Background
Mountain ecosystems all over the world support a high biological diversity and provide home and services to some 12% of the global human population, who use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilise local natural resources. The Himalayas are the world's youngest, highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. In this remote mountainous region of the Himalaya, people depend upon local plant resources to supply a range of goods and services, including grazing for livestock and medicinal supplies for themselves. Due to their remote location, harsh climate, rough terrain and topography, many areas within this region still remain poorly known for its floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem service.
Methods
The Naran valley in the north-western Pakistan is among such valleys and occupies a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the Western Himalaya range, close to the Hindu Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on climatic and geological divides, which further add to its botanical interest. In the present project 120 informants were interviewed at 12 main localities along the 60 km long valley. This paper focuses on assessment of medicinal plant species valued by local communities using their traditional knowledge.
Results
Results revealed that 101 species belonging to 52 families (51.5% of the total plants) were used for 97 prominent therapeutic purposes. The largest number of ailments cured with medicinal plants were associated with the digestive system (32.76% responses) followed by those associated with the respiratory and urinary systems (13.72% and 9.13% respectively). The ailments associated with the blood circulatory and reproductive systems and the skin were 7.37%, 7.04% and 7.03%, respectively. The results also indicate that whole plants were used in 54% of recipes followed by rhizomes (21%), fruits (9.5%) and roots (5.5%).
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate the range of ecosystem services that are provided by the vegetation and assess how utilisation of plants will impact on future resource sustainability. The study not only contributes to an improved understanding of traditional ethno-ecological knowledge amongst the peoples of the Western Himalaya but also identifies priorities at species and habitat level for local and regional plant conservation strategies.
Keywords: Biodiversity conservation; Ecosystem services; Medicinal plants; Vegetation
Ethno-ecological importance of plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems with...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity and a large number of endangered plant species
many of which are ecological indicators of those specific habitats. The Himalayas are the world’s youngest,
highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. People living in this region
use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilize local natural resources and hence have valuable
understanding about their surroundings. Many areas within this region still remain poorly known for
their floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem services, yet the indigenous
people depend heavily upon local plant resources and, through unsustainable use, can cause an
irreversible loss of plant species. The valley used in this study is typical of such areas and occupies
a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the western Himalayan range, close to the Hindu
Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on geological
and climatic divides, which further add to its ecological interest. This paper focuses on (i) identification
of ecological indicators at various elevation zones across an altitudinal range of 2450–4100 m and
(ii) recognition of social perceptions of plant species populations based on the ecosystem services that
they provide. We used robust approaches to identify the plant indicator species of various elevation
zones. Using phytosociological techniques, Importance Values (IVs) for each plant species were calculated.
The statistical package PCORDS was used to evaluate the species area curves and indicator species
for each elevation zone. Data attribute plots derived from Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using
CANOCO were deployed to illustrate the location of indicator species in each habitat type. Furthermore,
the social perceptions of the local inhabitants as to whether the populations of the recorded species
were increasing or decreasing over the recent past were recorded. We argue that the assessment of
ecological indicators combined with the ecological knowledge of the indigenous population can assist
in developing priorities for local and regional conservation strategies, especially for fragile mountain
ecosystems.
Residual value analyses of the medicinal flora of the western himalayasShujaul Mulk Khan
Statistical analyses of the medicinal flora of the Naran Valley in the Western Himalayas were performed using Moerman’s methods and Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The results demonstrate that the valley’s indigenous people utilize medicinal plants in a systematic way. Sixty-eight families of plants were identified during the study, of which 52 contained one or more species of medicinal value. The standard deviation for residual values of all the 68 families was 0.993 and the results of the residual analysis revealed that seven of these plant families were overused by the local people, indicated by residual values greater than the standard deviation. Residual values obtained from a regression analysis of plant species with their medicinal uses showed that the families with the highest rank were Polygonaceae, Gentianaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae and Plantaginaceae, indicating their medicinal importance. By comparison, Poaceae, Boraginaceae, Primulaceae, Salicaceae, and Ranunculaceae were the lowest ranking families, containing few species of medicinal value. Although a few of the most species-rich families in the valley contained a high number of medicinal plants and hence displayed high residual values, some other species-rich families contained few or no species of medicinal value. For example, the third largest family, Poaceae, is the lowest in terms of its residual value, while the largest family, Asteraceae, contains only seven species noted as having medicinal uses. Sixteen plant families in the valley contained no species with reported medicinal use, while seven families contained only one species with medicinal value. In contrast, all of the species in several of the least species-rich families were recorded as having a medicinal use. The results of a Principal Components Analysis showed a gradient of medicinal plant use along the valley. Using robust statistical approaches, our study provides a clear indication that the indigenous people of this Western Himalayan valley utilize wild plants according to their traditional knowledge and not on the basis of plant abundance.
ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON THE NATURAL ECOSYSTEM OF THE NARAN VALLEY IN THE ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
People derive many essential goods from plant resources, including food, medicines and fodder. However, the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services and their role in the support of human well-being is often poorly understood. Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity including rare and endangered plant species. They also provide a home to some 12% of the world's human population, who use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilise local natural resources. The Himalayas are the world's youngest and largest mountain range that supports a high plant biodiversity and hence provides many ecosystem services. Due to remote location, harsh climate, rough terrain and topography, many areas in the Himalayas have been still poorly known for their vegetation ecosystem services. The people in the Naran Valley, in the western Himalayas, depend upon local plant resources for a range of services and goods, from grazing for livestock to use of medicinal plants. During this study abundance and uses of each species were computed using computational ecology; principal components analysis (PCA) and response curves (RC) using CANOCO. The analyses showed an increasing trend of grazing, but with a decrease in fodder availability, with altitude increase in the valley. The assessment of such ecosystem services may assist in developing conservation strategies, especially for endangered mountain ecosystems.
Environmental determinants of plant associations and evaluation of the conser...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
Louis Verchot, Director of CIFOR’s Forests and Environment Program, outlines the history of CIFOR's work in India and the opportunities the country offers as an entry point into a new research programme for South Asia.
Biodiversity and its conservation. In situ conservation of biodiversity. Threats to biodiversity. Endangered and endemic species of India, germplasm conservation
Investigation of traditional veterinary phytomedicines used in deosai plateau...Shujaul Mulk Khan
In the present investigation, the traditional ethno veterinary knowledge is totally in the custody of elder members of the community. The young ones are unaware about such important practices. Previously no ethno veterinary study has been carried out from this study area. Therefore, present study has been designed to record the ethno botanical uses of indigenous plants Deosai Plateau, Pakistan. Total 59 people of different ages (38 Males and 21 females) were interviewed and information was collected through semi-structured questionnaires. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using Use Value (UVi) formula and Relative Citations Frequency (RFC ). The collected specimens were pressed, dried, preserved, mounted on Herbarium sheets and after confirmed identification were submitted in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan. The present findings revealed that thirteen medicinal plant species were recorded for their ethno veterinary uses. Belonging to nine families out of which 92% are herbs and 8% shrubs. Polygonaceae is the dominant family used in the treatment of different disease (23.07%) followed by lamiaceae and apiaceae. Majority of species were used in treatment of digestive disorder (9.4%), followed by diarrhea (7.5%), abdominal and dysentery (5.6%). Leaves and roots are the most frequently used parts in the treatment of various diseases (29%) each, followed by flower (18%). Medicinal plants most with used values were Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (0.84), Rheum webbianum Royle (0.80) and Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. (0.76) while most relative citations frequency was of Rheum spiciforme Royle (0.35), Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (0.27), Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. (0.27).
ABSTRACT- The diversity, floristic composition of medicinal plants in the two block of Rajouri was studied. A total of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were recorded Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Amerenthaceae, Polygoneaceae,
Fabaceae, Apocynaceae the all were diverse families. The present studied documented to ethanobotanical information of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were collected and identified by their vernacular and scientific name. In which 10
species ware harb, 9 were sharb, and 9 were tree out of 25 species flower of 5 plants species, roots of 4 plants species,
Leaf of 9 plants species ,Fruits of 5 plants species, seed of 3 plants species,stem and bark of 3 plant species,tuber and
aerial portion of 2 plant species respectively. The gujjar and bukkerwal tribes used all 25 species of plants to treat various
diseases.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal plants, Traditional knowledge Gujjar-Bakerwaltribes, Rajouri
Ethno-ecological importance of plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems with...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity and a large number of endangered plant species
many of which are ecological indicators of those specific habitats. The Himalayas are the world’s youngest,
highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. People living in this region
use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilize local natural resources and hence have valuable
understanding about their surroundings. Many areas within this region still remain poorly known for
their floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem services, yet the indigenous
people depend heavily upon local plant resources and, through unsustainable use, can cause an
irreversible loss of plant species. The valley used in this study is typical of such areas and occupies
a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the western Himalayan range, close to the Hindu
Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on geological
and climatic divides, which further add to its ecological interest. This paper focuses on (i) identification
of ecological indicators at various elevation zones across an altitudinal range of 2450–4100 m and
(ii) recognition of social perceptions of plant species populations based on the ecosystem services that
they provide. We used robust approaches to identify the plant indicator species of various elevation
zones. Using phytosociological techniques, Importance Values (IVs) for each plant species were calculated.
The statistical package PCORDS was used to evaluate the species area curves and indicator species
for each elevation zone. Data attribute plots derived from Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using
CANOCO were deployed to illustrate the location of indicator species in each habitat type. Furthermore,
the social perceptions of the local inhabitants as to whether the populations of the recorded species
were increasing or decreasing over the recent past were recorded. We argue that the assessment of
ecological indicators combined with the ecological knowledge of the indigenous population can assist
in developing priorities for local and regional conservation strategies, especially for fragile mountain
ecosystems.
Residual value analyses of the medicinal flora of the western himalayasShujaul Mulk Khan
Statistical analyses of the medicinal flora of the Naran Valley in the Western Himalayas were performed using Moerman’s methods and Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The results demonstrate that the valley’s indigenous people utilize medicinal plants in a systematic way. Sixty-eight families of plants were identified during the study, of which 52 contained one or more species of medicinal value. The standard deviation for residual values of all the 68 families was 0.993 and the results of the residual analysis revealed that seven of these plant families were overused by the local people, indicated by residual values greater than the standard deviation. Residual values obtained from a regression analysis of plant species with their medicinal uses showed that the families with the highest rank were Polygonaceae, Gentianaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae and Plantaginaceae, indicating their medicinal importance. By comparison, Poaceae, Boraginaceae, Primulaceae, Salicaceae, and Ranunculaceae were the lowest ranking families, containing few species of medicinal value. Although a few of the most species-rich families in the valley contained a high number of medicinal plants and hence displayed high residual values, some other species-rich families contained few or no species of medicinal value. For example, the third largest family, Poaceae, is the lowest in terms of its residual value, while the largest family, Asteraceae, contains only seven species noted as having medicinal uses. Sixteen plant families in the valley contained no species with reported medicinal use, while seven families contained only one species with medicinal value. In contrast, all of the species in several of the least species-rich families were recorded as having a medicinal use. The results of a Principal Components Analysis showed a gradient of medicinal plant use along the valley. Using robust statistical approaches, our study provides a clear indication that the indigenous people of this Western Himalayan valley utilize wild plants according to their traditional knowledge and not on the basis of plant abundance.
ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON THE NATURAL ECOSYSTEM OF THE NARAN VALLEY IN THE ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
People derive many essential goods from plant resources, including food, medicines and fodder. However, the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services and their role in the support of human well-being is often poorly understood. Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity including rare and endangered plant species. They also provide a home to some 12% of the world's human population, who use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilise local natural resources. The Himalayas are the world's youngest and largest mountain range that supports a high plant biodiversity and hence provides many ecosystem services. Due to remote location, harsh climate, rough terrain and topography, many areas in the Himalayas have been still poorly known for their vegetation ecosystem services. The people in the Naran Valley, in the western Himalayas, depend upon local plant resources for a range of services and goods, from grazing for livestock to use of medicinal plants. During this study abundance and uses of each species were computed using computational ecology; principal components analysis (PCA) and response curves (RC) using CANOCO. The analyses showed an increasing trend of grazing, but with a decrease in fodder availability, with altitude increase in the valley. The assessment of such ecosystem services may assist in developing conservation strategies, especially for endangered mountain ecosystems.
Environmental determinants of plant associations and evaluation of the conser...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
Louis Verchot, Director of CIFOR’s Forests and Environment Program, outlines the history of CIFOR's work in India and the opportunities the country offers as an entry point into a new research programme for South Asia.
Biodiversity and its conservation. In situ conservation of biodiversity. Threats to biodiversity. Endangered and endemic species of India, germplasm conservation
Investigation of traditional veterinary phytomedicines used in deosai plateau...Shujaul Mulk Khan
In the present investigation, the traditional ethno veterinary knowledge is totally in the custody of elder members of the community. The young ones are unaware about such important practices. Previously no ethno veterinary study has been carried out from this study area. Therefore, present study has been designed to record the ethno botanical uses of indigenous plants Deosai Plateau, Pakistan. Total 59 people of different ages (38 Males and 21 females) were interviewed and information was collected through semi-structured questionnaires. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using Use Value (UVi) formula and Relative Citations Frequency (RFC ). The collected specimens were pressed, dried, preserved, mounted on Herbarium sheets and after confirmed identification were submitted in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan. The present findings revealed that thirteen medicinal plant species were recorded for their ethno veterinary uses. Belonging to nine families out of which 92% are herbs and 8% shrubs. Polygonaceae is the dominant family used in the treatment of different disease (23.07%) followed by lamiaceae and apiaceae. Majority of species were used in treatment of digestive disorder (9.4%), followed by diarrhea (7.5%), abdominal and dysentery (5.6%). Leaves and roots are the most frequently used parts in the treatment of various diseases (29%) each, followed by flower (18%). Medicinal plants most with used values were Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (0.84), Rheum webbianum Royle (0.80) and Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. (0.76) while most relative citations frequency was of Rheum spiciforme Royle (0.35), Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (0.27), Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. (0.27).
