtze River Valley (defined as all provinces adjoining the Yangtze river as well as
Henan and Zhejiang provinces, parts of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces and part of Tibet.
Only Italy's request for Zhejiang province was declined by the Chinese government. These do
not include the lease and concession territories where the foreign powers had full authority.
The Russian government militarily occupied their zone, imposed their law and schools, seized
mining and logging privileges, settled their citizens, and even established their municipal
administration on several cities, the latter without Chinese consent.
17. "Militia United in Righteousness
In October 1898, a group of Boxers attacked the
Christian community of Liyuantun village where a
temple to the Jade Emperor had been converted
into a Catholic church. Disputes had surrounded
the church since 1869, when the temple had been
granted to the Christian residents of the village.
This incident marked the first time the Boxers
used the slogan "Support the Qing, destroy the
foreigners“
The "Boxers" called themselves the "Militia United
in Righteousness"
18. The plan
Major powers plan to cut
up China for themselves;
America, Germany, Italy,
UK, France, Russia,
Austria are represented
by Wilhelm II, Umberto
I, John Bull, Franz Joseph
I (in rear), Uncle Sam,
Nicholas II, and Emile
Loubet. Punch Aug 23,
1899, by J. S. Pughe
19. Aggression toward missionaries and Christians
Aggression toward missionaries and Christians drew the ire of foreign (mainly
European) governments. In 1899, the French minister in Beijing helped the
missionaries to obtain an edict granting official status to every order in the
Roman Catholic hierarchy, enabling local priests to support their people in legal
or family disputes and bypass the local officials. After the German government
took over Shandong, many Chinese feared that the foreign missionaries and
possibly all Christian activities were imperialist attempts at "carving the melon",
i.e., to colonize China piece by piece. A Chinese official expressed the animosity
towards foreigners succinctly, "Take away your missionaries and your opium and
you will be welcome. The early growth of the Boxer movement coincided with
the Hundred Days' Reform (11 June – 21 September 1898)
20. The national crises caused by foreign aggression
The national crisis was widely considered as caused by foreign aggression.
Foreign powers had defeated China in several wars, forced a right to promote
Christianity and imposed unequal treaties under which foreigners and foreign
companies in China were accorded special privileges, extraterritorial rights and
immunities from Chinese law, causing resentment among Chinese. France,
Japan, Russia and Germany carved out spheres of influence, so that by 1900 it
appeared that China would be dismembered, with foreign powers each ruling a
part of the country. Thus, by 1900, the Qing dynasty, which had ruled China
for more than two centuries, was crumbling and Chinese culture was under
assault by powerful and unfamiliar religions and secular cultures.
21. Cartoon
A French political cartoon depicting
China as a pie about to be carved up
by Queen Victoria (Britain), Kaiser
Wilhelm II (Germany), Tsar Nicholas
II (Russia), Marianne (France) and a
samurai (Japan), while a Chinese
mandarin helplessly looks on.
22. Chinese Muslim troops
Chinese Muslim troops from
Gansu, also known as the Gansu
Braves, killed a Japanese diplomat
on 11 June 1900. Foreigners called
them the "10,000 Islamic rabble.
23. Intensifying crisis
In spring 1900, the Boxer movement spread rapidly north from Shandong into
the countryside near Beijing. Boxers burned Christian churches, killed Chinese
Christians and intimidated Chinese officials who stood in their way. American
Minister Edwin H. Conger cabled Washington, "the whole country is swarming
with hungry, discontented, hopeless idlers." On 30 May the diplomats, led by
British Minister Claude Maxwell MacDonald, requested that foreign soldiers
come to Beijing to defend the legations. The Chinese government reluctantly
acquiesced, and the next day a multinational force of 435 navy troops from
eight countries disembarked from warships and travelled by train from Dagu
(Taku) to Beijing. They set up defensive perimeters around their respective
missions.
25. Clemens von Ketteler
11 June, the first Boxer, dressed in his finery, was seen in the
Legation Quarter. The German Minister, Clemens von
Ketteler, and German soldiers captured a Boxer boy and
inexplicably executed him. In response, thousands of Boxers
burst into the walled city of Beijing that afternoon and burned
many of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city,
burning some victims alive. American and British missionaries
had taken refuge in the Methodist Mission and an attack there
was repulsed by American Marines. The soldiers at the British
Embassy and German Legations shot and killed several
Boxers, alienating the Chinese population of the city and
nudging the Qing government toward support of the Boxers.
