In the present investigation, the traditional ethno veterinary knowledge is totally in the custody of elder members of the community. The young ones are unaware about such important practices. Previously no ethno veterinary study has been carried out from this study area. Therefore, present study has been designed to record the ethno botanical uses of indigenous plants Deosai Plateau, Pakistan. Total 59 people of different ages (38 Males and 21 females) were interviewed and information was collected through semi-structured questionnaires. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using Use Value (UVi) formula and Relative Citations Frequency (RFC ). The collected specimens were pressed, dried, preserved, mounted on Herbarium sheets and after confirmed identification were submitted in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan. The present findings revealed that thirteen medicinal plant species were recorded for their ethno veterinary uses. Belonging to nine families out of which 92% are herbs and 8% shrubs. Polygonaceae is the dominant family used in the treatment of different disease (23.07%) followed by lamiaceae and apiaceae. Majority of species were used in treatment of digestive disorder (9.4%), followed by diarrhea (7.5%), abdominal and dysentery (5.6%). Leaves and roots are the most frequently used parts in the treatment of various diseases (29%) each, followed by flower (18%). Medicinal plants most with used values were Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (0.84), Rheum webbianum Royle (0.80) and Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. (0.76) while most relative citations frequency was of Rheum spiciforme Royle (0.35), Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (0.27), Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. (0.27).
The Botanical Survey of India was established in 1890 to survey, document, and conserve India's plant diversity. It has 15 regional centers and units across India and is headquartered in Kolkata. Its objectives include exploring and documenting plant diversity in ecosystems and protected areas, publishing floras, identifying threatened species, and conducting ex-situ conservation. It maintains herbarium collections of over 3 million specimens, some of which are type specimens, and living collections of over 175,000 plant accessions. Recent achievements include discovering new genera, species, and records for India as well as digitizing collections.
Phytochemical Investigation and Characterization on the Stem Bark Extract of ...AI Publications
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the phytochemical composition and characterized compounds from the stem bark extract of Croton macrostachyus. The stem bark was extracted sequentially using n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol. Chromatographic separation of the chloroform extract yielded a compound called EO, which was characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Traditionally, C. macrostachyus has been used to treat various human and veterinary diseases. Further research is still needed to fully isolate and characterize additional compounds from C. macrostachyus using more advanced techniques.
Flora are descriptions of plants within a defined geographic region. They typically include keys for identification and often include range maps. Floras classify plants into groups based on region, period, environment or climate. They present taxonomic data on studied plants like species under genera and genera under families. Floras also provide identification tools, names, descriptions, illustrations and voucher specimens. The document discusses the classification of floras and the data they present. It provides details of the flora of Gujarat, India, which documents over 2,000 plant species across 159 families. Floras are important as the basis for plant identification and for understanding plant distributions that support life.
ABSTRACT- Butea monosperma is a moderate sized deciduous tree, which is widely distributed throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, popularly known as 'dhak' or 'palash', commonly known as ‘Flame of forest’. Bearing many qualities it is rightly selected as the State Flower of Uttar Pradesh as well as Jharkhand. The study was undertaken during January 2015-2017 in Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India. For this study 15 sites were selected in Jhansi area. Observations were done from 6:00 am to 10:00 am and 3:00 pm to 7 pm. Direct observations were made using Bushnell Falcon 10x50 mm Binocular. The study was supported with photographs taken by 7 D Canon SLR Camera. Observations indicated that the bird species were attracted towards the flowers of Palash. The birds were also used the trees of nesting and roosting. A total of 70 bird species belonging to 27 families were associated with Palash either for feeding, nesting or roosting. The maximum species (12) belonged to family Corvidae followed by Sturnidae (6), Columbidae (5), Musciapidae (5) and Sylviindae (5). It was concluded that the State flower of Uttar Pradesh is obligatory for the local bird community. Initiatives have been taken to create awareness amongst the local people with the help of press media. The conservation of the existing plant species and the plantation of more trees particularly in educational institutes are important. Butea monosperma is very dry resistant and helps in controlling soil erosion. Therefore planting and managing the tree will be beneficial for local farmers also.
Key-words- Palash, Bird species, Conservation, Butea monosperma
This document provides information about taxonomic tools of floras. It begins by defining what a flora is - a description of plants found in a particular region. Floras typically include keys for identification and maps showing plant ranges. The document then classifies different types of floras based on their geographic scope, such as local, regional, continental, and special floras. It also discusses the data commonly presented in floras, including taxonomic hierarchies, identification tools, descriptions, illustrations, and voucher specimens. Finally, it provides details about the Flora of Gujarat, India, which documents over 2,000 plant species found in the region.