ABSTRACT- The diversity, floristic composition of medicinal plants in the two block of Rajouri was studied. A total of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were recorded Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Amerenthaceae, Polygoneaceae,
Fabaceae, Apocynaceae the all were diverse families. The present studied documented to ethanobotanical information of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were collected and identified by their vernacular and scientific name. In which 10
species ware harb, 9 were sharb, and 9 were tree out of 25 species flower of 5 plants species, roots of 4 plants species,
Leaf of 9 plants species ,Fruits of 5 plants species, seed of 3 plants species,stem and bark of 3 plant species,tuber and
aerial portion of 2 plant species respectively. The gujjar and bukkerwal tribes used all 25 species of plants to treat various
diseases.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal plants, Traditional knowledge Gujjar-Bakerwaltribes, Rajouri
Phytochemical Investigation and Characterization on the Stem Bark Extract of ...AI Publications
Croton macrostachyus which is called ‘rush foil’ or ‘broadleaved croton is a multipurpose, medium sized, drought-deciduous pioneer tree. It is a tall tree found in tropical regions of Africa. The genus Croton belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, which commonly known asthe ‘spurge’ family, and it is known as ‘Bisana’ (in Amharic).Traditionally, C. macrostachyus used for treatment of malaria, rabies, gonorrhea, wound, diarrhea, hepatitis, jaundice, scabies, toothache, abdominal pain, cancer, typhoid, pneumonia and gastrointestinal disorders and as ethno-veterinary medicine.The air dried and powdered plant material (400g) was first soaked with 500mL n-hexane for 48hours and yielded 2g of n-hexane extract. Marc was soaked with 500mL of chloroform for 36hours and afforded 3.5g of chloroform extract. Finally, Marc was soaked with 500mL of methanol and yielded 18g of methanol extract.The chloroform extract of the stem bark ofC. Macrostachyus afforded a compound coded as EO. Its Structural determination was accomplished by means of spectroscopic techniques, namely IR, 1H NMR,13C NMR and DEPT-135. The compound, EOwas isolated and characterized from the stem bark of C. macrostachyus. Generally, more advanced chromatographic techniques are required to isolate more compounds from stem bark of C. macrostachyus. Also MS and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques are needed to fully characterize the isolated compound.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Cultural uses of plants mong basikhel tribe of district tor ghar khyber pakht...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Relation between plants and cultures is indispensable. The link between culture and plant resources was explored first time for the Basikhel tribe of Tor Ghar District. This tribe is one of the largest tribe of District Tor Ghar. It has long established tribal culture. The study was conducted during the years 2012 and 2013. The information was gathered from 200 informants from 15 randomly selected villages. Data was obtained through semi structured interviews, group discussions and EPA. The local people use 250 species of the vascular plants belonging to 90 families for 23 different cultural uses such as food, fodder, timber, fuel wood, medicine, furniture and agricultural implements. The inhabitants of the area are highly dependent on local flora for their different cultural needs. Total of 150 species belonging to 50 families were documented for the medicinal uses. Informant consensus showed that wound healing and gastrointestinal treatment were ranked highest among all medicinal uses. For each plant its botanical name, family name, local names and conservation status was also recorded. Three species were found most threatened. This study is a part of an ongoing research project in which we will explore plant resources utilized by five different tribes of the District Tor Ghar in the near future.
A Survey on Ethnoveterinary Medicines used by the Tribal Peoples of Kalasapad...ijtsrd
Objective: This study aims at providing a comprehensive documentation on ethanoveterinary plant knowledge of the tribal people in order to preserve the fost-eroding knowledge and resources of the kalasapadi hills, Pappireddipatti revenue Tk, Dharmapuri.Methods: Field work was conducted from 2015“2016. Moreover 36 informants were interviewed. First, successive oral free listing and semi-structured interviews were performed. The veterinary diseases as described by the informants were categorized according to the symptoms they cause and the organs they affect. Information on the cited plants, informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL) was calculated based on use reports.Results: Utilization of 49 plant species, belonging to 30 genera under 31 families, has been recorded against livestock ailments. Plant parts, such as leaf, root, flower, bark, resin, and rhizome, are used in the preparation. Among the plant parts, bark is predominately used. Most of the preparations include parts of more than one plant as the ingredients, and many of such combined preparations are used for treating more than one ailment.Conclusion: According to the local people, the most often mentioned species have high medicinal potential. At the same time the comprehensive pharmacological investigations of the herbal plants will be helpful in development of new drugs for a particular condition. There is a need to conserve the knowledge of medicinal plant use in the Kalasapadi hills for future generations and to incorporate it into existing livestock health care services. Rajesh P | Meenakshi R | Rajkumar R | Selvam K"A Survey on Ethnoveterinary Medicines used by the Tribal Peoples of Kalasapadi Hills, Dharmapuri District of Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2429.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/2429/a-survey-on-ethnoveterinary-medicines-used-by-the-tribal-peoples-of-kalasapadi-hills-dharmapuri-district-of-tamil-nadu/rajesh-p
Checklist of plants in the University Botanic Garden of Maseno and their sign...IOSRJPBS
A botanical garden is an area set aside and maintained by an organization for growing and studying various groups of plants for aesthetic, conservation, economic, educational, recreational and scientific purposes. A lot of research on checklisting of vascular plants has been or is being carried out in various botanic gardens around the world. At the University Botanic Garden Maseno, no elaborate research on check listing of plant species has been done. There has scarcely been any attempt to carry out phytochemical analysis on various in situ and ex situ plants conserved at the University Botanic Garden and no research has been done to document the educational and economic values of the garden. Moreover, the rate at which the plant biodiversity is being cleared is alarming, and calls for urgent need of conserving plants of high economic values. It is on the basis of such need that the study was carried out at the University Botanic Garden, Maseno (UBGM). The study was carried out over a period of eleven months. The main objective of the study was to identify and provide checklist of plants conserved at the University Botanic Garden, Maseno. During field survey observations were made, interviews conducted and notes taken on plant morphological characteristics and habit of plants. Some plants were identified through the available literature, and by the aid of the herbarium specimens in the University botanic garden. Unidentified plants were collected, pressed, dried, preserved, mounted and identified at the National museums of Kenya herbarium. Voucher specimens of the same were deposited in the University botanic garden herbarium. It was found that there are 235 plant species in the botanic garden, belonging to 66 families. For each plant species, species name, author name(s), common name (where available), family, habit and use of plant species were provided. A plant usage was considered valid when cited by three different respondents. Interviews based on the questionnaire were administered to members of the surrounding community and workers in the garden. The questionnaires were also issued to the botany students and staff of the University. Through it, economic and educational values of the University botanic garden and conservation strategies of threatened plants ex situ in the garden were gathered. The data collected was presented using tables and pie-charts, and then analysed using SPSS programme. The data collected was presented using tables. The information collected through annotated checklist will be used to provide database of vascular plants of high economic value found within the University Botanic Garden, provide information on phytochemicals present in some medicinal plants and hence need for sustainable biodiversity conservation. The knowledge of such medicinal plants will provide vital information to the local community members who still rely on herbal medicine for the treatment of most disease
RISK AND BENEFITS OF WILDLIFE TRANSLOCATIONnikeshkathayat
Wildlife translocations have historically assisted in establishing or re-establishing species in areas of extinction and while at the same time may also poses risks to the existing population at the recipient site.
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarova...ijtsrd
The present study deals with ichthyofaunal diversity of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Total 23 species from 6 orders, 10 families and 19 genera were recorded during the present study. The range of water parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen alkalinity and hardness were recorded and found suitable for fish production. Dominant family Cyprinidae with 12 species and 08 genera followed by Bagridae with 03 species 02 genera and other all families Claridea, Heteropneustidae, Cichilidae, Channidae, Gobiidae, Belonidae, Mastacembelidae, Poecilidae and Anguilidae contributed single species with single genera. Regarding conservation status out of 23 fish species 21 species least concern and 2 species near threaten. During month of December post monsoon highest fish diversity was found. Seasonal diversity indices such as Shannon Wiener species diversity, Pielou’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, were calculated based on the abundance of fish species to access the ecosystem health of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar. These studies will be help for the maintenance and regulation of Ichthyofauna and other aquatic ecosystem of the Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan Arjumand Qureshi "Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarovar Pond of Jhalawar (Rajasthan)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43619.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/zoology/43619/studies-on-diversity-and-seasonal-variations-in-ichthyofauna-of-chandrasarovar-pond-of-jhalawar-rajasthan/arjumand-qureshi
INDICATOR SPECIES ANALYSES OF WEED COMMUNITIES OF MAIZE CROP IN DISTRICT MARD...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in natural environment. Composition and abundance of weeds are influenced by number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in Union Council Shahbaz Ghari (total area 3956 ha, Agriculture land 1701 ha), District Mardan. Quantitative ecological techniques by adapting quadrat method were used to assess environmental variability and weed species distribution in the targeted region. Nine quadrats of 1×1 m2 size were placed randomly in 65 different fields of the UC. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field. Preliminary results showed that UC Shahbaz Ghari has 29 different weed species belong to 15 different families. Presence absence (1,0) data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysesvia PC-ORD version 5 resulting four major weed communities. Dominant weed species of the area are Cyperus rotundus, Urochloa panicoides, Brachiaria ramosa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Commelina benghalensis and Canvolvulus arvensis while Cannabis sativa, Ipomea purpurea, Amaranthus blitoides, Xanthium strumarium, Lactuca dissecta and Cucurbita maxima are rare weed species. Indicator Species Analyses (ISA) of data identified indicators of each sort of micro environmental condition. Based on our findings, it is recommended that awareness can be created among farmers especially about their farming practices to minimize noxious weeds of maize crop
Key words: Cluster analyses, indicator species analyses, maize, PC-ORD, weeds and Weed communities.
Ecological assessment of plant communities in the peochar valley of the hindu...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This study quantified the effect of environmental variables on plant species composition in the Peochar Valley, located in the Hindu Raj mountains of the Hindu Kush. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. Quadrat sizes were 10 × 10 m, 2 × 5 m, and 1 m2 for trees, shrubs, and herbs, respectively, determined using the minimal area method. Twenty-seven stations were established along 6 elevation transects on slopes with various aspects. Density, cover, and frequency were recorded for all species in each quadrat. Aspect, elevation, rock types, soil nature, and grazing pressure were also considered as edaphic and topographic variables. Preliminary results showed that the Peochar Valley hosts 120 species. Presence/absence data for these species were analyzed with cluster and 2-way cluster techniques to elaborate species composition in the study area; this resulted in 4 plant communities. Species abundance and environmental data matrices were developed to evaluate the ecological gradient of vegetation through canonical correspondence analysis. Of the environmental variables, elevation, aspect, grazing pressure, soil depth, and rock type showed a significant effect on species composition and diversity. We also identified the dominant and rare plant species in each plant community based on their low importance value indexes. Conservation measures are recommended for all flora of this valley and for rare species in particular.
Pastoralists’ Perceptions towards Rangeland Degradation and Management in Don...AI Publications
Local land users often have different perceptions on the problems of rangeland degradation, compared to researchers and Government officials. This study was aimed at breaching this gap, by empirically exploring pastoralists’ perceptions regarding rangeland degradation in Donga-mantung. The pastoralists’ perceptions were studied through a descriptive statistics method. Focus group discussions, field observations and structured/semi-structured survey questionnaires, were used for data collection, where 200 pastoralists were targeted. The study covered seven Ardorates based on intensity of rangeland degradation (high, medium and less). The major findings indicate that, the main livestock production constraints were Insufficient and poor pasture (50.5%), cattle diseases (24.5%), Farmer/grazer conflicts (14.5%) and insufficient cattle drinking points (10.5%). Majority of respondents (59.5 %) confirmed that cattle population is declining in the study area. According to 59.5% of the respondents, the study area present range condition has deteriorated and become poor. The major causes for degradation were overgrazing, bush encroachment, soil erosion and limited care and attention paid to rangelands. The major socio-economic impacts of rangeland degradation were poverty (51.0%), food insecurity (35.5%) and conflicts (11.0%). The pastoralists of the study area traditionally practice rangeland management in different ways such as bush burning, bush clearing and herd mobility. A proportion of them (41.5%) have adopted the planting of improved pasture(s). Government and NGOs’ supports proved to be limiting in the study area. Nevertheless, the measures perceived by pastoralists to reduce degradation of their rangeland include; planting of improved pastures (40.5%), clearance of bushes that have encroach on rangelands (28.5%), establishing community awareness and community empowerment on rangeland degradation (17.0%), reducing the number of farmlands (9.5%) and reducing soil erosion (4.5%). This study showed the need for rangeland professionals, researchers, planners and other stakeholders to integrate the communities’ perceptions and existing indigenous ecological knowledge to ensure a sustainable rangeland management.
Ethnobotanical documentation of some plants among Igala people of Kogi Statetheijes
This work is the documentation of ethno – medicinal and cultural utilization of some plants by the inhabitants of Dekina local government area of Kogi State. The data were collected by the researcher using the prepared check – list. Field trips were made to villages within the study area. A total of 200 willing respondents were interviewed. Information regarding the common uses of some plant species for various ethno – medicinal and cultural purposes were investigated. Vernacular names of the described species were also of interest. The respondents assisted in the collection and identification of plant samples. Standard literatures and floras were consulted for their proper identification. The data obtained were collated and tabulated showing botanical names, common names, vernacular or tribal names, families, uses and parts used. It was discovered that to protect our future planet and generation there is need to document this vital information and also create awareness or enlightenment for the conservation of this biodiversity rich area and also the proper use of these flora
Weed species composition and distribution pattern in the maize crop under the...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in ordinary environment. In nature there are a total of 8000 weed species out of which 250 are important for agriculture world. The present study was carried out on weed species composition and distribution pattern with special reference to edaphic factor and farming practices in maize crop of District Mardan during the months of August and September, 2014. Quadrates methods were used to assess weed species distribution in relation to edaphic factor and farming practices. Phytosociological attributes such as frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density and Importance Values were measured by placing 9 quadrates (1 × 1 m2) randomly in each field. Initial results showed that the study area has 29 diverse weed species belonging to 27 genera and 15 families distributed in 585 quadrats. Presence and absence data sheet of 29 weed species and 65 fields were analyzed through PC-ORD version 5. Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses initiated four different weed communities with significant indicator species and with respect to underlying environmental variables using data attribute plots. Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) of CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to assess the environmental gradients of weed species. It is concluded that among all the edaphic factors the strongest variables were higher concentration of potassium, organic matter and sandy nature of soil. CCA plots of both weed species and sampled fields based on questionnaire data concluded the farming practices such as application of fertilizers, irrigation and chemical spray were the main factors in determination of weed communities.
Phytochemical Investigation and Characterization on the Stem Bark Extract of ...AI Publications
Croton macrostachyus which is called ‘rush foil’ or ‘broadleaved croton is a multipurpose, medium sized, drought-deciduous pioneer tree. It is a tall tree found in tropical regions of Africa. The genus Croton belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, which commonly known asthe ‘spurge’ family, and it is known as ‘Bisana’ (in Amharic).Traditionally, C. macrostachyus used for treatment of malaria, rabies, gonorrhea, wound, diarrhea, hepatitis, jaundice, scabies, toothache, abdominal pain, cancer, typhoid, pneumonia and gastrointestinal disorders and as ethno-veterinary medicine.The air dried and powdered plant material (400g) was first soaked with 500mL n-hexane for 48hours and yielded 2g of n-hexane extract. Marc was soaked with 500mL of chloroform for 36hours and afforded 3.5g of chloroform extract. Finally, Marc was soaked with 500mL of methanol and yielded 18g of methanol extract.The chloroform extract of the stem bark ofC. Macrostachyus afforded a compound coded as EO. Its Structural determination was accomplished by means of spectroscopic techniques, namely IR, 1H NMR,13C NMR and DEPT-135. The compound, EOwas isolated and characterized from the stem bark of C. macrostachyus. Generally, more advanced chromatographic techniques are required to isolate more compounds from stem bark of C. macrostachyus. Also MS and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques are needed to fully characterize the isolated compound.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Cultural uses of plants mong basikhel tribe of district tor ghar khyber pakht...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Relation between plants and cultures is indispensable. The link between culture and plant resources was explored first time for the Basikhel tribe of Tor Ghar District. This tribe is one of the largest tribe of District Tor Ghar. It has long established tribal culture. The study was conducted during the years 2012 and 2013. The information was gathered from 200 informants from 15 randomly selected villages. Data was obtained through semi structured interviews, group discussions and EPA. The local people use 250 species of the vascular plants belonging to 90 families for 23 different cultural uses such as food, fodder, timber, fuel wood, medicine, furniture and agricultural implements. The inhabitants of the area are highly dependent on local flora for their different cultural needs. Total of 150 species belonging to 50 families were documented for the medicinal uses. Informant consensus showed that wound healing and gastrointestinal treatment were ranked highest among all medicinal uses. For each plant its botanical name, family name, local names and conservation status was also recorded. Three species were found most threatened. This study is a part of an ongoing research project in which we will explore plant resources utilized by five different tribes of the District Tor Ghar in the near future.