Clemens von Ketteler,
26. Boxers
From the beginning, views differed as to
whether the Boxers were better seen as anti-
imperialist, patriotic, and proto-nationalist or
as "uncivilized", irrational, and futile
opponents of inevitable change. The
historian Joseph Esherick comments that
"confusion about the Boxer Uprising is not
simply a matter of popular misconceptions",
for "there is no major incident in China's
modern history on which the range of
professional interpretation is as great
27. Seymour Expedition
As the situation grew more violent, a second
multinational force of 2,000 sailors and marines under
the command of the British Vice-Admiral Edward
Seymour, the largest contingent being British, was
dispatched from Dagu to Beijing on 10 June 1900. The
troops were transported by train from Dagu to Tianjin
with the agreement of the Chinese government, but the
railway between Tianjin and Beijing had been severed.
Seymour resolved to move forward and repair the
railway, or progress on foot if necessary, keeping in mind
that the distance between Tianjin and Beijing was only
120 km. When Seymour left Tianjin and started toward
Beijing, it angered the imperial court.
Japanese marines who
served in the Seymour
Expedition
28. Locate the Chinese artillery
The Europeans could not
locate the Chinese artillery,
which was raining shells upon
their positions. Mining,
engineering, flooding and
simultaneous attacks were
employed by Chinese troops.
The Chinese also employed
pincer movements, ambushes
and sniper tactics with some
success against the foreigners. Admiral Seymour returning to Tianjin with his wounded men on 26
June
29. Russian troops from Port Arthur
On 25 June, a regiment composed of 1,800
men (900 Russian troops from Port Arthur,
500 British seamen, with an ad hoc mix of
other assorted Alliance troops) finally arrived
on foot from Tientsin to rescue Seymour.
Spiking the mounted field guns and setting
fire to any munitions that they could not take
(an estimated £3 million worth), Seymour,
his force, and the rescue mission marched
back to Tientsin, unopposed, on 26 June.
Seymour's casualties during the expedition
were 62 killed and 228 wounded
Italian mounted infantry
near Tientsin in 1900
30. Siege of the Beijing legations
On 15 June, Qing imperial forces deployed electric mines in the River Beihe
(Peiho) to prevent the Eight-Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack. With
a difficult military situation in Tianjin and a total breakdown of communications
between Tianjin and Beijing, the allied nations took steps to reinforce their
military presence significantly. On 17 June they took the Dagu Forts
commanding the approaches to Tianjin, and from there brought increasing
numbers of troops on shore. When Cixi received an ultimatum demanding that
China surrender total control over all its military and financial affairs to
foreigners, she defiantly stated before the entire Grand Council, "Now they [the
Powers] have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is
imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to
see our ancestors after death.
31. Soldiers burned down the Temple
Representative U.S., Indian, French, Italian, British,
German, Austro-Hungarian and Japanese military and
naval personnel forming part of the Allied forces
1900, soldiers burned down the Temple,
Shanhaiguan. The destruction of a Chinese temple on
the bank of the Pei-Ho, by Amédée Forestier
32. Location Beijing south of the Forbidden City
The legations of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary,
Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Russia and Japan were
located in the Beijing Legation Quarter south of the Forbidden City. The
Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter from 20 June
to 14 August 1900. A total of 473 foreign civilians, 409 soldiers, marines and
sailors from eight countries, and about 3,000 Chinese Christians took refuge
there. Under the command of the British minister to China, Claude Maxwell
MacDonald, the legation staff and military guards defended the compound with
small arms, three machine guns, and one old muzzle-loaded cannon, which was
nicknamed the International Gun because the barrel was British, the carriage
Italian, the shells Russian and the crew American. Chinese Christians in the
legations led the foreigners to the cannon and it proved important in the defence.
33. The British Legation
On the 22nd and 23 June, Chinese soldiers and Boxers set fire to areas north
and west of the British Legation, using it as a "frightening tactic" to attack the
defenders. The nearby Hanlin Academy, a complex of courtyards and buildings
that housed "the quintessence of Chinese scholarship ... the oldest and richest
library in the world", caught fire. Each side blamed the other for the destruction
of the invaluable books it contained.
After the failure to burn out the foreigners, the Chinese army adopted an
anaconda-like strategy. The Chinese built barricades surrounding the Legation
Quarter and advanced, brick by brick, on the foreign lines, forcing the foreign
legation guards to retreat a few feet at a time.