A Survey on the Pteridophyte Flora of the 18 Selected Sacred Groves in Chalav...IJEABJ
An exploratory survey conducted on Pteridophytic flora in the 18 selected sacred groves of Chalavara Grama panchayath, Ottapalamtaluk, Palakkad district, Kerala lead to the collection of 26 species of pteridophytes coming under 20 genera and 14 families. Among them, 02 families belongs to class Lycopsida, 01 family belongs to class Psilotopsida and remaining belongs to class Polypodiopsida. Out of 26 species 21 species are terrestrial, 3 species are epiphytes and 2 species are aquatic.
ABSTRACT- The diversity, floristic composition of medicinal plants in the two block of Rajouri was studied. A total of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were recorded Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Amerenthaceae, Polygoneaceae,
Fabaceae, Apocynaceae the all were diverse families. The present studied documented to ethanobotanical information of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were collected and identified by their vernacular and scientific name. In which 10
species ware harb, 9 were sharb, and 9 were tree out of 25 species flower of 5 plants species, roots of 4 plants species,
Leaf of 9 plants species ,Fruits of 5 plants species, seed of 3 plants species,stem and bark of 3 plant species,tuber and
aerial portion of 2 plant species respectively. The gujjar and bukkerwal tribes used all 25 species of plants to treat various
diseases.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal plants, Traditional knowledge Gujjar-Bakerwaltribes, Rajouri
A Survey on Ethnoveterinary Medicines used by the Tribal Peoples of Kalasapad...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on the ethnoveterinary medicines used by tribal peoples in the Kalasapadi Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. The study involved interviewing 36 informants to document their traditional knowledge of using 49 plant species from 30 genera and 31 families to treat livestock ailments. Some key findings include: bark being the most commonly used plant part; many preparations combining parts from multiple plants to treat more than one ailment; and some plant species having a high medicinal potential and fidelity level according to informants. The study aims to preserve this indigenous knowledge and resources for future generations while also informing potential pharmacological investigations and new drug developments.
The Botanical Survey of India was established in 1890 to survey, document, and conserve India's plant diversity. It has 15 regional centers and units across India and is headquartered in Kolkata. Its objectives include exploring and documenting plant diversity in ecosystems and protected areas, publishing floras, identifying threatened species, and conducting ex-situ conservation. It maintains herbarium collections of over 3 million specimens, some of which are type specimens, and living collections of over 175,000 plant accessions. Recent achievements include discovering new genera, species, and records for India as well as digitizing collections.
Phytochemical Investigation and Characterization on the Stem Bark Extract of ...AI Publications
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the phytochemical composition and characterized compounds from the stem bark extract of Croton macrostachyus. The stem bark was extracted sequentially using n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol. Chromatographic separation of the chloroform extract yielded a compound called EO, which was characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Traditionally, C. macrostachyus has been used to treat various human and veterinary diseases. Further research is still needed to fully isolate and characterize additional compounds from C. macrostachyus using more advanced techniques.
Flora are descriptions of plants within a defined geographic region. They typically include keys for identification and often include range maps. Floras classify plants into groups based on region, period, environment or climate. They present taxonomic data on studied plants like species under genera and genera under families. Floras also provide identification tools, names, descriptions, illustrations and voucher specimens. The document discusses the classification of floras and the data they present. It provides details of the flora of Gujarat, India, which documents over 2,000 plant species across 159 families. Floras are important as the basis for plant identification and for understanding plant distributions that support life.
ABSTRACT- Butea monosperma is a moderate sized deciduous tree, which is widely distributed throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, popularly known as 'dhak' or 'palash', commonly known as ‘Flame of forest’. Bearing many qualities it is rightly selected as the State Flower of Uttar Pradesh as well as Jharkhand. The study was undertaken during January 2015-2017 in Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India. For this study 15 sites were selected in Jhansi area. Observations were done from 6:00 am to 10:00 am and 3:00 pm to 7 pm. Direct observations were made using Bushnell Falcon 10x50 mm Binocular. The study was supported with photographs taken by 7 D Canon SLR Camera. Observations indicated that the bird species were attracted towards the flowers of Palash. The birds were also used the trees of nesting and roosting. A total of 70 bird species belonging to 27 families were associated with Palash either for feeding, nesting or roosting. The maximum species (12) belonged to family Corvidae followed by Sturnidae (6), Columbidae (5), Musciapidae (5) and Sylviindae (5). It was concluded that the State flower of Uttar Pradesh is obligatory for the local bird community. Initiatives have been taken to create awareness amongst the local people with the help of press media. The conservation of the existing plant species and the plantation of more trees particularly in educational institutes are important. Butea monosperma is very dry resistant and helps in controlling soil erosion. Therefore planting and managing the tree will be beneficial for local farmers also.