A Survey on Ethnoveterinary Medicines used by the Tribal Peoples of Kalasapad...ijtsrd
Objective: This study aims at providing a comprehensive documentation on ethanoveterinary plant knowledge of the tribal people in order to preserve the fost-eroding knowledge and resources of the kalasapadi hills, Pappireddipatti revenue Tk, Dharmapuri.Methods: Field work was conducted from 2015“2016. Moreover 36 informants were interviewed. First, successive oral free listing and semi-structured interviews were performed. The veterinary diseases as described by the informants were categorized according to the symptoms they cause and the organs they affect. Information on the cited plants, informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL) was calculated based on use reports.Results: Utilization of 49 plant species, belonging to 30 genera under 31 families, has been recorded against livestock ailments. Plant parts, such as leaf, root, flower, bark, resin, and rhizome, are used in the preparation. Among the plant parts, bark is predominately used. Most of the preparations include parts of more than one plant as the ingredients, and many of such combined preparations are used for treating more than one ailment.Conclusion: According to the local people, the most often mentioned species have high medicinal potential. At the same time the comprehensive pharmacological investigations of the herbal plants will be helpful in development of new drugs for a particular condition. There is a need to conserve the knowledge of medicinal plant use in the Kalasapadi hills for future generations and to incorporate it into existing livestock health care services. Rajesh P | Meenakshi R | Rajkumar R | Selvam K"A Survey on Ethnoveterinary Medicines used by the Tribal Peoples of Kalasapadi Hills, Dharmapuri District of Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2429.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/2429/a-survey-on-ethnoveterinary-medicines-used-by-the-tribal-peoples-of-kalasapadi-hills-dharmapuri-district-of-tamil-nadu/rajesh-p
Checklist of plants in the University Botanic Garden of Maseno and their sign...IOSRJPBS
A botanical garden is an area set aside and maintained by an organization for growing and studying various groups of plants for aesthetic, conservation, economic, educational, recreational and scientific purposes. A lot of research on checklisting of vascular plants has been or is being carried out in various botanic gardens around the world. At the University Botanic Garden Maseno, no elaborate research on check listing of plant species has been done. There has scarcely been any attempt to carry out phytochemical analysis on various in situ and ex situ plants conserved at the University Botanic Garden and no research has been done to document the educational and economic values of the garden. Moreover, the rate at which the plant biodiversity is being cleared is alarming, and calls for urgent need of conserving plants of high economic values. It is on the basis of such need that the study was carried out at the University Botanic Garden, Maseno (UBGM). The study was carried out over a period of eleven months. The main objective of the study was to identify and provide checklist of plants conserved at the University Botanic Garden, Maseno. During field survey observations were made, interviews conducted and notes taken on plant morphological characteristics and habit of plants. Some plants were identified through the available literature, and by the aid of the herbarium specimens in the University botanic garden. Unidentified plants were collected, pressed, dried, preserved, mounted and identified at the National museums of Kenya herbarium. Voucher specimens of the same were deposited in the University botanic garden herbarium. It was found that there are 235 plant species in the botanic garden, belonging to 66 families. For each plant species, species name, author name(s), common name (where available), family, habit and use of plant species were provided. A plant usage was considered valid when cited by three different respondents. Interviews based on the questionnaire were administered to members of the surrounding community and workers in the garden. The questionnaires were also issued to the botany students and staff of the University. Through it, economic and educational values of the University botanic garden and conservation strategies of threatened plants ex situ in the garden were gathered. The data collected was presented using tables and pie-charts, and then analysed using SPSS programme. The data collected was presented using tables. The information collected through annotated checklist will be used to provide database of vascular plants of high economic value found within the University Botanic Garden, provide information on phytochemicals present in some medicinal plants and hence need for sustainable biodiversity conservation. The knowledge of such medicinal plants will provide vital information to the local community members who still rely on herbal medicine for the treatment of most disease
RISK AND BENEFITS OF WILDLIFE TRANSLOCATIONnikeshkathayat
Wildlife translocations have historically assisted in establishing or re-establishing species in areas of extinction and while at the same time may also poses risks to the existing population at the recipient site.
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarova...ijtsrd
The present study deals with ichthyofaunal diversity of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Total 23 species from 6 orders, 10 families and 19 genera were recorded during the present study. The range of water parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen alkalinity and hardness were recorded and found suitable for fish production. Dominant family Cyprinidae with 12 species and 08 genera followed by Bagridae with 03 species 02 genera and other all families Claridea, Heteropneustidae, Cichilidae, Channidae, Gobiidae, Belonidae, Mastacembelidae, Poecilidae and Anguilidae contributed single species with single genera. Regarding conservation status out of 23 fish species 21 species least concern and 2 species near threaten. During month of December post monsoon highest fish diversity was found. Seasonal diversity indices such as Shannon Wiener species diversity, Pielou’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, were calculated based on the abundance of fish species to access the ecosystem health of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar. These studies will be help for the maintenance and regulation of Ichthyofauna and other aquatic ecosystem of the Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan Arjumand Qureshi "Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarovar Pond of Jhalawar (Rajasthan)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43619.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/zoology/43619/studies-on-diversity-and-seasonal-variations-in-ichthyofauna-of-chandrasarovar-pond-of-jhalawar-rajasthan/arjumand-qureshi
INDICATOR SPECIES ANALYSES OF WEED COMMUNITIES OF MAIZE CROP IN DISTRICT MARD...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in natural environment. Composition and abundance of weeds are influenced by number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in Union Council Shahbaz Ghari (total area 3956 ha, Agriculture land 1701 ha), District Mardan. Quantitative ecological techniques by adapting quadrat method were used to assess environmental variability and weed species distribution in the targeted region. Nine quadrats of 1×1 m2 size were placed randomly in 65 different fields of the UC. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field. Preliminary results showed that UC Shahbaz Ghari has 29 different weed species belong to 15 different families. Presence absence (1,0) data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysesvia PC-ORD version 5 resulting four major weed communities. Dominant weed species of the area are Cyperus rotundus, Urochloa panicoides, Brachiaria ramosa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Commelina benghalensis and Canvolvulus arvensis while Cannabis sativa, Ipomea purpurea, Amaranthus blitoides, Xanthium strumarium, Lactuca dissecta and Cucurbita maxima are rare weed species. Indicator Species Analyses (ISA) of data identified indicators of each sort of micro environmental condition. Based on our findings, it is recommended that awareness can be created among farmers especially about their farming practices to minimize noxious weeds of maize crop
Key words: Cluster analyses, indicator species analyses, maize, PC-ORD, weeds and Weed communities.
Ecological assessment of plant communities in the peochar valley of the hindu...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This study quantified the effect of environmental variables on plant species composition in the Peochar Valley, located in the Hindu Raj mountains of the Hindu Kush. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. Quadrat sizes were 10 × 10 m, 2 × 5 m, and 1 m2 for trees, shrubs, and herbs, respectively, determined using the minimal area method. Twenty-seven stations were established along 6 elevation transects on slopes with various aspects. Density, cover, and frequency were recorded for all species in each quadrat. Aspect, elevation, rock types, soil nature, and grazing pressure were also considered as edaphic and topographic variables. Preliminary results showed that the Peochar Valley hosts 120 species. Presence/absence data for these species were analyzed with cluster and 2-way cluster techniques to elaborate species composition in the study area; this resulted in 4 plant communities. Species abundance and environmental data matrices were developed to evaluate the ecological gradient of vegetation through canonical correspondence analysis. Of the environmental variables, elevation, aspect, grazing pressure, soil depth, and rock type showed a significant effect on species composition and diversity. We also identified the dominant and rare plant species in each plant community based on their low importance value indexes. Conservation measures are recommended for all flora of this valley and for rare species in particular.
Pastoralists’ Perceptions towards Rangeland Degradation and Management in Don...AI Publications
Local land users often have different perceptions on the problems of rangeland degradation, compared to researchers and Government officials. This study was aimed at breaching this gap, by empirically exploring pastoralists’ perceptions regarding rangeland degradation in Donga-mantung. The pastoralists’ perceptions were studied through a descriptive statistics method. Focus group discussions, field observations and structured/semi-structured survey questionnaires, were used for data collection, where 200 pastoralists were targeted. The study covered seven Ardorates based on intensity of rangeland degradation (high, medium and less). The major findings indicate that, the main livestock production constraints were Insufficient and poor pasture (50.5%), cattle diseases (24.5%), Farmer/grazer conflicts (14.5%) and insufficient cattle drinking points (10.5%). Majority of respondents (59.5 %) confirmed that cattle population is declining in the study area. According to 59.5% of the respondents, the study area present range condition has deteriorated and become poor. The major causes for degradation were overgrazing, bush encroachment, soil erosion and limited care and attention paid to rangelands. The major socio-economic impacts of rangeland degradation were poverty (51.0%), food insecurity (35.5%) and conflicts (11.0%). The pastoralists of the study area traditionally practice rangeland management in different ways such as bush burning, bush clearing and herd mobility. A proportion of them (41.5%) have adopted the planting of improved pasture(s). Government and NGOs’ supports proved to be limiting in the study area. Nevertheless, the measures perceived by pastoralists to reduce degradation of their rangeland include; planting of improved pastures (40.5%), clearance of bushes that have encroach on rangelands (28.5%), establishing community awareness and community empowerment on rangeland degradation (17.0%), reducing the number of farmlands (9.5%) and reducing soil erosion (4.5%). This study showed the need for rangeland professionals, researchers, planners and other stakeholders to integrate the communities’ perceptions and existing indigenous ecological knowledge to ensure a sustainable rangeland management.
Ethnobotanical documentation of some plants among Igala people of Kogi Statetheijes
This work is the documentation of ethno – medicinal and cultural utilization of some plants by the inhabitants of Dekina local government area of Kogi State. The data were collected by the researcher using the prepared check – list. Field trips were made to villages within the study area. A total of 200 willing respondents were interviewed. Information regarding the common uses of some plant species for various ethno – medicinal and cultural purposes were investigated. Vernacular names of the described species were also of interest. The respondents assisted in the collection and identification of plant samples. Standard literatures and floras were consulted for their proper identification. The data obtained were collated and tabulated showing botanical names, common names, vernacular or tribal names, families, uses and parts used. It was discovered that to protect our future planet and generation there is need to document this vital information and also create awareness or enlightenment for the conservation of this biodiversity rich area and also the proper use of these flora
Weed species composition and distribution pattern in the maize crop under the...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in ordinary environment. In nature there are a total of 8000 weed species out of which 250 are important for agriculture world. The present study was carried out on weed species composition and distribution pattern with special reference to edaphic factor and farming practices in maize crop of District Mardan during the months of August and September, 2014. Quadrates methods were used to assess weed species distribution in relation to edaphic factor and farming practices. Phytosociological attributes such as frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density and Importance Values were measured by placing 9 quadrates (1 × 1 m2) randomly in each field. Initial results showed that the study area has 29 diverse weed species belonging to 27 genera and 15 families distributed in 585 quadrats. Presence and absence data sheet of 29 weed species and 65 fields were analyzed through PC-ORD version 5. Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses initiated four different weed communities with significant indicator species and with respect to underlying environmental variables using data attribute plots. Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) of CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to assess the environmental gradients of weed species. It is concluded that among all the edaphic factors the strongest variables were higher concentration of potassium, organic matter and sandy nature of soil. CCA plots of both weed species and sampled fields based on questionnaire data concluded the farming practices such as application of fertilizers, irrigation and chemical spray were the main factors in determination of weed communities.
Weed species distribution pattern in maize crop of mardan, pakistanShujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in the domesticated crops. Like other crops maize also faces the problem of competition with weeds. Severe loses in yield up to 70% of maize have been reported in small scale farming due to weeds. Composition and abundance of weeds is influenced by a number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in District Mardan, Pakistan. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field.Presence absence data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses via PC-ORD version 5 that resulted in four major weed communities. CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to evaluate the environmental gradients of weeds through Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA). Results showed that among all environmental variables the strongest variables were CaCO3, high phosphorous concentration, and higher electric conductivity.
Ethnobotany of the balti community, tormik valley, karakorum range, baltistan...Shujaul Mulk Khan
BACKGROUND:
Limited health facilities and malnutrition are major problems in the Karakorum Range of Northern Pakistan, often resulting in various human disorders. Since centuries, however, local communities in these areas have developed traditional methods for treating various ailments and local foods capes that can be significant for devising public health and nutritional policies. This study was intended to document the ethnobotanical knowledge of the local peoples in the Tormik Valley, especially in the medical and food domains.
METHODS:
Field trips were undertaken in 14 different villages of the study area from 2010 to 2012. Ethnobotanical data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and group conversation with 69 informants. Details about local uses of plant species were recorded along with demographic characteristics of the visited communities. Relative frequency citation index (RFCi) and preference ranking index (PRi) tools were applied to determine the cultural significance of the reported species.
RESULTS:
Sixty-three plant species, with a predominance of Asteraceae and Fabaceae family members, as well as their detailed folk uses were documented. Forty-three percent of the species were used to treat various diseases, 21 % were consumed as wild fruits and vegetables and 53 % of the species had multipurpose applications. Thymus linearis Benth, Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica L. and Convolvulus arvensis L. were found to be the most utilized medicinal plant species, i.e. those with significant RFCi values (0.54, 0.51 and 0.48, respectively). Betula utilis D. Don was the most versatile taxon (seven different ways of utilization); being this species a common and easily accessible subalpine tree and then under anthropogenic pressure, the implementation of concrete strategies aimed at its in-situ and ex-situ conservation is strongly recommended.
CONCLUSION:
The valleys in the Karakorum Mountains in the Northern Pakistan host significant Traditional Knowledge on local food and medicinal plant species, which need to be reconsidered and cautiously re-evaluated by ethnopharmacologists, and public health/nutrition actors. Furthermore, germane trans-disciplinary investigations are suggested to ensure the dynamic conservation of precious local knowledge systems, as well as plant diversity in Pakistani mountain regions.
KEYWORDS:
Ethnobotany; Indigenous knowledge; Karakorum; Medicinal plants; Pakistan
Greening of the Arctic: An IPY initiative
1-Rationale and overview of the GOA initiative.
2-North American Arctic Transect.
3-Yamal Russia Transect.