34. Sir Claude MacDonald
Sir Claude MacDonald said 13 July was the "most harassing day" of the siege.
The Japanese and Italians in the Fu were driven back to their last defence line.
The Chinese detonated a mine beneath the French Legation pushing the
French and Austrians out of most of the French Legation. On 16 July, the most
capable British officer was killed and the journalist George Ernest Morrison was
wounded. But American Minister Edwin Hurd Conger established contact with
the Chinese government and on 17 July, an armistice was declared by the
Chinese. More than 40% of the legation guards were dead or wounded. The
motivation of the Chinese was probably the realization that an allied force of
20,000 men had landed in China and retribution for the siege was at hand.
35. Nie Shicheng
Han Chinese General Nie Shicheng, who
fought both the Boxers and the Allies
Nie Shicheng; Wade–Giles: Nieh Shih-ch'eng;
1836 – July 1900) was a Chinese general who
served the Imperial government during the
Boxer Rebellion. Rising from obscure origins
from Hefei, Anhui Province, in the early
1850s, Nie Shicheng managed to pass the
county examinations for bureaucratic positions,
but due to the Taiping rebellion he was forced
to abandon a bureaucratic career and become
a soldier.
38. Dong Fuxiang
Han Chinese General Dong Fuxiang was overtly
hostile to foreigners and his "Gansu Braves"
relentlessly attacked the besieged legations.
Dong Fuxiang (1839–1908), courtesy name
Xingwu was a Chinese military general who lived
in the late Qing dynasty. He was born in the
western Chinese province of Gansu. He
commanded an army of Hui soldiers, which
included the later Ma clique generals Ma Anliang
and Ma Fuxiang. According to the Western
calendar, his birth date is in 1839.
39. The armistice, although occasionally broken, endured until 13 August
Qing imperial
soldiers during the
Boxer Rebellion
The armistice, although
occasionally broken, endured
until 13 August when, with an
allied army led by the British
Alfred Gaselee approaching
Beijing to relieve the siege, the
Chinese launched their heaviest
fusillade on the Legation
Quarter. As the foreign army
approached, Chinese forces
melted away.
40. Gaselee Expedition
Foreign navies started building up their presence
along the northern China coast from the end of
April 1900. Several international forces were sent
to the capital, with varying success, and the
Chinese forces were ultimately defeated by the
Eight-Nation Alliance of Austria-Hungary, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United
Kingdom and the United States. Independent of
the alliance, the Netherlands dispatched three
cruisers in July to protect its citizens in Shanghai.
British Lieutenant-General Alfred Gaselee acted as
the commanding officer of the Eight-Nation
Alliance, which eventually numbered 55,000.
Troops of the Eight nations alliance of
1900 in China. Left to right: Britain,
United States, Australia (British Empire
colony at this time), India (British
Empire colony at this time), Germany
(German Empire at this time), France,
Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan.
41. Heaviest casualties
The international force finally captured Tianjin on 14 July. The international
force suffered its heaviest casualties of the Boxer Rebellion in the Battle of
Tianjin. With Tianjin as a base, the international force marched from Tianjin to
Beijing, about 120 km, with 20,000 allied troops. On 4 August, there were
approximately 70,000 Qing imperial troops and anywhere from 50,000 to
100,000 Boxers along the way. The allies only encountered minor resistance,
fighting battles at Beicang and Yangcun. At Yangcun, the 14th Infantry
Regiment of the U.S. and British troops led the assault. The weather was a
major obstacle. Conditions were extremely humid with temperatures sometimes
reaching 42 °C (108 °F). These high temperatures and insects plagued the Allies.
Soldiers became dehydrated and horses died. Chinese villagers killed Allied
troops who searched for wells.
42. Tianjin June 1900
The Boxers bombarded
Tianjin in June 1900,
and Dong Fuxiang's
Muslim troops attacked
the British Admiral
Seymour and his
expeditionary force.
43. French troups
French Colonial Infantry
Marching through the French
Concession, Tientsin
Three battalions of marines, the II/9th,
and the I and II/11th RIMa which
were stationed in French Indochina
were sent to China. They joined the
1st brigade of Marines commanded by
general Henri-Nicolas Frey. In July
1900, the 2nd and 3rd battalions of
infantry embarked from Toulon but
did not reach China until September.