Key-words- Palash, Bird species, Conservation, Butea monosperma
This document provides information about taxonomic tools of floras. It begins by defining what a flora is - a description of plants found in a particular region. Floras typically include keys for identification and maps showing plant ranges. The document then classifies different types of floras based on their geographic scope, such as local, regional, continental, and special floras. It also discusses the data commonly presented in floras, including taxonomic hierarchies, identification tools, descriptions, illustrations, and voucher specimens. Finally, it provides details about the Flora of Gujarat, India, which documents over 2,000 plant species found in the region.
A Survey on the Pteridophyte Flora of the 18 Selected Sacred Groves in Chalav...IJEABJ
An exploratory survey conducted on Pteridophytic flora in the 18 selected sacred groves of Chalavara Grama panchayath, Ottapalamtaluk, Palakkad district, Kerala lead to the collection of 26 species of pteridophytes coming under 20 genera and 14 families. Among them, 02 families belongs to class Lycopsida, 01 family belongs to class Psilotopsida and remaining belongs to class Polypodiopsida. Out of 26 species 21 species are terrestrial, 3 species are epiphytes and 2 species are aquatic.
ABSTRACT- The diversity, floristic composition of medicinal plants in the two block of Rajouri was studied. A total of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were recorded Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Amerenthaceae, Polygoneaceae,
Fabaceae, Apocynaceae the all were diverse families. The present studied documented to ethanobotanical information of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were collected and identified by their vernacular and scientific name. In which 10
species ware harb, 9 were sharb, and 9 were tree out of 25 species flower of 5 plants species, roots of 4 plants species,
Leaf of 9 plants species ,Fruits of 5 plants species, seed of 3 plants species,stem and bark of 3 plant species,tuber and
aerial portion of 2 plant species respectively. The gujjar and bukkerwal tribes used all 25 species of plants to treat various
diseases.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal plants, Traditional knowledge Gujjar-Bakerwaltribes, Rajouri
A Survey on Ethnoveterinary Medicines used by the Tribal Peoples of Kalasapad...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on the ethnoveterinary medicines used by tribal peoples in the Kalasapadi Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. The study involved interviewing 36 informants to document their traditional knowledge of using 49 plant species from 30 genera and 31 families to treat livestock ailments. Some key findings include: bark being the most commonly used plant part; many preparations combining parts from multiple plants to treat more than one ailment; and some plant species having a high medicinal potential and fidelity level according to informants. The study aims to preserve this indigenous knowledge and resources for future generations while also informing potential pharmacological investigations and new drug developments.
Biodiversity and Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Traditionally used in Jhunjhu...IJLT EMAS
This document summarizes a study on the biodiversity and ethnobotanical plants traditionally used in Jhunjhunu District, located in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The district has a semi-arid climate and contains the Thar Desert. A literature review found that India contains about 10% of the world's plant species, many of which have medicinal value. The study area of Jhunjhunu contains over 100 plant species adapted to arid conditions. Local inhabitants traditionally use many plant species for medicine. The study aims to document these ethnobotanical plants, their uses, and conservation status, in order to promote sustainable management of plant resources and support from local people.
This document discusses ex situ plant conservation. It begins by outlining the key principles of conservation biology including maintaining biological diversity, ecological integrity, and ecological health. It then defines ex situ conservation as maintaining plant samples outside their natural habitat, such as in seed banks, tissue culture, or botanical gardens. Some techniques of ex situ conservation are discussed, along with advantages like complete protection and increasing genetic diversity, and disadvantages like nutrition issues. Finally, it provides examples of important botanical gardens in India and their roles in taxonomy, research, conservation, education, public services, aesthetics, and employment.
Ex situ and in-situ conservation of medicinal plants with particular referenc...Younis I Munshi
The document discusses ex-situ and in-situ conservation efforts of medicinal plants in Jammu and Kashmir state. It notes the state has diverse climates and over 500 medicinal plant species. Efforts include banning extraction of medicinal plants from forests from 2004-2013, amending laws to allow cultivation, and undertaking cultivation projects of important species. Projects aim to conserve rare species, supplement supplies, generate employment, and improve health. Surveys were conducted to inventory medicinal plant locations and species across the state's forest divisions.
Plant diversity is essential to sustaining life on Earth and provides many resources that humans rely on for subsistence and livelihoods. An estimated 400,000 plant species exist, many of which play important roles in ecosystems by producing oxygen, trapping pollutants, preventing soil erosion, and more. Approximately 20,000 plant species are used for medicinal purposes worldwide, and traditional medicine that incorporates plants is widely used in places like South Asia, where 60-90% of the population receives healthcare through herbal preparations prescribed by traditional practitioners.