4-Circumpolar analysis of 28-year trends of sea-ice concentration, land-surface temperatures and greening patterns
IARU Global Challenges 2014 Cornell Governance gapsSarah Cornell
The Global Gap: discussing the science/policy/society governance landscape for climate, biodiversity loss, and chemical pollution and nutrient (N&P) management.
This is the first lecture for the module FN0449 Corporate Social Responsibility for Multi-Nationals. The module forms part of the MSc Business with International Management at Newcastle Business School
The Copenhagen Agreement is a document that delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary on 18 December 2009.
The Accord, drafted by, on the one hand, the United States and on the other, in a united position as the BASIC countries (China, India, South Africa, and Brazil), is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose round ended in 2012.
Genetic resources, Intellectual Property Rights and Environmental JusticeBrendan Coolsaet
Presentation on genetic resources, intellectual property rights and environmental justice given at the Masterclass for Sustainable Development, on November 24, 2013.
ABSTRACT- Uttrakhand has tremendous potential for medicinal plants cultivation and in becoming one of the
important options for sustainable livelihood in the Doon valley as well as all hilly regions. Doon-valley, Uttrakhand can
take advantages of increasing demand and low availability of medicinal and aromatic plants resources in the other parts
of the country and start to grow highly valuable medicinal plants in high altitude areas. Medicinal and aromatic plants can
play an important role in the subsistence livelihood enhancement rural people, especially women through an
environmentally sustainable manner while maintaining the biodiversity of these natural products.
Key-words- Endangered plants, Medicinal flora, Indigenous use, Medicinal and aromatic plants
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity in montane eco...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background Conservation of the unique biodiversity of mountain ecosystems needs trans-disciplinary approaches to succeed in a crowded colloquial world. Geographers, conservationists, ecologists and social scientists have, in the past, had the same conservation goals but have tended to work independently. In this review, the need to integrate different conservation criteria and methodologies is discussed. New criteria are offered for prioritizing species and habitats for conservation in montane ecosystems that combine both ecological and social data.
Scope Ecological attributes of plant species, analysed through robust community statistical packages, provide unbiased classifications of species assemblages and environmental biodiversity gradients and yield importance value indices (IVIs). Surveys of local communities’ utilization of the vegetation provides use values (UVs). This review suggests a new means of assessing anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity at both species and community levels by integrating IVI and UV data sets in a combined analysis.
Conclusions Mountain ecosystems are hot spots for plant conservation efforts because they hold a high overall plant diversity as communities replace each other along altitudinal and climatic gradients, including a high proportion of endemic species. This review contributes an enhanced understanding of (1) plant diversity in mountain ecosystems with special reference to the western Himalayas; (2) ethnobotanical and ecosystem service values of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts; and (3) local and regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
The diversity of wild edible fruit plants and traditional knowledge in west a...Adi Bejo Suwardi
Rural communities in the West Aceh region continue to collect and consume many edible wild fruit plants as a food source. This study was an account of the traditional knowledge and use of wild edible fruit plants by local people in the West Aceh region. The study was conducted in Sungai Mas and Pante Ceureumen, West Aceh Regency, between April and June 2019. Plant specimens have been gathered from the forest, agroforestry and home garden. A total of 100 informants (50 informants at each site) were involved in the survey of Ethnobotanical data. The questionnaires used to investigate the local name of the species, the habitats, the location of the collection, the season of collection, the parts used, the categories of use and the manner of fruit consumption. A total of 44 species of edible fruit plants recorded in West Aceh region, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The Myrtaceae and Malvaceae were the most represented families. Baccaurea motleyana, Durio zibethinus, Garcinia mangostana, Lansium domesticum, Mangifera odorata, and Mangifera foetida were the top six most common wild edible fruits in this region. The local community uses wild edible fruit species for food (44 species), medicine (11 species), construction materials (9 species), furniture (9 species) and firewood. D. zibethinus, M. foetida, M. odorata, M. quadrifida, B. motleyana, L. domesticum, G. xanthochymus, and G. mangostana are also commonly traded in traditional markets.
Ethnobotanical Importance of Some Highly Medicinal plants of District Muzaffa...IOSR Journals
An ethnobotanical exploration was carried out in Muzaffarabad and its adjoining areas including
Jhelum Valley of the District Muzaffarabad during 2010-2011. All the plants with the ethnobotanical
importance were identified and segregated separately. The region is entirely mountainous, having sub-tropical
to dry temperate climate with distinct seasonal variations. This study mainly focused on the information
regarding traditional uses of plants over the years by local inhabitants. The informations were then confirmed
by Hakims and the old people of the areas. During the survey informations were collected from various sites,
i.e. Noon Bagla, Rahim Kot, Danna Kachilee, Kot Terhala, Sanwarrian, Chikar, Chikothi, Kathiee, Qazi Nag,
Rashian, Daokhun, Mojee, Lamnian, Nardaggian, Pandu, Hatian Balla, Ghahi Dopatta, Chinnari, Rabanee,
Bani Hafiz, Domel, Hattian Dopatta, Khanssian, Nandi Ka Sar, Sing Paharee,Nari Bela, Khalla Butt and
Leepa. The plants were used medicinally and for other purposes. The investigations resulted that usually one
plant or a mixture of two or more plant is used. The unplanned exploitation had resulted in the loss of
medicinally important plant species. It was concluded that afforestation programme followed by proper
protection is need of time.
Significance of Floral Diversity of Ethnobotanical Importance in Indian Thar ...ijtsrd
The Thar Desert lies between 24° to 28° N latitude and 68° to 71° E longitude occupying an area of about 35126km2. Physically the desert stretches over the eastern districts of the Sindh Province. The Sindh province occupies the southeast of Pakistan, limited on the east by the Indian border of Rajasthan, in the south by Ran of Kutch and the Arabian Sea, in the west by the arid rocky mountains of Baluchistan and in the north by the irrigated plains of Punjab. About 60 of the area of Sindh Province is arid some 88,000 km2 . The arid zone of the Sindh province can further be divided into Kohistan, on the western side and Thar on the eastern side of the Indus Valley. Thar is traditionally subdivided into the Nara Thar region in the north and Parkar Thar in the south. The extreme south of the Thar Desert is the broad sandy salt marsh Rann of Kutch, whereas the western border runs along the eastern side of Nara Canal. Its entire eastern boundary is Rajasthan, India. The Thar bio region supports a fascinating and resilient vegetation, that is rooted as much in the harsh terrain as in its culture and everyday traditions. We look at the sub regions in this seemingly uniform landscape, and its wide variety of hardy desert trees, shrubs and grasses that survive and thrive in the arid climatic conditions. The prevalent flora has strong cultural and sociological connections with the communities living in the region, and this is reflected in the daily rituals, dress, religious beliefs and folklore. Mukesh Kumar Meena | Dr. J. B. Khan "Significance of Floral Diversity of Ethnobotanical Importance in Indian Thar Desert" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49504.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/49504/significance-of-floral-diversity-of-ethnobotanical-importance-in-indian-thar-desert/mukesh-kumar-meena
ABSTRACT The documentation of the biodiversity and it is traditional, as well as medicinal uses by the ethnic communities, have assumed priority due to the misuse and rampant loss of biodiversity, the emerging threats of biopiracy and the increasing patent wars on bioresources. Since, the medicinal plants are very important for the production of various drugs because thousands of years ago, these plants are used by our forefathers for the treatment of various diseases. Therefore, now a day, these medicinal plants are used for the production of various drugs as well as to cure various diseases. Though there are a good number of publications on ethnobotany on particular and different tribes but the present studies were carried out to explore the vascular plant diversity and investigate the ethnomedicinal potential and their conservation status in the villages of Guna district, Madhya Pradesh, India. In this research survey, only medicinal plant, their local names and their medicinal uses were interviewed and presented. The information was obtained from local informant i.e. Vaidhays, Hakeems and Ayurvedic Practitioners etc. having knowledge about medicinal plants. The paper deals about some medicinal plants used by the Bheel primitive tribe of Guna district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The paper enumerates 25 medicinal plant species belonging to eighteen families used by Bheel tribes for curing various ailments among human beings and animals.
Key-words: Ethnobotany, Medicinal Plants, Tribes, Ethnomedicinal, Multidisciplinary science
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
Ethnoveterinary medicines used against various livestock disorders in the flo...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: The Shamozai Valley of Swat District is remarkable with various plant treasures. Ethnoveterinary information offers folk remedies for livestock, which are cheaper than standard treatment methods and are readily available. Methods: Different trips were organized for gathering (harvesting) and recording medicinal plants in the area during 2018. A total of 140 local residents were interviewed. Then, the obtained data were evaluated using used value, relative frequency citations, fidelity level, consensus index, and informant consensus factor. Results: In this study, 41 plants were presented, and these plants were used commonly as medication for treating various livestock ailments. The therapeutic plants with most used value were Artemisia scoparia (0.607), Berberis lyceum Royle (0.610), Bromus japonicus (0.491), Avena sativa (0.482), Cannabis sativa L. (0.473), Capsicum annum L. (0.471), Cedrus deodara (0.462), and Chenopodium murale (0.453). On the basis of relative frequency citations values, the most quoted plant species by the indigenous people are Artemisia scoparia (0.760), Berberis lyceum (0.742), Bromus japonicus (0.731), Avena sativa (0.721), and Cannabis sativa L. (0.711). Consensus index percentage showed the highest for Artemisia scoparia (83.109%), followed by Berberis lyceum Royle (80.454%), whereas the ethnomedicinal plant species with most fidelity level were Artemisia scoparia (76.320%), Berberis lyceum Royle (73.403%), Bromus japonicus (72.013%), Avena sativa (71.024%), Cannabis sativa L. (69.322%), Capsicum annum L (68.344%), Cedrus deodara (67.215%), and Chenopodium murale (66.060%) for various disorders. Informant consensus factor ranged from 0.947 to 1.000, whereas different ailments viz. appetite-causing agent, carminative treatment, eye diseases, mouth ulcers, myiasis, pediculosis, septicemia, and tick infestation had maximum informant consensus factor value. Conclusion: The publics of Shamozai are deeply reliant on ethomedicinal plants for treating numerous livestock ailments. Folk information always offers a baseline for further phytochemical and pharmacologic study.
Biodiversity Exploitation for Traditional Healthcare Delivery in Montane Fore...AI Publications
Biodiversity exploitation in montane highlands remain an important source of raw materials for traditional healthcare delivery, survival and sustenance of the population in communities that are reliant thereof. Belo and Njinikom Sub-Divisions on the fringes of the Ijim Montane forest stronghold are rich in biodiversity resources though under degradation. The exploitation of the biodiversity have thrived a spectre of traditional healing practices hatched by indigenous knowledge. The edgy perception of being socially irrelevant, illusory and ill-suited by the state and modern hospitals are sullying this practice. This study was based on the premise that traditional healing practices are the major ways in which biodiversity is exploited and used for traditional healthcare provision. The methodology uses correlational and comparative research designs of field investigations. Purposive random sampling technique was used to administer 250 questionnaires to selected key respondents from the entire population. Findings reveal that the practice of traditional healing is enshrined in the mysteries of indigenous knowledge which is methodical in concoctions, decoctions, injections, ritual practices and incantations, which to an extent have bestowed effective healthcare to contemporary communities through resources they find it hard to stay aloof. This study posits that if the state, modern hospitals and tradi-practitioners holistically find common ground through collaborative agreements, such issuant and commonplace signatures would continue to support the current shady healthcare tragedy. It shall provide the communities with solutions to some indigenous diseases still portraying dreadful hallmarks and being a nuisance to the population where general welfare of all and sundry ought to be esteemed and primeval.
his guideline should be read in conjunction with other ICH guidelines relevant to the
conduct of clinical trials (e.g., E2A (clinical safety data management), E3 (clinical study
reporting), E7 (geriatric populations), E8 (general considerations for clinical trials), E9
(statistical principles), and E11 (pediatric populations)).
This ICH GCP Guideline Integrated Addendum provides a unified standard for the European
Union, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Switzerland to facilitate the mutual acceptance
of data from clinical trials by the regulatory authorities in these jurisdictions. In the event of
any conflict between the E6(R1) text and the E6(R2) addendum text, the E6(R2) addendum
text should take priority.
Floristic Composition, Structural Analysis and Socio-economic Importance of L...IJEAB
Floristic assessment plays a crucial role in managing and conserving phytodiversity. Thisstudy tried to determine the floristic composition, woody structure and socio-economic importance of the legume flora in the commune of Mayahi. We used plot method based on systematic sampling approach to inventory legume species within the parklands in September 2012. We recorded 55 legume species belonging to 24 genera in 56 relevés. Fabaceae is the dominant family among the legume botanical families in the parklands of the commune of Mayahi. The average woody legume density is 62 individuals per hectare in the commune of Mayahi. The woody legume species of highest average density are Faidherbia albida and Piliostigma reticulatum. While the total basal area of legumes of the commune is 1.12m2 / ha in the Mayahi commune. The crown cover varies according to the vegetation types but it is higher in the Goulbi N’kaba forest reserve. Legume flora provides a myriad of benefits to the people of Mayahi. The present study recommends furtherresearch that examines the impact of human activities on the legume flora of the parklands in the commune of Mayahi.
Identifying plant species and communities across environmental gradients in ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Phytosociological attributes of plant species and associated environmental factors were measured in order to identify the environmental gradients of major plant communities in the Naran Valley, Himalayas. The valley occupies a distinctive geographical setting on the edge of the Western Himalaya near the Hindukush range and supports a high biodiversity; pastoralism is the main land use. There have been no previous quantitative ecological studies in this region. This study was undertaken to (i) analyze and describe vegetation using classification and ordination techniques, (ii) identify environmental gradients responsible for plant community distributions and (iii) assess the anthropogenic pressures on the vegetation and identify priorities for conservation. Phytosociological characteristics of species were measured alongside environmental variables. A total of 198 species from 68 families were quantified at 144 stations along 24 transects across an elevation range of 2450–4100 m. Correspondence Analysis techniques i.e., Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) were used to determine vegetation–environment relationships. Results show vegetation changes with altitude from moist-cool temperate communities characterized by woody species, to more dry-cold subalpine and alpine herbaceous communities. Plant species diversity is optimal at middle altitudes (2800–3400 m); at lower altitudes (2400–2800 m) it is reduced by anthropogenic impacts and at higher altitudes (3400–4100 m) by shallow soils and high summer grazing pressure. A large number of plant species of conservation concern were identified in the study and an assessment made of the main threats to their survival.