44. Russian invasion of Manchuria
The Russian Empire and the Qing Empire had maintained a long peace,
starting with the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, but Tsarist forces took advantage
of Chinese defeats to impose the Aigun Treaty of 1858 and the Treaty of
Peking of 1860 which ceded formerly Chinese territory in Manchuria to Russia,
much of which is held by Russia to the present day (Primorye). The Russians
aimed for control over the Amur River for navigation, and the all-weather ports
of Dairen and Port Arthur in the Liaodong peninsula. The rise of Japan as an
Asian power provoked Russia's anxiety, especially in light of expanding
Japanese influence in Korea. Following Japan's victory in the First Sino-
Japanese War of 1895, the Triple Intervention of Russia, Germany and France
forced Japan to return the territory won in Liaodong, leading to a de facto Sino-
Russian alliance.
45. Russian occupied Manchuria
By 21 September, Russian troops took Jilin and
Liaodong, and by the end of the month
completely occupied Manchuria, where their
presence was a major factor leading to the
Russo-Japanese War.
The Chinese Honghuzi bandits of Manchuria,
who had fought alongside the Boxers in the
war, did not stop when the Boxer rebellion was
over, and continued guerilla warfare against the
Russian occupation up to the Russo-Japanese
war when the Russians were defeated by Japan.
Russian officers in Manchuria
during the Boxer Rebellion
46. Massacre of missionaries and Chinese Christians
During the Boxer Rebellion as a whole, a total of 136
Protestant missionaries and 53 children were killed, and
47 Catholic priests and nuns, 30,000 Chinese Catholics,
2,000 Chinese Protestants, and 200 to 400 of the 700
Russian Orthodox Christians in Beijing were estimated to
have been killed. Collectively, the Protestant dead were
called the China Martyrs of 1900. 222 of Russian
Christian Chinese Martyrs including St. Metrophanes
were locally canonised as New Martyrs on 22 April 1902,
after archimandrite Innocent (Fugurovsky), head of the
Russian Orthodox Mission in China, solicited the Most
Holy Synod to perpetuate their memory. This was the first
local canonisation for more than two centuries. The
Boxers went on to murder Christians across 26
prefectures.
47. Occupation, looting, and atrocities
Beijing, Tianjin, and other cities in northern China were
occupied for more than one year by the international
expeditionary force under the command of German General
Alfred Graf von Waldersee. Atrocities by foreign troops were
common. French troops ravaged the countryside around Beijing
on behalf of Chinese Catholics. The Americans and British paid
General Yuan Shikai and his army (the Right Division) to help
the Eight Nation Alliance suppress the Boxers. Yuan Shikai's
forces killed tens of thousands of people in their anti Boxer
campaign in Zhili Province and Shandong after the Alliance
captured Beijing. Yuan operated out of Baoding during the
campaign, which ended in 1902. Li Hongzhang commanded
Chinese soldiers to kill "Boxers" to assist the Alliance.
48. U.S. Marines
U.S. Marines fight
rebellious Boxers
outside Beijing
Legation Quarter,
1900. Copy of
painting by Sergeant
John Clymer.
49.
50. Capture of Peking
Under the lead of some highly ranked officials including Li Hongzhang, Yuan
Shikai and Zhang Zhidong, several provinces in the southeast formed the
Southeastern Mutual Protection during this period to avoid the further
expansion of the chaos. These provinces claimed to be neutral and refused to
fight either the Boxers or the Eight Nation Alliance.
After the capture of Peking by the foreign armies, some of Empress Dowager
Cixi's advisers advocated that the war be carried on, arguing that China could
have defeated the foreigners as it was disloyal and traitorous people within
China who allowed Beijing and Tianjin to be captured by the Allies, and that
the interior of China was impenetrable.
51. The Boxer Protocol
On 7 September 1901, the Qing imperial court agreed to sign
the "Boxer Protocol" also known as Peace Agreement
between the Eight-Nation Alliance and China. The protocol
ordered the execution of 10 high-ranking officials linked to
the outbreak and other officials who were found guilty for the
slaughter of foreigners in China. Alfons Mumm (Freiherr von
Schwarzenstein), Ernest Satow and Komura Jutaro signed on
behalf of Germany, Britain and Japan, respectively.
China was fined war reparations of 450,000,000 taels of fine
silver (≈540,000,000 troy ounces (17,000 t) @ 1.2 ozt/tael) for
the loss that it caused. The reparation was to be paid by 1940,
within 39 years, and would be 982,238,150 taels with interest
(4 percent per year) included.