The document discusses ex-situ conservation methods which involve protecting organisms outside their natural habitats, such as in zoological gardens, botanical gardens, and gene banks. Zoological gardens house and protect different animal varieties separately and can conserve extinct wild species. Botanical gardens are research centers that safeguard rare and diverse plant species. Gene banks preserve seeds and materials to recreate organisms as needed.
The document discusses the importance of conserving medicinal plants and the strategies used for their conservation. It notes that many medicinal plants are threatened by habitat loss, overharvesting, and other issues. Conservation aims to protect these species and maintain biodiversity for future use. The main conservation strategies are in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats through protected areas like biosphere reserves and national parks, and ex-situ conservation of plants outside their natural habitats in facilities like botanical gardens, field gene banks, and cryobanks. Both approaches aim to preserve genetic diversity and ensure the long-term survival of medicinal plant species.
Plant genetic resources are the raw materials for crop improvement programs. They include native landraces, local selections, elite cultivars, and wild relatives of crop plants. These genetic resources are important for developing new crop varieties with increased production. Their conservation is threatened by genetic erosion, vulnerability, and wipeout due to increasing human population and demands. Various methods are used to conserve plant genetic resources, including in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ conservation protects resources in their natural habitats, while ex situ conservation stores resources outside their natural habitats in gene banks and botanical gardens. Proper conservation of plant genetic resources is vital for fulfilling human needs and supporting crop improvement programs.
A presentation of the head of the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources: Polish Genebank concerning plant genetic resources conservation in Poland.
Louis Verchot, Director of CIFOR’s Forests and Environment Program, outlines the history of CIFOR's work in India and the opportunities the country offers as an entry point into a new research programme for South Asia.
Investigation of traditional medicinal floral knowledge of sarban hills, abbo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The document discusses an investigation of traditional medicinal plant knowledge among local inhabitants in Sarban Hills, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Researchers interviewed 134 local people and documented 74 plant species from 70 genera and 42 families used to treat 56 diseases. Herbaceous plants made up 57% of documented species. The most common plant parts used were leaves (27.9%) and fruits (13.5%). The study identified plants with the highest use values, fidelity levels, and relative frequency citations. Some plants were reported for the first time from the study area or Pakistan for their medicinal uses. The study aims to preserve traditional knowledge and promote further research on plant efficacy and safety.
1) An endangered species is a group of animals, plants, or other organisms that is at high risk of extinction due to factors such as hunting, habitat loss, climate change, and pollution.
2) Many medicinal plants in India have become endangered due to overcollection for domestic and international markets. The IUCN added 44 Indian medicinal plants to its Red List in 2015, with 18 classified as vulnerable, 16 as endangered, and 10 as critically endangered.
3) Key reasons for threats to these medicinal plants include habitat loss and degradation, illegal trade, overexploitation, overgrazing, human settlements, and climate disasters. Conservation efforts are needed like sustainable collection practices, habitat management, and monitoring populations
This document discusses threatened medicinal plant diversity in Gujarat, India. It provides background information on the number of plants identified globally and in India/Gujarat. It then discusses 16 threatened tree species, 8 shrub species, and 12 herb species that are indigenous to Gujarat and widely used for medicine. For each species, it provides the local name, botanical name, family, habitat, parts used, traditional and classical medicinal uses, and examples of classical medicines using that plant. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving these threatened medicinal plant species and their traditional uses in Gujarat.
Nepal has established several ex-situ conservation programs and facilities to protect threatened wildlife species. These include the Central Zoo, Gharial Conservation and Breeding Centre, Elephant Breeding Centre, and Vulture Conservation Centre. The Central Zoo houses over 900 individuals from 127 species. The Gharial Conservation Centre has released over 1,300 gharials into Nepali rivers. Ex-situ conservation also includes botanical gardens, the National Herbarium, plant tissue culture programs, and a National Gene Bank to preserve plant genetic resources. These facilities play an important role in rescuing threatened species, producing animals for reintroduction, and supporting conservation education. However, more efforts are needed to address threats like
CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE UTILITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTSSiddhartha Das
This document discusses the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants. It notes that medicinal plants have been used for centuries as the primary source of healthcare for many populations. However, overharvesting and habitat loss now threaten many species. The document outlines strategies for conserving medicinal plants, including in-situ conservation of natural habitats and ex-situ conservation methods like botanical gardens, seed banks, and tissue culture. Sustainable use is also important and can be achieved by identifying important species, developing cultivation techniques, and reducing wild harvesting. Overall, both conservation of biodiversity and sustainable management practices are needed to ensure medicinal plants remain available for healthcare and livelihoods.