ABSTRACT- Aritar is hilly area and altitude of the area varies from 800-3000 meter. The region harbor different tribal communities like Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, and Gurung. Due to the diversity of different tribal communities, traditional healers of different groups are found in this area. Medicinal importances of different plants were recorded after conducting interview with traditional healers, old man, women of different tribal communities of the area. The traditional medicinal uses of 50 plants species belonging to 38 families are reported in my study.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal, Aritar, East Sikkim, Traditional healers, Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, Gurung
Rangeland Degradation and Rehabilitation: Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and...AI Publications
Pastoralists’ perceptions and indigenous ecological knowledge of vegetation changes are often ignored despite the debate about their role in rangeland management. Yet, pastoralists are known to have extensive ecological knowledge which could complement scientific knowledge and contribute to improved understanding and sustainable management of savanna Ecosystems. This study was aimed at exploring pastoralists’ perceptions regarding rangeland degradation in the Adamawa highland plateau. More specifically, it was geared to examine their awareness of rangeland degradation, the current status/condition of the rangelands, the drivers and major root causes of degradation, negative consequences, existing management practices, and a methodological framework to make these measures more resilient. The study applied a descriptive statistics method. Focus group discussions, field observations and structured/semi-structured survey questionnaires, were used for data collection, where 240 pastoralists were targeted. The study covered 4 sub-divisions within Faro & Deo District of the plateau based on the intensity of degradation (high, medium and less). The major findings indicate that, the main livelihood activity is cattle rearing and crop cultivation (86.43%) with a certain degree of sedentarization. The major livestock production constraint proved to be insufficient and poor pasture available for cattle (65.71%). A great majority (93.6%) also confirmed that the present rangeland state/condition has become poor and non-conducive for cattle production. This is clearly interpreted in the drastic drop of the ‘cheptel’ (average holdings) and a decline in the quality of pastoral resources/outputs offered to the communities. The major root causes of degradation were overgrazing, bush encroachment, uncontrolled bush fires, soil erosion, population pressure and limited care/attention paid to rangelands. The major socio-economic consequences were poverty, food insecurity, conflicts, loss of cultural heritage, rural exodus and high crime waves. Through their indigenous ecological knowledge pastoralists conserve their rangelands through: mechanical and chemical fight against bush encroachment (Bush clearing and use of selective herbicide respectively), seasonal herd mobility/transhumance, use of paddocking systems, destocking of herds, adoption of improved pastures, and improvement on pastoral hydraulics. Government and NGOs’ supports to rangeland management, proved to be limited in the study area. The degradation of rangelands in the study area is progressing at an alarming rate which gives the impression of difficulty to restore it in the future if proper measures are not taken by stakeholders.
Some Important Medicinal Plants Used Widely in Southwest Bengal, IndiaIJERA Editor
The present article reflects 30 important medicinal plant species of Southwest Bengal, India with their botany, medicinal uses and ecological perspectives in brief. Plants were collected from home gardens, forests, wasteland, shrubbery and other places of ecological importance in the study sites. It covers phenology of plants and plantation treatment of propagules during nursery preparations. It would help the researchers better to use this work as a model to generate data from natural sites to plan the habitat management and to generate conservation strategies. It would help the environmentalists to conserve species in near future by formulating model for eco-sustenance of species as well as for the habitat conservation in other places.
Methods of grapes cultivation انگور کی کاشت کے طریقےShujaul Mulk Khan
This presentation explains in a comprehensive way, how to cultivate Table Grapes nursery and establish its gardens. Preparation of demonstration blocks, nurseries, arrangement of training workshops and handing over the mother plants to the local farmers of the selected agencies of Bajaur, Kurram, Orakzai and FR Region of Bannu will be done according to the standard protocols. Keeping in mind the arrangement of the seven pillars of Vision 2025 new opportunities could be created via viticulture development. Horticulture is a fast growing sector with rising exports and increasing demand in domestic and international markets. Pakistani fruits, both fresh and dry, have great potential for exports. So, the present project will also contribute in the vision of 2025 (One nation One vision) not only to help in the development of FATA but also in the development of adjacent region. It will give rise to development of industries related to Grapevines products like raisins, juices, jams etc. that will be source of new jobs and development in the region. For the alleviation of poverty by enhancing the socioeconomic status of FATA people through viticulture development, we will further extend our work via developing a new project to extend our work to the remaining agencies like Khyber, Mohmand and Waziristan etc. The selected potential and successful varieties of grapes will be introduced for nurseries development and handing over to farmers of the FATA region in future as mother plants.
Mazri (nannorrhops ritchiana (griff) aitch.) a remarkable source of manufact...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background: Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae, native to Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. In Pakistan, it is used since long time for various purposes. This species plays a significant cultural and economic role in the daily lives of many rural areas in Pakistan and adjacent countries. However, the handcrafted products made up of this palm are often mainly known by specific local communities rather than by a broader range of people.
Methods: Eighty-six structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted from Mazri growing areas, villages, and markets of urban centers during the fieldwork that was conducted in diverse regions of Pakistan. Interviewees
included 27 Mazri farmers, 17 locals retaining Traditional Knowledge in handcrafting Mazri palm (12 were men and 5 were women), 23 handicrafts experts (21 were men and 2 were women), and 19 sellers. The age of the informants ranged from 14 to 83 years. Study participants shared detailed information about various traditional utilizations of the Mazri palm.
Results: Mature leaves of Mazri palm are used to produce mats, baskets, hand fans, hats, cages, hot pots, salt pots, brooms, etc. in the sudy area. Hot pots, salt pots, mats, baskets, and ropes represent highly used items. The mats are used for various purposes like drying grains, performing prayers, sitting, and sleeping. As a whole, 39 different kinds of handcrafted products from the leaves were found. Our findings revealed also that other parts of the plant, ie. petioles, fruits, and bark, have been used, although more rarely, by the locals. The palm uses differ accordingly to the different cultural areas of Pakisitan, thus demonstrating that local cultural heritage significantly informs
Traditional Knowledge and practices related to the use of Mazri palm. The findings suggest also that this plant represents a crucial resource for the livelihood of the local communities in dry areas of the western borders of Pakistan, starting right from the coastal areas of Baluchistan up to District Bajaur in the North, where other farming activities there are difficult due to drought conditions.
Conclusions: Traditional Knowledge about the sustainable utilization of Mazri palm is eroded in Pakistan among the younger generations due to rapid globalization and industrialization processes and appropriate strategies for
revitalizing this heritage in a sustainable way should be urgently fostered.
Characterization of cobalt oxide and calcium aluminumShujaul Mulk Khan
The Cobalt Oxide and Calcium-Aluminum Oxide nano-catalysts were analyzed using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Preliminary results showed that the particles of Cobalt Oxide exhibit sponge like morphology and homogenous distribution as per confirmation via SEM. Its average particle size ranges to 30.6 nm demonstrating enormous number of pores and aggregative in nature. Its various peaks were ranging
from 19.2 to 65.4 after XRD analysis. The highest intensity was observed at 36.9 position. The energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques were used to calculate the elements present in sample according to their weight and atomic percentage. The
cobalt oxide contain cobalt as the most abundant element with 46.85 wt% and 18.01 atomic percent. It contain oxygen with 30.51 wt% and 43.19 atomic percent. Whereas, SEM of calcium aluminum oxide showed random morphology. According to the calculation of Scherrer equation regarding XRD analysis, it was distributed homogenously with particle size ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Its porous morphology was due to the interconnecting gaps between different particles. It result the eight peaks ranging from 18.1 to 62.7 in XRD spectrum. The highest intensity observed at 35.1 with average crystallite particle size of 25.6 nm. The calcium aluminum oxide contain aluminum 7.45 wt% and 6.93 atomic percent. The calcium was the most abundant element with54.7 wt% and 34.24 atomic percent followed by oxygen with 37.26 wt% and 58.42 atomic percent. It was concluded that the SEM, XRD, and EDX are the most significant techniques to characterize nano-catalysts in particular and other compounds generally.
Phytogeographic classification using multivariate approachShujaul Mulk Khan
Phytogeography is concerned with the past and present distribution of vegetation on the earth surface. The distribution
of plants is neither even nor random on earth surface but follow a definite geographic pattern. The present study was aimed
to find out phytogeographic pattern of plants distribution and subsequent classification of plant species of the Jambil Valley,
District Swat Pakistan using multivariate statistic techniques. Sampling of vegetation was done using quadrats of 1 × 1 m2
for herbs, 5 × 5 m2 for shrubs and 10 × 10 m2 for trees. The data were analyzed by PCORD v. 5 and CANOCO 4.5. The
studies revealed that the vegetation of Jambil valley belongs to eighteen different phytogeographic elements. The highest percentage of elements (19.4%) belongs to Western-Himalayan region, followed by Cosmopolitan (13.9%), Eurasian (10.6%), Irano-turanian (10%), Paleotropical (9.4%), Eastern Asiatic and Mediterranean (6.7% each), Euro-Siberian (5.6%),
Holoarctic (3.9%), Pantropical (3.3%), Sub-cosmopolitan 2.8%), Saharo-Arabian (2.2%), Eastern-Himalayan (1.7%),
Central Asian and Neotropical (1.1% each), Pantemperate, Australian and Sudano-Zambezian (0.6% each). CANOCO correlated phytogeographical data with environmental factors, which showed significant effect of environmental variables on phytogeographical patterns. It is clear from our results that higher pH, electrical conductivity, moderate sand and silt, phosphorous and nitrogen have great impact on distribution of phytogeographical elements. The Western Himalayan elements having narrow geographic range require immediate attention and conservation efforts.
The indispensable bond between mazri palm (nannorrhops ritchiana) and the ind...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Keeping in mind the economic importance of this palm, the Government of Pakistan passed an act on the conservation of Nannorrhops namely “Kohat Mazri Control Act 1953” (http://kp.gov.pk/page/the-kohat -mazri -contr olact-
1953/page-type/rules ) in 1953 where laws and rules were devised for the conservation of Nannorrhops in Pakistan in general and for the Kohat Division in particular (which then
covered the whole southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Regionally, it has been categorized as Endangered (EN) under the IUCN criteria. Murad et al. (2011) reported that in the Hazar
Nao Forest of Malakand Nannorrhops ritchiana is on the verge of extinction due to over exploitation by the local population for commercial purposes.
Pollen morphological variation of berberis l. from pakistan and its systemati...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Due to overlapping and diverse morphological characters, Berberis is among the most taxonomically complex genera. Palynology is one of the taxonomic tools for delimitation and identification of complex species. In this study, pollens of 10 Berberis species were analyzed through light and scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative as well as quantitative
features (pollen shape, size, presence or absence of colpi, colpi length and width, exine thickness, ornamentation, pollen class, aperture, and polar–equatorial ratio) were measured. Five species were observed to have colpate (pantocolpate) with elongated ends, radially symmetrical, isopolar, monads, and psilate-regulate pollens. In polar view, six pollen were spheroidal, two were ovoid, one spherical, and one oblate. Similarly, variation in pollen length was prominent and the largest pollen on polar view was recorded for B. psodoumbellata 60–65 μm (62.4 ± 0.9), while the smallest one was observed for B. lycium 29–35 μm (32.2 ± 1). The observed variation in both quantitative and qualitative features were important in taxonomic identification. This shows that palynological haracters
are helpful in identification of Berberis genus at the species level.
A new ethnobiological similarity index for the evaluation of novel use reportsShujaul Mulk Khan
Similarity Indices are widely applied in the field of ecology to measure species diversity as well as to map patterns of conservation and monitor threats to biodiversity. Among the known, Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s indices are the most frequently employed similarity Indices. Here, we propose a new and efficient statistical approach in the field of ethnobiology and validate its efficacy by comparing the results with predefined similarity Indices used in previous studies. The core objective was to propose a new index for quantitative ethnobiological analyses and to find out solutions for sorting the plants having
similar ethnobiological uses in allied, aligned, national and global regions; as the pre-existing indices like Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s indices provides best estimates in the field of ecology but not in ethnobiological studies. In comparative ethnobiological studies, ethnobiologists use conventional ecological tools for evaluation of similarities and dissimilarities. Our proposed similarity index is based on the quantification
of similar uses of common medicinal plants via comparing present study with previously published reports from various areas where, the author(s) have used the Sorensen’s index and/or Jaccard’s index. To assess the significance and validity of this newly developed index, similarities and differences in
ethnomedicinal studies on medicinal plants in different regions were evaluated. Data regarding medicinal plants usage here was compared with 20 previously published studies and then analyzed through preexisting indices as well as Rahman’s index to examine the novelty in the study. Our preliminary results
revealed noteworthy coherence with the existing similarity indices, albeit, the new index was more efficient than the previous. Our comparison revealed, that as far as common vegetation and floral levels are concerned, the existing ecological coefficients of similarity are efficient and precise; but for similarities in the field of medicinal plant studies certain constraints are overcome by the proposed similarity index. Inferences derived from Rahman’s similarity index (RSI) are as reliable as the previously known and well-established similarity indices. Further, RSI specifically targets the ethnobiological similarities, a limitation in Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s indices. Thus, RSI would be a useful tool/index in the assessment of rigorous quantitative ethnobiological data.
Hec news and views august 2017- Participation of Pakistani Researchers in the...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Dr. Shujaul Mulk Khan, Assistant Professor of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan and Dr. Zia-ur-Rahman Mashwani, Assistant Professor of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan presented their research papers in the World’s largest botanical event ‘XIX International Botanical Congress (IBC 2017)’ that held at Convention and Exhibition Centre, Schenzhen China http://ibc2017.cn/. This event is organized after an interval of five years over the last two centuries. There were 6856 participants from 110 countries in this congress. Presentations of both the Pakistani speakers were highly appreciated by the participants.
Ecological assessment of plant communities along the edaphic and topographic ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
A study was conducted to explore the plant biodiversity and vegetation structure of Biha Valley, District Swat, Pakistan. On the basis of the physiognomy of the vegetation the study area was divided into 19 stands. Line transect (50 m) method was used to sample the phytosociological attributes of the study area. PCORD software (version 5) was used to recognize communities by two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and CANOCO software (version 5) for ordination analysis was done for detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to find variation directories of different plant species. Different life-form classes and leaf size spectra were recorded according to the Raunkiaer classification. The floristic composition of the area consists of 203 plant species belonging to 154 genera and 70 families. The biological spectrum of the area indicated that
Therophytes was dominant with 46.60% among the life-classes, followed by Hemicryptophytes having 15.53%. Leaf spectra of study area revealed that Microphylls was dominant (41.26%) followed by Nanophylls (32.04%). Seven plant communities were recognized by TWINSPAN classification, which showed that species diversity decreased with altitude. Moreover, the result indicates the importance of soil organic matter in top soil layers for plant species distribution. The increases in soil nutrients (OM, P, N, and K), improvement in site conditions (community cover, depth of litter, depth of humus, soil water
content) and decrease in soil bulk density indicated the natural habitat restoration following abandonment.
The morpho-agronomic characterization study of Lens culinaris germplasm under...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present research study evaluate and identify the most suitable and high yielding genotypes of Lens culinaris for the salt marsh habitat of Swat in moist temperate sort of agro climatic environment of Pakistan. A total of fourteen genotypes were cultivated and analyzed through Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). These genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1, NARC-11-2, NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. Different parameters i.e., germination rate, flowering, physiological maturity, plant height, biological grain yield, seed weight, pods formation and its height, pods per plants and protein content were focused specially throughout the study. Preliminary the Lentil genotypes have significant variability in all the major morpho-agronomic traits. The days to germination, 50% flowering and 100 seed weight ranged from 7 to 9, 110 to 116 days, and from 5.4 to 7.3 gm respectively. Biological yield and grain yield ranged from 5333 to 9777 kg ha−1 and 1933 to 3655 kg ha−1 respectively. Whereas, protein contents ranged from 23.21% to 28.45%. It was concluded that the genotype AZRC-4 is better varity in terms of grain yield plus in 100 seed weight and moreover, 09506 genotype was significant under salt marsh habitat in early maturing for the Swat Valley, Pakistan.