ABSTRACT The documentation of the biodiversity and it is traditional, as well as medicinal uses by the ethnic communities, have assumed priority due to the misuse and rampant loss of biodiversity, the emerging threats of biopiracy and the increasing patent wars on bioresources. Since, the medicinal plants are very important for the production of various drugs because thousands of years ago, these plants are used by our forefathers for the treatment of various diseases. Therefore, now a day, these medicinal plants are used for the production of various drugs as well as to cure various diseases. Though there are a good number of publications on ethnobotany on particular and different tribes but the present studies were carried out to explore the vascular plant diversity and investigate the ethnomedicinal potential and their conservation status in the villages of Guna district, Madhya Pradesh, India. In this research survey, only medicinal plant, their local names and their medicinal uses were interviewed and presented. The information was obtained from local informant i.e. Vaidhays, Hakeems and Ayurvedic Practitioners etc. having knowledge about medicinal plants. The paper deals about some medicinal plants used by the Bheel primitive tribe of Guna district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The paper enumerates 25 medicinal plant species belonging to eighteen families used by Bheel tribes for curing various ailments among human beings and animals.
Key-words: Ethnobotany, Medicinal Plants, Tribes, Ethnomedicinal, Multidisciplinary science
This document discusses plant genetic resources and their management in India. It provides background on the historical aspects of plant genetic resource exploration, collection, and conservation. It describes the gene pool concept and outlines India's plant genetic resource management system. It then summarizes the key activities involved - exploration and collection, conservation methods, evaluation, documentation, distribution, and utilization of plant genetic resources.
Medicinal flora and ethnoecological knowledge in the Naran Valley, Western H...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background
Mountain ecosystems all over the world support a high biological diversity and provide home and services to some 12% of the global human population, who use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilise local natural resources. The Himalayas are the world's youngest, highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. In this remote mountainous region of the Himalaya, people depend upon local plant resources to supply a range of goods and services, including grazing for livestock and medicinal supplies for themselves. Due to their remote location, harsh climate, rough terrain and topography, many areas within this region still remain poorly known for its floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem service.
Methods
The Naran valley in the north-western Pakistan is among such valleys and occupies a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the Western Himalaya range, close to the Hindu Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on climatic and geological divides, which further add to its botanical interest. In the present project 120 informants were interviewed at 12 main localities along the 60 km long valley. This paper focuses on assessment of medicinal plant species valued by local communities using their traditional knowledge.
Results
Results revealed that 101 species belonging to 52 families (51.5% of the total plants) were used for 97 prominent therapeutic purposes. The largest number of ailments cured with medicinal plants were associated with the digestive system (32.76% responses) followed by those associated with the respiratory and urinary systems (13.72% and 9.13% respectively). The ailments associated with the blood circulatory and reproductive systems and the skin were 7.37%, 7.04% and 7.03%, respectively. The results also indicate that whole plants were used in 54% of recipes followed by rhizomes (21%), fruits (9.5%) and roots (5.5%).
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate the range of ecosystem services that are provided by the vegetation and assess how utilisation of plants will impact on future resource sustainability. The study not only contributes to an improved understanding of traditional ethno-ecological knowledge amongst the peoples of the Western Himalaya but also identifies priorities at species and habitat level for local and regional plant conservation strategies.
Keywords: Biodiversity conservation; Ecosystem services; Medicinal plants; Vegetation
Conservation & Sustainable Utility of Medicinal Plants - Dr Akhilraj A RAkhilraj A R
This document summarizes the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants. It discusses how medicinal plants have been used for centuries as the primary healthcare for 80% of developing countries. However, increasing demand and habitat loss have endangered many species. Overharvesting, deforestation, and lack of traditional knowledge threaten medicinal plants. Conservation strategies like protected areas, propagation, and reducing anthropogenic pressures can help sustainably use the estimated 6,000-7,000 medicinal plant species in India. Both in situ and ex situ conservation are needed to protect biodiversity and ensure continued access to medicinal plants.
Ethnobotanical Importance of Some Highly Medicinal plants of District Muzaffa...IOSR Journals
An ethnobotanical exploration was carried out in Muzaffarabad and its adjoining areas including
Jhelum Valley of the District Muzaffarabad during 2010-2011. All the plants with the ethnobotanical
importance were identified and segregated separately. The region is entirely mountainous, having sub-tropical
to dry temperate climate with distinct seasonal variations. This study mainly focused on the information
regarding traditional uses of plants over the years by local inhabitants. The informations were then confirmed
by Hakims and the old people of the areas. During the survey informations were collected from various sites,
i.e. Noon Bagla, Rahim Kot, Danna Kachilee, Kot Terhala, Sanwarrian, Chikar, Chikothi, Kathiee, Qazi Nag,
Rashian, Daokhun, Mojee, Lamnian, Nardaggian, Pandu, Hatian Balla, Ghahi Dopatta, Chinnari, Rabanee,
Bani Hafiz, Domel, Hattian Dopatta, Khanssian, Nandi Ka Sar, Sing Paharee,Nari Bela, Khalla Butt and
Leepa. The plants were used medicinally and for other purposes. The investigations resulted that usually one
plant or a mixture of two or more plant is used. The unplanned exploitation had resulted in the loss of
medicinally important plant species. It was concluded that afforestation programme followed by proper
protection is need of time.
The diversity of wild edible fruit plants and traditional knowledge in west a...Adi Bejo Suwardi
Rural communities in the West Aceh region continue to collect and consume many edible wild fruit plants as a food source. This study was an account of the traditional knowledge and use of wild edible fruit plants by local people in the West Aceh region. The study was conducted in Sungai Mas and Pante Ceureumen, West Aceh Regency, between April and June 2019. Plant specimens have been gathered from the forest, agroforestry and home garden. A total of 100 informants (50 informants at each site) were involved in the survey of Ethnobotanical data. The questionnaires used to investigate the local name of the species, the habitats, the location of the collection, the season of collection, the parts used, the categories of use and the manner of fruit consumption. A total of 44 species of edible fruit plants recorded in West Aceh region, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The Myrtaceae and Malvaceae were the most represented families. Baccaurea motleyana, Durio zibethinus, Garcinia mangostana, Lansium domesticum, Mangifera odorata, and Mangifera foetida were the top six most common wild edible fruits in this region. The local community uses wild edible fruit species for food (44 species), medicine (11 species), construction materials (9 species), furniture (9 species) and firewood. D. zibethinus, M. foetida, M. odorata, M. quadrifida, B. motleyana, L. domesticum, G. xanthochymus, and G. mangostana are also commonly traded in traditional markets.
Diversity of edible and medicinal wild mushrooms of Bilaspur District of Chha...Open Access Research Paper
India is a tropical country with a wide range of climatic conditions; it is a natural habitat for a large range of wild mushrooms. Chhattisgarh, which is the central part of India, has Tropical Forests providing ideal growing conditions for diverse wild mushrooms flora including many edible and therapeutic fungi. The present study explores the biodiversity of naturally growing wild edible and medicinal fungi from the different forest-associated tribal/rural areas in Bilaspur. A total of 15 species of wild edible mushrooms including 8 fungi having therapeutic properties were collected and identified. The identified species were found saprophytic and mycorrhizal. Moreover, the majority of popular edible mushroom species were recorded during either the early or the late rainy season. Therefore, the present study generated a database on mushrooms diversity in the Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh that will help for its sustainable management.
Biodiversity and Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Traditionally used in Jhunjhu...IJLT EMAS
This document summarizes a study on the biodiversity and ethnobotanical plants traditionally used in Jhunjhunu District, located in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The district has a semi-arid climate and contains the Thar Desert. A literature review found that India contains about 10% of the world's plant species, many of which have medicinal value. The study area of Jhunjhunu contains over 100 plant species adapted to arid conditions. Local inhabitants traditionally use many plant species for medicine. The study aims to document these ethnobotanical plants, their uses, and conservation status, in order to promote sustainable management of plant resources and support from local people.
This document discusses ex situ plant conservation. It begins by outlining the key principles of conservation biology including maintaining biological diversity, ecological integrity, and ecological health. It then defines ex situ conservation as maintaining plant samples outside their natural habitat, such as in seed banks, tissue culture, or botanical gardens. Some techniques of ex situ conservation are discussed, along with advantages like complete protection and increasing genetic diversity, and disadvantages like nutrition issues. Finally, it provides examples of important botanical gardens in India and their roles in taxonomy, research, conservation, education, public services, aesthetics, and employment.
Ex situ and in-situ conservation of medicinal plants with particular referenc...Younis I Munshi
The document discusses ex-situ and in-situ conservation efforts of medicinal plants in Jammu and Kashmir state. It notes the state has diverse climates and over 500 medicinal plant species. Efforts include banning extraction of medicinal plants from forests from 2004-2013, amending laws to allow cultivation, and undertaking cultivation projects of important species. Projects aim to conserve rare species, supplement supplies, generate employment, and improve health. Surveys were conducted to inventory medicinal plant locations and species across the state's forest divisions.