Eco-floristic studies of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the district...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013–14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529–700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.
Ecological gradient analyses of plant associations in the thandiani forests o...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract: In the summers of 2012 and 2013, vegetation of Thandiani in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan was surveyed and quantified. We took evidence from relationships between 252 species and 11 measured environmental factors as well as changes in the associations’ structure among 50 analysed stations with 1500 m2 plots. We analysed how the plant associations differ and develop under the influence of their respective ecological gradients. Preliminary results showed that the family Pinaceae was the most abundant family with a
family importance value (FIV) of 1892.4, followed by Rosaceae with FIV = 1478.2. Rosaceae, represented by 20 species, was the most dominant family, followed by Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae with 14 and 12 species each, respectively. Analyses via CANOCO software version 4.5 and GEO database demonstrated strong correlations among species distributions and environmental variables, i.e. elevation, topography, and edaphic factors. Our findings show an increase in species diversity and richness from lower elevation (1290 m at sea level (m asl) to higher elevation (2626 m asl). It is evident that aspect, elevation, and soil factors were the decisive variables affecting qualitative and quantitative attributes of vegetation in the study area. The P value ≤ 0.002 confirms a significant impact of abiotic factors that bring variation in vegetation. A 3D view of the study area was generated in ArcScene showing all the five plant associations. Graphs of scatter plot, point profile, and 3D line profile were added to the layout of plant association maps. The habitats of the five association types overlapped broadly but still retained their specific individuality. The execution of GIS framework gave spatial modelling, which ultimately helped in the recognition of indicator species of specific habitat or association type. These findings could further be utilised
in devising the forest policy and conservation management. This study also opens new doors of research in the field of biogeography, systematics, and wildlife.
Plant species and communities assessment in interaction with edaphic and topo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The current analyses of vegetation were aimed to study the different effects of environmental variables on plant species and communities and their combined interactions to these variables, identified threats to local vegetation and suggestion for remedial measures in the Mount Eelum, Swat, Pakistan. For assessment of environmental variability quantitative ecological techniques were used through quadrats having sizes of 2 × 2, 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 m2 for herbs, shrubs and trees respectively. Result of the present study revealed 124 plant species in the study area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the ecological gradient of vegetation. The environmental data and species abundance were used in CANOCO software version 4.5. The presence absence data of plant species were elaborated with Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysis techniques using PC-ORD version 5 to show different species composition that resulted in five plant communities. Findings indicate that elevation, aspect and soil texture are the strongest variables that have significant effect on species composition and distribution of various communities shown with P value 0.0500. It is recommended to protect and use sensibly whole of the Flora normally and rare species particularly in the region.
The effect of potassium on growth and yield of strawberry (FRAGARIA ANANASSA ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Fragaria ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (Strawberry) variety chandler of Agriculture Research Station (ARS) Baffa, Mansehra was evaluated for different growth and yield parameters under five treatments. In this experiment Potassium was used in 5 different treatments of 3 replications (T0 = Control, T1 = 200 g/6.75m², T2 = 400 g/6.75m², T3 = 600 g/6.75m², T4 = 800 g/6.75m²). The results showed maximum value under T3 (405g/6.75m²) for characteristics like survival percentage (83.54%), plant height (32.05cm), canopy size (13.62cm), crown diameter (2.73cm), number of branches (35.83), number of leaves (67.00), leaf length (5.87cm), root length (3.51cm), total number of fruits (43.93), days to 50% fruiting (233.67), fruit diameter (3.96cm), fruit weight (411.40g). Moreover, transplanting date (20th Sep, 2013) is suitable to get maximum yield of strawberry variety “Chandler”. The findings of this experiment showed that great variations in morphological, physical and agronomic traits of strawberry variety and can be utilized to develop high yield and better quality of strawberry.
Vegetation mapping and multivariate approach to indicator species of a forest...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract
Questions
Does the plant species composition of Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD) correlate with edaphic, topographic and climatic variables? Is it possible to identify different plant communities in relation to environmental gradients with special emphasis on indicator species? Can this approach to vegetation classification support conservation planning?
Location
Thandiani sub Forests Division, Western Himalayas.
Methods
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of species along with environmental variables were measured using a randomly stratified design to identify the major plant communities and indicator species of the Thandiani sub Forests Division. Species composition was recorded in 10 × 2.5 × 2 and 0.5 × 0.5 m square plots for trees, shrubs and herbs, respectively. GPS, edaphic and topographic data were also recorded for each sample plot. A total of 1500 quadrats were established in 50 sampling stations along eight altitudinal transects encompassing eastern, western, northern and southern aspects (slopes). The altitudinal range of the study area was 1290 m to 2626 m above sea level using. The relationships between species composition and environmental variables were analyzed using Two Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) via PCORD version 5.
Results
A total of 252 plant species belonging to 97 families were identified. TWCA and ISA recognized five plant communities. ISA additionally revealed that mountain slope aspect, soil pH and soil electrical conductivity were the strongest environmental factors (p ≤ 0.05) determining plant community composition and indicator species in each habitat. The results also show the strength of the environment-species relationship using Monte Carlo procedures.
Conclusions
An analysis of vegetation along an environmental gradient in the Thandiani sub Forests Division using the Braun-Blanquet approach confirmed by robust tools of multivariate statistics identified indicators of each sort of microclimatic zones/vegetation communities which could further be used in conservation planning and management not only in the area studied but in the adjacent regions exhibit similar sort of environmental conditions.
Drop in groundwater levels is threat to pakistan's survivalShujaul Mulk Khan
Pakistan’s water resources are rapidly depleting because of climate change, posing a formidable threat to the country’s future, ecologists warn.
http://www.newslens.pk/pakistan-fast-depleting-water-resources-pose-serious-threat-country-survival-2/
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2. Khan et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:4 Page 2 of 13
http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/9/1/4
formation, fertility, nutrient and other biogeochemical cyc- [18]. They serve as healing agents as well as important
ling. Provisioning services provided by plant biodiversity raw materials for the manufacturing of traditional and
are in the form of food, grazing land and fodder for their modern medicine [19]. Similarly a substantial amount of
livestock, fuel wood, timber wood, and medicinal pro- foreign exchange can be earned through exporting medi-
ducts. Culturally, people utilize plants in number of cinal plants to other countries. In this way indigenous me-
ways like aesthetics, religion, education, naming etc. dicinal plants play significant role of an economy of a
People extensively utilize the predominant herb- country. This paper therefore, sought to, not only studies
aceous flora of mountainous ecosystems by keeping cat- the natural vegetation of the Naran Valley, but also to the
tle and multipurpose collection, both of which cause indigenous people of the valley in an assessment and iden-
over-exploitation of the vegetation and risks to the con- tification of the plant species of therapeutic uses.
tinuation of plant biodiversity. In order to develop
appropriate systems for the sustainable use of plant Study area
resources, it is crucial to understand how traditional uses The Naran Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistanis is
of plants influence biodiversity in these ecosystems. A about 60 km long valley and can be located at 34°
plant that possesses therapeutic properties or exerts bene- 54.26’N to 35° 08.76’ N latitude and 73° 38.90’ E to 74°
ficial pharmacological effects on the human or animal 01.30’ E longitude; elevation between 2450 to 4100 m
body is generally designated as “medicinal plant”. It has above mean sea level. The entire area is formed by high
also been recognized that these plants naturally synthesize spurs of mountains on either side of the River Kunhar
and accumulate some secondary metabolites, like alka- which flows in a northeast to southwest direction down
loids, glycosides, tannins, volatile oils, minerals and vita- the valley to the town of Naran. Geographically, the val-
mins, possess medicinal properties [14,15]. A number of ley is located on the extreme western boundary of the
medicinal plants possess some special characteristics that Himalayan range, after which the Hindu Kush range of
make them special in those mountainous regions of the mountains starts to the west of the River Indus. Geologic-
Himalayas and adjacent ranges [16,17]. Medicinal plants ally, the valley is situated on the margin of the Indian Plate
constitute an important natural wealth of that region and where it is still colliding against the Eurasian plate
ultimately at national level. They play a significant role in (Figure 1). Floristically, the valley has been recognised as
providing primary health care services to rural people an important part of the Western Himalayan province
Figure 1 Physiographic map (produced through Arch GIS) of the Naran Valley; elevation zones, location of its main settlements (A-L),
the River Kunhar, originating lake (the Lake Lulusar) and the tributary streams. (Elevation data obtained from the ASTER GDEM, a product
of METI and NASA).
3. Khan et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:4 Page 3 of 13
http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/9/1/4
[20], while climatically, it has a dry temperate climate with they utilised a species for several purposes – food,
distinct seasonal variations. fodder, grazing, fuel, timber or medicinal purposes.
As there was much preference for medicinal uses of
Methodology for ethnobotanical data collection and plants and hence informants were further asked for
analyses details about the plant part(s) that were used, the
An ethno-ecological study was carried out to explore diseases it cured and the recipe of use.
how the local people interact with natural plant bio-
diversity. Interviews using questionnaires were organized Questionnaire data was initially analyzed for basic
during summer (May-September) 2010. Data was col- categorization of the respondents’ gender, age groups
lected in two phases i.e., field survey and questionnaire and literacy ratio etc. This data was additionally analyzed
survey. for use preferences, plants parts used, recipes and treat-
ment categorization with slight changes to the method-
a) Observations of local people during first fieldwork ology adopted by [26-28].
(summer, 2009) about the utilization of plant
biodiversity for various purposes were used for the
questionnaire preparation. A mixture of qualitative Results
and quantitative methods of data collection was Preliminary information about the respondents
adopted in preparing a questionnaire for collecting The questionnaire respondents represented a diverse array
indigenous knowledge about plant species. Local of people including farmers, women, literate, illiterate,
names of plants were listed along with the botanical young and elders. Among the 120 informants, 87 were
names of the recorded 198 plant species [21,22]. male and 33 were female. The largest proportion of the
Plant species photographed during the first field respondents was of elderly, above 40 years old (81.6%)
campaign were shown to the interviewees where and (Table 1). More than half of the respondents were illiterate
when it was felt necessary. (51.7%), whilst, most of those with an education had
b) Each of the main 12 localities (A-L) in the project merely primary which reflect the unavailability of educa-
area (at an interval of about 5 km each), where tional institution in the area (30%) (Table 1). These very
vegetation transects had been taken, were revisited basic results also reflect the reality that indigenous know-
(Figure 1). Meetings were arranged with village ledge is well established but seems to be decreasing in the
heads or councillors and permission as well as younger generation.
guidance was obtained. Ethnic groups including the
Gujars, Syeds, Swati and Kashmiri inhabit the valley.
The most important among these are the Gujars Preference analysis
(descendents of the Indian Arians) who are famous Many of the recorded species (83%) provide a number of
for their unique culture, way of life, rituals and provisioning services and hence the respondents were
bravery. The Gujars are concentrated in the upper asked what preference they gave for a specific service
parts of most valleys in Pakistan where they cultivate category. The results of preference analysis showed the
rain-fed slopes, and are generally more aware of highest priority of local people for medicinal use of plant
traditional knowledge, of plant use and local ecology. species (56.9% responses) followed by grazing and food
A local community member of these tribes was (13.1% and 10.8% respectively) (Figure 2). The high pri-
taken as a guide who knew the norms and traditions ority given to medicinal use illustrates the high level of
of that indigenous society [23,24]. Ten houses at traditional knowledge about plants in the community
each of the 12 main localities of the Valley (a total of and the lack of basic health facilities. It can also be
120) were selected randomly for the interviews, attributed to the high market value of medicinal species.
using a random number table. Each village was As people of the region preferred the plants for thera-
visited from one side; a coin was tossed in front of peutic purposes and hence detailed analyses were carried
each 5th house and if it fall head side up, then an out on medicinal services.
interview was requested from that family [24,25]. If
willing, one member in the household was
interviewed about their uses of plants, preferences, Ethnomedicinal plant resources
therapeutic application and plant part that were People in the valley use 101 species belonging to 51
used. Informants were asked about their general uses families (51% of the total plants) for medicinal purposes
of plant species, e.g. as food, fodder, grazing, timber, (55.4% of the used species). Lamiaceae, with 9 species,
fuel, aesthetic, medicinal and others. Respondent was the most represented medicinal family followed by
were then asked about their species preference if Polygonaceae and Rosaceae with 8 species each.
4. Khan et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:4 Page 4 of 13
http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/9/1/4
Table 1 Age group and literacy level frequencies of the interviewed people in the region
Age group No. of Individuals Percentage Literacy Level No. of Individuals Percentage
14-30 6 5.0 Illiterate 62 51.7
31-40 16 13.3 Primary 36 30.0
41-50 41 34.2 Middle 11 9.2
51-60 43 35.8 Secondary 10 8.3
61-70 + 14 11.7 University 1 0.8
Important medicinal plant species used less frequently. Most of the plants used are hemi-
Each medicinal species found in the region is note- cryptophytes and geophytes and fewer are woody (pha-
worthy but a few of them got much importance in the nerophytes and chamaephytes) or therophytes (Figure 3).
local health care system e.g., Dioscorea deltoidea is lo- Whole plants or plant parts are utilized in various forms
cally used in urinary tract problems, as tonic and anthel- in traditional herbal recipes. In the majority of recipes,
mintic. Local hakeems (experts in traditional medicine) they are in the form of powder (19%) followed by decoc-
use Podophyllum hexandrum) in digestive troubles and tion + infusion (10.5%) (Figure 4).
treating cancer. Powdered bark of Berberis pseudoumbel-
lata is locally utilized for the treatment of fever, back- Therapeutic uses
ache, jaundice and urinary tract infection whilst its fruit The results of the questionnaires analysis reveal 97
is valued as a tonic. Orchid species i.e., Cypripedium cor- prominent remedial uses of medicinal plants, which
digerum and Dactylorhiza hatagirea are considered as were divided into 15 major categories based on the ail-
aphrodisiacs and as nerve tonics. Other noteworthy me- ment of a specific human system, being treated with.
dicinal species are Cedrus deodara and Aesculus indica. The largest number of ailments cured with medicinal
Oils extracted from Cedrus deodara are used in skin dis- plants are associated with the digestive system (32.76%
eases while powder of the dried fruit nuts of Aesculus responses) followed by those associated with the respira-
indica are used in colic and also as worm expeller. tory and urinary systems (13.72% and 9.13% respect-
Among other species, Aconitum heterophyllum, Aconitum ively). The percentage of ailments associated with the
violaceum, Ephedra gerardiana, Eremurus himalaicus, Hy- blood circulatory and reproductive systems and the skin
pericum perforatum, Indigofera heterantha, Geranium were 7.37%, 7.04% and 7.03%, respectively. In terms of a
wallichianum, Iris hookeriana, Nepeta laevigata, Ori- single problem of a specific system, the urinary tract in-
ganum vulgare, Paeonia emodi, Rheum austral, Thymus fection (UTI) was mentioned on top; treated with medi-
linearis and Ulmus wallichiana are also of great import- cinal plants followed by asthma and gastric problems.
ance in the traditional health care. For detailed use of each The other diseases related with general body, endocrine
species see Table 2. system, nervous system, mouth and eyes etc. were con-
sidered each by 5% or less than 5% respondents. Figure 5
Plants’ parts used and their preparation and 6 visualise the results of the specific diseases of the
The interview results indicate that whole plants are used human system cured with medicinal plants as mentioned
in 54% of treatments followed by rhizomes (21%), fruits by interviewees, whilst a detailed summary of the species
(9.5%) and roots (5.5%). Bark, flowers and seeds were along with a list of the specific diseases is presented in
Table 2.