Plant diversity is essential to sustaining life on Earth and provides many resources that humans rely on for subsistence and livelihoods. An estimated 400,000 plant species exist, many of which play important roles in ecosystems by producing oxygen, trapping pollutants, preventing soil erosion, and more. Approximately 20,000 plant species are used for medicinal purposes worldwide, and traditional medicine that incorporates plants is widely used in places like South Asia, where 60-90% of the population receives healthcare through herbal preparations prescribed by traditional practitioners.
The document discusses ex-situ conservation methods which involve protecting organisms outside their natural habitats, such as in zoological gardens, botanical gardens, and gene banks. Zoological gardens house and protect different animal varieties separately and can conserve extinct wild species. Botanical gardens are research centers that safeguard rare and diverse plant species. Gene banks preserve seeds and materials to recreate organisms as needed.
The document discusses the importance of conserving medicinal plants and the strategies used for their conservation. It notes that many medicinal plants are threatened by habitat loss, overharvesting, and other issues. Conservation aims to protect these species and maintain biodiversity for future use. The main conservation strategies are in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats through protected areas like biosphere reserves and national parks, and ex-situ conservation of plants outside their natural habitats in facilities like botanical gardens, field gene banks, and cryobanks. Both approaches aim to preserve genetic diversity and ensure the long-term survival of medicinal plant species.
Plant genetic resources are the raw materials for crop improvement programs. They include native landraces, local selections, elite cultivars, and wild relatives of crop plants. These genetic resources are important for developing new crop varieties with increased production. Their conservation is threatened by genetic erosion, vulnerability, and wipeout due to increasing human population and demands. Various methods are used to conserve plant genetic resources, including in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ conservation protects resources in their natural habitats, while ex situ conservation stores resources outside their natural habitats in gene banks and botanical gardens. Proper conservation of plant genetic resources is vital for fulfilling human needs and supporting crop improvement programs.
A presentation of the head of the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources: Polish Genebank concerning plant genetic resources conservation in Poland.
Louis Verchot, Director of CIFOR’s Forests and Environment Program, outlines the history of CIFOR's work in India and the opportunities the country offers as an entry point into a new research programme for South Asia.
Investigation of traditional medicinal floral knowledge of sarban hills, abbo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The document discusses an investigation of traditional medicinal plant knowledge among local inhabitants in Sarban Hills, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Researchers interviewed 134 local people and documented 74 plant species from 70 genera and 42 families used to treat 56 diseases. Herbaceous plants made up 57% of documented species. The most common plant parts used were leaves (27.9%) and fruits (13.5%). The study identified plants with the highest use values, fidelity levels, and relative frequency citations. Some plants were reported for the first time from the study area or Pakistan for their medicinal uses. The study aims to preserve traditional knowledge and promote further research on plant efficacy and safety.
1) An endangered species is a group of animals, plants, or other organisms that is at high risk of extinction due to factors such as hunting, habitat loss, climate change, and pollution.
2) Many medicinal plants in India have become endangered due to overcollection for domestic and international markets. The IUCN added 44 Indian medicinal plants to its Red List in 2015, with 18 classified as vulnerable, 16 as endangered, and 10 as critically endangered.
3) Key reasons for threats to these medicinal plants include habitat loss and degradation, illegal trade, overexploitation, overgrazing, human settlements, and climate disasters. Conservation efforts are needed like sustainable collection practices, habitat management, and monitoring populations
This document discusses threatened medicinal plant diversity in Gujarat, India. It provides background information on the number of plants identified globally and in India/Gujarat. It then discusses 16 threatened tree species, 8 shrub species, and 12 herb species that are indigenous to Gujarat and widely used for medicine. For each species, it provides the local name, botanical name, family, habitat, parts used, traditional and classical medicinal uses, and examples of classical medicines using that plant. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving these threatened medicinal plant species and their traditional uses in Gujarat.