Discussion
Preference of uses Role of native plants in supporting human livelihoods
and well being
Medicinal
Grazing
Findings of this paper signify the relationship between
Food
the provisioning ecosystem services of vegetation and
Fuel
human well-being in the study area. The questionnaire
Timber analyses indicate that the people of the Naran Valley
Fodder possess valuable knowledge of natural plant biodiversity
and the services it can provide are immensely important
to them. There was a variation in knowledge at individ-
ual level depending upon the relation between the per-
Figure 2 Preferences mentioned by the informants for the
son and the specific plants species or group which he/
species having more than one local use.
she prioritizes for certain uses which is reported in
5. Khan et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:4 Page 5 of 13
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Table 2 Plant species with their local names, part used and traditional medicinal uses
S. N Botanical Name Family Name Altitude Locality Local Name Part used Uses
(m)
1 Achillea millefolium L. Asteraceae 2840 Bans Birangesif/ Whole Less concentrated decoction mixed with
Jarri plant milk is taken in stomach disorders and
diarrhoea.
2 Aconitum Ranunculaceae 3250 Besal Patris/Sarba Rhizome Pills of rhizome powder coated in local
heterophyllum Wall. vala butter are used as aphrodisiac and general
body tonic.
3 Aconitum violaceum Ranunculaceae 3310 Serrian Atees/Zahar Paired Powders are used in sciatica and as pain
Jacq. ex Stapf roots killer.
4 Actaea spicata L. Rosaceae 3130 Lalazar Beenakae Root, Berries are used as sedative; Extract is
berries applied externally for the treatment of joint
pains.
5 Adiantum venustum D. Adiantaceae 3020 Upper Sumbal Whole Infusion is taken orally for lungs disorders.
Don Batakundi plant
6 Aesculus indica (Wall. Hippocastanceae 2460 Damdama Bankhore/ Fruit Powder of the dried fruit is used in
ex Camb) Hook. Javaz indigestion.
7 Allium humile Kunth. Alliaceae 3570 Lalazar Jangali piaz Whole Fresh plant is taken as salad for
Peak plant gastrointestinal disorders and UTI.
8 Angelica glauca Apiaceae 3410 Lalazar Chora chora Dried Powdered roots are taken with milk for
Edgew. roots gastrointestinal disorders.
9 Artemisia absinthium L Asteraceae 2800 Lalazar Chahu/Tarkha Flowering Crushed powders are used to enhance
tops digestion as well as worm problems.
10 Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae 2630 Batakundi Chahu/Javkey young Extract of its young shoots is used to
R. Station shoots regulate monthly cycle.
11 Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae 2770 Barrawae Nanoor/ Root & Paste of powder is applied for wounds
Willd. Shalgvatey stem healing (Antiseptic); powders are taken
orally to stimulates sexual desire and treat
dysentery.
12 Berberis Berberidaceae 2900 Batakundi Sumbal/ Root, bark Powder of roots bark is used in fever,
pseudoumbellata Kvarey & fruit backache, jaundice, and UTI. Fruit is
Parker considered as tonic.
13 Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Saxifragaceae 2940 Upper But pewa/ Latex & Latex is applied externally for gum diseases
Sternb. Batakundi Zakhme Rhizome and decoction of rhizome is used in kidney
hayat stones.
14 Bergenia strachyei Saxifragaceae 3190 Such Peak But pewa/ Rhizome, Latex is applied externally for gum diseases;
(Hook. f. & Thoms) Zakhme Latex Decoction of rhizome is used in kidney
Engl hayat stones and for contraction of tissues.
15 Betula utilis D. Don Betulaceae 3250 Such Braj Leaves, Tea made up of young leaves is used as
bark diuretic and joints pain; rarely used for gall
bladder stone.
16 Bistorta affinis (D. Polygonaceae 3350 Lower Anjabar Rhizome Powders prepared from rhizome taken with
Don) Green Batakundi milk in fever, body pains & muscles
contraction.
17 Bistorta amplexicaulis Polygonaceae 2680 Batakundi Masloon Rhizome Powder mixed with little salt is used for sore
(D. Don) R. Station throat, swelling of mouth and tongue.
18 Caltha alba Jack. ex Ranunculaceae 2960 Khora Baringu Roots & Roots infusion is used as mouth wash;
Comb airial parts young shoots and leaves are cooked as
vegetable for and considered as digestive.
19 Capsella bursa-pastoris Brassicaceae 2540 Lower Chambraka Aerial Aerial parts are cooked and used in
(L.) Medic. Batakundi parts, diarrhoea; Seeds powder is taken with water
seeds to cure high blood pressure.
20 Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Pinaceae 2700 Naran Diar/Ranzrra oil Oil are extracted from wood through
ex Lamb.) G. Don burning and used to cure skin disorders.
21 Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae 2460 Naran Sarmay Leaves & Leaves and shoots are cooked and taken to
L. shoots expel worms also to promote evacuation of
bowels and urine.
22 Ranunculaceae 2820 Lalazar Zelae
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Table 2 Plant species with their local names, part used and traditional medicinal uses (Continued)
Clematis montana Flowers & Flowers and fruits powder is taken for
Buch.-Ham. ex DC Fruits treating the diarrhoea & dysentery.
23 Colchicum luteum Colchicaceae 3230 Bans Qaimat- Dried Very small amount of powder is given by
Baker guley/ corms Hakims (specialist people) in local oils as
Suranjane aphrodisiac and in joint pains, spleen & liver
talkh diseases.
24 Convolulus arvensis L. Convolulaceae 2940 Upper Sahar gulay Roots Powder is considered as purgative & used in
Batakundi evacuation of bowels.
25 Corydalis govaniana Fumariaceae 3310 Damdama Desi mamera Whole Juice o the plant is used as diuretic powders
Wall. plant of flowers are used in treating eye diseases.
26 Cotoneaster Rosaceae 2720 Dadar Mamanna/ Leaves Tea prepared from leaves is used to stop
microphyllus Wall. ex Nalah Kharava and bleeding and peep.
Lindl shoots
27 Crataegus oxycantha Rosaceae 2410 Naran Tampasa Fruits and Fruit and flowers are considered as heart
L. flowers tonic.
28 Cypripedium Orchidaceae 3050 Batakundi Shakalkal Rhizome Powders are used by experts relieve spasm
cordigerum D. Don and as nerve stimulant
29 Dactylorhiza hatagirea Orchidaceae 2760 Saifalmaluk Salap Tubers Tubers powders are used by hakims as sex
(D. Don) Soo Nalah stimulant & nerve tonic.
30 Dioscorea deltoidea Dioscoreaceae 2820 Damdama Kirtha Tubers Tubers are crushed to powder form and
Wall. uses as enhancer of excretion and worm
expulsion; Also used in butter as tonic.
31 Dryopteris juxtapostia Pteridaceae 2910 Upper Kwanjay Young Young shoots are cooked as pot herb and
Christ Batakundi shoots considered as digestive that help in
evacuation of bowel more drastically.
32 Ephedra gerardiana Ephedraceae 2570 Batakundi Ephedra Whole Powder of the crushed plant and some time
Wall. ex Stapf R. Station plant its tea is used for TB, asthma, astringent,
relaxation of bronchial muscles.
33 Equisetum arvense L. Equisetaceae 2600 Batakundi Nari/ Aerial Powder prepare from aerial parts are used
R. Station Bandakey parts for bone strengthening, hairs and nail
development and weakness caused by TB.
34 Eremurus himalaicus Asphodelaceae 2700 Barrawae Sheela Young Young shoots are cooked and used as
Baker shoots digestive.
35 Euphorbia wallichii Euphorbiaceae 3250 Such Arghamala/ Latex Latex is extracted and mixed with milk in
Hook. f. Shangla small amount and used against worms, to
accelerate defecation, promotes circulation
and bowel evacuation.
36 Euphrasia himalayica Lamiaceae 3170 Lalazar Whole Local people cook and use it against cold,
Wetts. Plant cough, sore throat
37 Fragaria nubicola Rosaceae 3200 Jalkhad Katalmewa Fruits Juice of it is considered as anti diarrhoeal,
Lindl. ex Lacaita anti dysenteric. Also used in diabetes and
sexual diseases.
38 Fritillaria roylei Hook. f. Liliaceae 2950 Dadar Bulb Powder of the dry bulb or in fresh form
Nalah mixed with butter is used in UTI and to
soften and soothe the skin.
39 Galium aparine L. Rubiaceae 3110 Damdama Goose grass Whole Its decoction is used in urinary tract
plant infection.
40 Gentiana kurro Royle Gentianaceae 3290 Dabukan Linkath Root Powdered root is used in stomach-ache, as
tonic and muscles contraction.
41 Gentiana Gentianaceae 3050 Khora Bhangara Rhizome Powder is used to stimulant appetite.
moorcroftiana (Wall.
ex G. Don) Airy Shaw
42 Gentianodes argentia Gentianaceae 3300 Saifalmaluk Linkathi Root Decoction is used in urinary problems.
Omer, Ali & Qaiser mountain
43 Geranium nepalense Geraniaceae 3000 Lalazar Lijaharri Whole Rhizome’s powder and decoction of aerial
Sweet. plant parts are used for the treatment of renal
infections and as contraction of uterine
muscles.
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Table 2 Plant species with their local names, part used and traditional medicinal uses (Continued)
44 Geranium Geraniaceae 2920 Barrawae Lijaahari/ Rhizome Boiled powder is used in high blood
wallichianum D. Don Ratan jog/ pressure, uterine diseases and stomach
ex. Sweet srazela disorders. Also considered as tonic.
45 Hyoscyamus niger L. Solanaceae 2730 Upper Khurasani Leaves/ Decoction extracted from boiled leaves in
Batakundi ajwain seeds diluted form is used as sedative, and pain
killer. Powders of the seeds are used to treat
whooping cough.
46 Hypericum perforatum Hypericaceae 2540 Naran Balsana/Shin Whole Tea prepared of young shoots is used in
L. chae plnt gastric disorders, respiratory and urinary
difficulties. Roots powders are used in
irregular menstruation.
47 Impatiens bicolor Balsaminaceae 2700 Lower Gule Whole Paste of leaves is used in joint pains. Extract
Royle Batakundi mehendi/ plant of the plant is regarded as cooling agent
Atraangey and in speeding defecation.
48 Indigofera heterantha Papilionaceae 2680 Saifulmaluk Kainthi/ Whole Powder of the root bark and also is used in
Wall. ex Brand Nalah Ghvareja plant hepatitis, whooping cough. Its extract is
used as dye for blackening of hairs.
49 Inula grandiflora Willd. Asteraceae 2870 Upper Kuth Rhizome Both powdered and fresh rhizome is used in
Batakundi gastric disorders, in appetite and as diuretic
50 Iris hookeriana Foster Iridaceae 3340 Besal Gandechar Rhizome Minute amount of powder of dried rhizome
is used as speeding defecation and
urination and in gall bladder diseases.
51 Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae 2450 Akhor/Ghuz Fruits, Nuts are believed to use as brain tonic, bark
bark in toothache.
52 Juniperus communis L. Juniperaceae 3550 Such Gugarr/ Berries Berry powder is considered as enhancer of
Bhentri urination, gas expulsion and stimulant.
53 Juniperus excelsa M. Juniperaceae 3460 Getidas Gugarr Fruits Fruits are used as urinary, venereal, uterine
Bieb and digestive troubles as well as gleets.
54 Leucas cephalotes Papilionaceae 2880 Dabukan Gomma Whole Extraction of the plant is used to dispel
(Roth) Spreng. plant fever and chills and also used in scabies,
cough and cold.
55 Malva neglecta Wall. Malvaceae 2620 Serrian Sonchal/ Whole As a local vegetable believed to relinquish
Panerak plant bowel and treat dilated veins in swollen
anal tissue.
56 Mentha longifolia (L.) Lamiaceae 2480 Upper Safid Podina Whole Fresh leaves and shoots and also its powder
Hudson. Batakundi plant are used in sauces with belief of gas
expeller and anti diarrhoeal.
57 Mentha royleana Lamiaceae 2590 Batakundi Podina Leaves Mixed in green teas and are used in
Benth. R. Station vomiting, as cooling agent and gas expeller.
58 Nepeta laevigata (D. Lamiaceae 2910 Dadar Deijalbhanga/ Whole Powders of the dried plant are used to cure
Don) Hand.-Mazz. Nalah Peesho butay plant cold, fever and headache.
59 Onosma bracteatum Boraginaceae 2710 Jakhad Gowzoban Whole Powders are taken with water as heart
Wall. plant stimulant while decoction is used as anti
dandruff.
60 Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae 2800 Bans Jangali Whole Powder mixed with milk is taken in
majorum plant stomach-ache, antispasmodic. Also taken
with milk as antimicrobial and flavouring
agent.
61 Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. Polygonaceae 2940 Khora Tarwakay Aerial Young leaves and aerial parts are used as
parts source of vitamin C.
62 Oxytropis Papilionaceae 3120 Batakundi Rhizome Rhizome of the plant is traditionally used as
cachemiriana Camb. a tooth brush to prevent toothache.
63 Paeonia emodi Wall. Paeoniaceae 2730 Naran Mamekh Seeds & Paste prepared from seeds is used in
ex Royle tubers rheumatism. Powdered rhizome is mixed
with sweet dishes and used for the
treatment of UTI and backache.
64 Parnassia nubicola Parnassiaceae 3110 Lalazar Whole Whole plant is cooked as a vegetable (pot
Wall. plant herb) and is exercised in digestive disorders.
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Table 2 Plant species with their local names, part used and traditional medicinal uses (Continued)
65 Pimpinella diversifolia Apiaceae 2800 Lower Tarpakhi/ Whole Dried plant is crushed to powdered form
(Wall.) DC Batakundi Watani kaga plant and used for gas and bowel expulsion. Also
used for flavour.
66 Pinus wallichiana Pinaceae 2720 Lower Sraf Resin, Resin is considered as diaphoretic, also
Jackson Batakundi woods applied to the cracked (wounded) heels.
67 Plantago himalaica Plantaginaceae 3230 Barrawae Jabae Leaves Paste prepare from fresh leaves is used in
Pilger skin problems especially soured feet.
68 Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae 2950 Upper Ispeghol/ Leave/ Decoction of boiled leaves is used in
Batakundi Jabae seeds respiratory problems. Seeds are taken with
milk to ease digestion.
69 Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae 3000 Dabukan Ipeghol/ Root, Leaves are cooked and taken orally to cure
Jabae seeds, seasonal fevers. Chopped leaves are used as
leaves poultice to cure wounds. Seeds are
considered as tonic. Root decoction &
infusion is taken as anti dysenteric and
leaves decoction in breathing problems.
70 Podophllum Podophyllaceae 3080 Khora Kakorra/ Rhizome A poisonous plant but expert healers use it
hexandrum Royle Gangorra/ & Fruits in a minute amount in mixture with other
plants. Its fruit is used to ease bowel
movement whilst rhizome is used in the
treatment of cancer.
71 Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonaceae 2940 Damdama Bandakey Whole Aerial parts of the plant are cooked as pot
plant herb and considered as purgative and
emetic
72 Polygonum plebeium Polygonaceae 3440 Such Baramol/ Root Root is boiled and mixed with butter locally
R. Br Noorealam for stimulate mammary glands; It is also
considered to soothes and protects the
alimentary canal.
73 Potentilla anserina L. Rosaceae 2820 Lalazar Spangji Whole Whole plant is used as anti-diarrhoeal and
plant also in intestinal infections
74 Primula denticulata Primulaceae 3220 Serrian Mamera Rhizome Powdered rhizome mixed with honey is
Smith used to cure various eyes disorders.
75 Prunella vulgaris L. Lamiaceae 2910 Upper Ustakhdus Whole Whole plant both in fresh and dry form is
Batakundi plant used to relieve respiratory difficulties, in
treating joint pains and easing gastric
spasm.
76 Prunus cerasoides D. Rosaceae 2670 Such Alubaloo Bark, fruit Decoction of the bark is taken in biting and
Don fruit as nerve tonic
77 Rheum austral D. Don Polygonaceae 3450 Saifalmaluk Chotial Rhizome Leaves and shoots are used as salad for to
& shoots normalize irregular heart beating, respiratory
problems, sore eyes and body strength.
Rhizome is cooked and used as wound
healing agent and to relive urinary tract
disorders.
78 Rhododendron Oleaceae 3610 Lalazar Tazak Tusum/ Leaves Fresh leaves of it are used in spices as
hypenanthum Balf.f peak Gul namer flavouring agent.
79 Ribes alpestre Decne Grassullariaceae 2720 Batakundi Berries Berry fruits are considered as heart tonic.
R. Station
80 Rosa webbiana Wall. Rosaceae 2900 Besal Jangali Gulab Flowerss, Processed flowers (Arq) are used in
ex Royle bark respiratory problems while bark is used in
wounds healing as well as flavour.
81 Rubus sanctus Rosaceae 3000 Khora Alish Whole Fruit is laxative and dysentery; Infusion of
Schreber plant leaves and young shoots is used in
whooping cough.
82 Rumex dentatus L. Polygonaceae 2540 Lalazar Shalkhey Roots & Root powder is considered to overcome
leaves dryness and scaling of the skin.
83 Rumex nepalensis Polygonaceae 2670 Lower Ambavati Roots & Leaves are used as substitute of Rheum
Sprenge Batakundi leaves austral whilst its root is believed to ease
bowel evacuation.
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Table 2 Plant species with their local names, part used and traditional medicinal uses (Continued)
84 Salvia lanata Roxb. Lamiaceae 2870 Such Kiyan Whole Aerial parts are used as vegetable and its
plant root powders are considered to ease bowel
evacuation; also used in cough & cold.
85 Salvia moorcroftiana Lamiaceae 2910 Damdama Kalizarri Leaves, Fresh leaves are put in hot ash for a while
Wallich ex Benth seeds, and then used as poultice for abscesses.
roots Cooked leaves are used in dysentery and
colic.
86 Sambucus weightiana Sambucaceae 2460 Barrawae Mushkiara Whole Decoction and powder is used to relieve
Wall. ex Wight & Arn plant respiratory difficulties and inflammatory skin
conditions.
87 Saussurea albescens Asteraceae 3000 Serrian Kuth Roots Roots are cooked in local butters and used
Hook. f. & Thoms as tonic, also use in treatment of stomach as
well as pain, and skin diseases.
88 Silene vulgaris Garck Caryophyllaceae 2780 Dabukan Barra takla Whole Juice of it is used as digestive, in eye
plant diseases, and is also vaporized to kill or repel
pests.
89 Swertia ciliata (D. Don Gentianaceae 2850 Bans Chirita Whole Powders are used in irregularity or
ex G. Don) B. L. Burtt plant infrequency of passing faeces as well as
stomach burn.
90 Sysimbrium irio L. Brassicaceae 2940 Jalkhad Khubkalan Leaves & Seeds are used in throat & chest infection &
seeds ease breathing; Paste of leaves is applied to
cure sunburn & enhance skin beauty
91 Taraxacum officinale Asteraceae 2720 Naran Hand/Gulsag/ Roots Roots decoction is taken to ease urination
Weber Booda and other kidney disorders whilst powders
boodae are taken as tonic.
92 Thymus linearis Benth. Lamiaceae 3240 Besal Bazori/ Whole Plant is used to make tea, drink, juice to
Sperkae/Ban plant cure stomach & liver complaints; Powder of
ajwain aerial parts is used in cough.
93 Trifolium repens L. Papilionaceae 2610 Dabukan Chapatra Whole Fresh plant is used as worms expulsion
plant (Cattles poison)
94 Trillidium govanianum Trilliaceae 3370 Saifalmaluk Tandhi jarri Roots Powdered plant is used as body and sexual
(Wall. ex D. Don) Lake tonic.
Kunth
95 Tussilago farfara L. Asteraceae 2990 Batakundi Funjiwam Whole Aerial parts are cooked and used in
Hills plant respiratory infections.
96 Ulmus wallichiana Ulmaceae 2580 Damdama Kahey Bark Considered highly medicinal for digestive
Planch. Nalah tract diseases.
97 Valeriana pyrolifolia Valerianaceae 3460 Lalazar Mushkbala/ Rhizome Powdered rhizome is used to treat spasm
Decne Peak Shangeetae and habitual constipation.
98 Verbascum thapsus L. Scrophulariaceae 2980 Naran Kharghvag/ Whole Root’s powder is considered as aphrodisiac;
Jangali plant leaves, paste is used in skin problems; leaves
tamakoo are also smoked to induce sedation by
reducing irritability or excitement.
99 Viburnum cotinifolium Caprifoliaceae 2630 Naran Taliana Fruits Fruits are taken for reducing uterine
D. Don irritability and stopping bleeding usually by
female
100 Viburnum Caprifoliaceae 2680 Naran Guch Fruits Fruits are used to ease gastric spasms and
grandiflorum Wall. ex uterine irritability.
DC.
101 Viola canescens Wall. Violaceae 3020 Jalkhad Gule Whole Young shoots are used to promote
ex Roxb. banafsha plant circulation, dispels fever and chills, relieves
muscle tension whilst decoction & infusion
is used in sore throat.
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Use of plant parts mentioned by the interviewees (%)
Medicinal plants play an important role in the trad-
itional health care systems of this region also. A few of
60.00 the species found in the region, i.e. Dioscorea deltoidea,
50.00
40.00
Podophyllum hexandrum, Berberis pseudoumbellata, Cypri-
30.00 pedium cordigerum and Dactylorhiza hatagirea, are listed
20.00 on the CITES appendix II (the Convention on Inter-
10.00 national Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
0.00
and Flora). One or more of these species were also
Whole plant
Rhizome
Fruits
Root
Leaves
Shoots
Bark
Flowers
Seeds
reported in few other studies from other Himalayan and
the Hindu Kush areas [17,33]. Some other medicinal
Part used species are endemic to the Himalayas and hence should
Figure 3 Parts of plant used for medicinal purposes.
also be given attention in order to ensure sustainable
use e.g., Cedrus deodara and Aesculus indica, whilst
some are rare in the region e.g., Aconitum heterophyl-
number of other studies also [29,30]. Nevertheless, this lum, Aconitum violaceum, Ephedra gerardiana, Hyperi-
study has been able to demonstrate that plants are used cum perforatum, Indigofera heterantha, Paeonia emodi,
to support a wide range of livelihood activities in the and Ulmus wallichiana. In addition to medicinal uses,
study area, and particularly as a source of traditional these species provide other services like timber fuel
medicines. Furthermore, plant biodiversity of the region and grazing etc. Numbers of the remote valleys in the
provide timber, fuel, medicines, food, fodder, grazing Himalayas have not been studied specifically for the eco-
and others services to the indigenous communities. system services and plant medicinal uses though indi-
However extensive uses of natural vegetation in the past genous inhabitants of these areas have a long established
have decreased the provisioning services. Local resi- system of health care and cure with available medicinal
dents especially the older generation prefer to live in the plant resources. The elder people have more accurate
valley because of the existing provisioning ecosystem knowledge about the parts and recipes than the young
services and their traditional ethno-ecological know- which improve the effectiveness of medicinal plants. Simi-
ledge. However, the new generation tend to leave those lar trend was also reported by other ethnobotanists in the
rural spaces in search of education, facilities and easy Southern Ethiopia and Hindu Kush region [34,35]. It is
modern life [31]. important to recognise that unsustainable collection of
medicinal plants is one of the main causes of plant popu-
Medicinal plant resources lation decline. Increasing human population, extensive
The use of plants to cure diseases is as old as human grazing, habitats losses, multipurpose collection and care-
history. Around 20% of the plant species of the world lessness are the other factors. All such ecological as well
are estimated to be used in health care systems [32]. as cultural matters need to be documented and addressed
Percentage of respondents reporting various forms of…
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Mixed with honey & vinegar
Powder or fresh with ghee
Fruit decoction and Arq
Vegetables & pot herb
Vegetables & powders
Rhizome as tooth brush
Powder & decoction
Salad & powder
Fruit powder
Boiled in milk
Boiled leaves
External use
Paste/powder
Decoction
Fresh plant
Massage
Powder
Cooked
Fruit
Juice
Tea
Nuts
Young shoots
Resin paste
Paste
Recipe
Figure 4 Recipes for medicinal plants reported by interviewees (%).
11. Khan et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:4 Page 11 of 13
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Percentage of respondents reporting use of medicinal plants for various health problems
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Antibiotic
Reproductive system
Tonic (Nutritional)
Anticancer
Mouth (Buccal cavity)
Digestive system
Eyes
Urinary system
Skin
Endocrine system
Skeletal system
Respiratory system
General body
Blood Circulatory system
Nervous system
Health problems associated with
Figure 5 Medicinal use categories mentioned by respondents for the treatment of different categories of disease or other ailments.
while designing management, preservation and conserva- indicate probable threats information about their conser-
tion strategies. Results of this paper also demonstrate that vation which also suggests that number of these eco-
most of the plants are either used as a whole or its parts nomically important species can be domesticated and
like roots and rhizomes distinctively which are also alarm- propagated in protected places for marketing purposes.
ing signals against the sustainable use of this highly valued Interestingly, most of the less abundant species and fam-
plant biodiversity. In addition marketing of certain species ilies are utilized frequently by the locals. For example, 31
Percentage of respondents reporting the use of medicinal plants for various diseases
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Respiratory infection
Irregular menstruation
Bladder stone
Diabetes
Heart tonic
Jaundice
Headach
Brain tonic
Leucorrhoea
Scabbies
Laxative
Expectorant
UTI
Gonorrhoea
Stimulant
Spleen & liver diseases
Anti bacterial
Aromatic
Evacuation of bowels
Anthelmentic
Vomiting
Whooping cough
Cooling agent
Carminative
Bronchitis
Renal infection
Haemostatic
Leucoderma
Wounds (Antisepticc)
Dandruff
Fumigant
Rheumatism
Haemorrhoid
Cardial stimulant
Source of vitamin C
Diaphoretic
Toothache
Bleeding of gums and toothache
Antimicrobial
Blackning of hairs
Opthalmia
Gastrointestinal disorders
Emollient
Dysentry
Anti sposmodic
Colic
Sedative
Ulceration
Dyspepsia
Cough
Kidney stone
Cathartic
Haematuria
Uterine sedative
Digestive
Stomachache
Flavouring agent
Appetite
Pulmonary disorders
Sore throat
Cold
Aphrodisiac
Dropsy
Poultice to abscesses
Fever
Backache
Inflamation of mouth and tongue
Hepatitis
Anti cancer
Purgative
Stimulate mammary glands
Hairs and nail development
Bone strengthening
Eyes inflamation
Intestinal infection
Emetic
Asthma
Gall bladder diseases
Relaxation of bronchial muscles
Heart palpitation
Hypertension
Skin disorder
Sunburn & skin beauty
pain killer
Tonic
Nerve tonic
Demulcent
TB
Diuretic
Constipation
Siatica
Mouth wash
Gum disease
Liver complaints
Stomach & liver complaints
Aphrodisiac
Diarohea
Astringent
DSP RSP USP BCSP ReSP SkP GBP Ton MP ESP NSP SSP EP AC AB
Figure 6 Medicinal plant uses for treating different diseases & ailments. DSP = Digestive System’s Problems; RSP = Respiratory System’s
Problems; USP = Urinary System’s Problems; BCSP = Blood Circulatory System’s Problems; ReSP = Reproductive System’s Problems; SkP = Skin
Problems; GBP = General Body Problems; Ton = Tonic; MP = Mouth Problems; ESP = Endocrine System Problems; NSP = Nervous System’s Problem;
SSP = Skeleton System’s problems; EP = Eyes problems; AC = Anti Cancer AB = Antibacterial.
12. Khan et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:4 Page 12 of 13
http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/9/1/4
small families with only 1 or 2 species are all used medi- Competing interests
cinally in the area. These findings not only prove that peo- SMK involved in formulating study design, questionnaire, field work, data
collection and compilation of 1st draft of this paper. SP, HA and DMH
ples utilize the plants according to their traditional planned questionnaire and supervised the project. HS gathered relevant
knowledge and not their abundance but also indicate the literature. ZU identified most of the plant species in the field. MA processed
rarity of such taxa in the near future. and preserved the herbarium specimens. All the authors have read and
approved the final submission of the paper.
Indigenous knowledge as a cultural asset Acknowledgements
Rapid technological and economic development has Inhabitants of the Naran Valley are highly acknowledged for participation in
brought ecological and social changes all over the world. interviews and sharing their ethnomedicinal knowledge.
Cultural changes even take place in remote rural soci- Author details
eties due to their increasing interactions with modern 1
Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan. 2Department
urban cities. Subsequently, knowledge about the use of of Geography, University of Leicester, UK. 3Department of Genetics, Hazara
University Mansehra, Pakistan. 4Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam
plant resources, as well as the plant wealth itself, is de- University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 5Department of Biology, University of
clining in a number of regions [36,37]. The present study Leicester, UK.
also reveals a decrease in indigenous knowledge and
Received: 29 June 2012 Accepted: 7 January 2013
changes in attitudes regarding health-giving flora among Published: 10 January 2013
the younger generation. This phenomenon is confirmed
from the study of [38] on the Pakistani migrants in References
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