Nepal has established several ex-situ conservation programs and facilities to protect threatened wildlife species. These include the Central Zoo, Gharial Conservation and Breeding Centre, Elephant Breeding Centre, and Vulture Conservation Centre. The Central Zoo houses over 900 individuals from 127 species. The Gharial Conservation Centre has released over 1,300 gharials into Nepali rivers. Ex-situ conservation also includes botanical gardens, the National Herbarium, plant tissue culture programs, and a National Gene Bank to preserve plant genetic resources. These facilities play an important role in rescuing threatened species, producing animals for reintroduction, and supporting conservation education. However, more efforts are needed to address threats like
CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE UTILITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTSSiddhartha Das
This document discusses the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants. It notes that medicinal plants have been used for centuries as the primary source of healthcare for many populations. However, overharvesting and habitat loss now threaten many species. The document outlines strategies for conserving medicinal plants, including in-situ conservation of natural habitats and ex-situ conservation methods like botanical gardens, seed banks, and tissue culture. Sustainable use is also important and can be achieved by identifying important species, developing cultivation techniques, and reducing wild harvesting. Overall, both conservation of biodiversity and sustainable management practices are needed to ensure medicinal plants remain available for healthcare and livelihoods.
ABSTRACT The documentation of the biodiversity and it is traditional, as well as medicinal uses by the ethnic communities, have assumed priority due to the misuse and rampant loss of biodiversity, the emerging threats of biopiracy and the increasing patent wars on bioresources. Since, the medicinal plants are very important for the production of various drugs because thousands of years ago, these plants are used by our forefathers for the treatment of various diseases. Therefore, now a day, these medicinal plants are used for the production of various drugs as well as to cure various diseases. Though there are a good number of publications on ethnobotany on particular and different tribes but the present studies were carried out to explore the vascular plant diversity and investigate the ethnomedicinal potential and their conservation status in the villages of Guna district, Madhya Pradesh, India. In this research survey, only medicinal plant, their local names and their medicinal uses were interviewed and presented. The information was obtained from local informant i.e. Vaidhays, Hakeems and Ayurvedic Practitioners etc. having knowledge about medicinal plants. The paper deals about some medicinal plants used by the Bheel primitive tribe of Guna district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The paper enumerates 25 medicinal plant species belonging to eighteen families used by Bheel tribes for curing various ailments among human beings and animals.
Key-words: Ethnobotany, Medicinal Plants, Tribes, Ethnomedicinal, Multidisciplinary science
This document discusses plant genetic resources and their management in India. It provides background on the historical aspects of plant genetic resource exploration, collection, and conservation. It describes the gene pool concept and outlines India's plant genetic resource management system. It then summarizes the key activities involved - exploration and collection, conservation methods, evaluation, documentation, distribution, and utilization of plant genetic resources.
Medicinal flora and ethnoecological knowledge in the Naran Valley, Western H...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background
Mountain ecosystems all over the world support a high biological diversity and provide home and services to some 12% of the global human population, who use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilise local natural resources. The Himalayas are the world's youngest, highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. In this remote mountainous region of the Himalaya, people depend upon local plant resources to supply a range of goods and services, including grazing for livestock and medicinal supplies for themselves. Due to their remote location, harsh climate, rough terrain and topography, many areas within this region still remain poorly known for its floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem service.
Methods
The Naran valley in the north-western Pakistan is among such valleys and occupies a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the Western Himalaya range, close to the Hindu Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on climatic and geological divides, which further add to its botanical interest. In the present project 120 informants were interviewed at 12 main localities along the 60 km long valley. This paper focuses on assessment of medicinal plant species valued by local communities using their traditional knowledge.
Results
Results revealed that 101 species belonging to 52 families (51.5% of the total plants) were used for 97 prominent therapeutic purposes. The largest number of ailments cured with medicinal plants were associated with the digestive system (32.76% responses) followed by those associated with the respiratory and urinary systems (13.72% and 9.13% respectively). The ailments associated with the blood circulatory and reproductive systems and the skin were 7.37%, 7.04% and 7.03%, respectively. The results also indicate that whole plants were used in 54% of recipes followed by rhizomes (21%), fruits (9.5%) and roots (5.5%).
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate the range of ecosystem services that are provided by the vegetation and assess how utilisation of plants will impact on future resource sustainability. The study not only contributes to an improved understanding of traditional ethno-ecological knowledge amongst the peoples of the Western Himalaya but also identifies priorities at species and habitat level for local and regional plant conservation strategies.
Keywords: Biodiversity conservation; Ecosystem services; Medicinal plants; Vegetation
Conservation & Sustainable Utility of Medicinal Plants - Dr Akhilraj A RAkhilraj A R
This document summarizes the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants. It discusses how medicinal plants have been used for centuries as the primary healthcare for 80% of developing countries. However, increasing demand and habitat loss have endangered many species. Overharvesting, deforestation, and lack of traditional knowledge threaten medicinal plants. Conservation strategies like protected areas, propagation, and reducing anthropogenic pressures can help sustainably use the estimated 6,000-7,000 medicinal plant species in India. Both in situ and ex situ conservation are needed to protect biodiversity and ensure continued access to medicinal plants.
Ethnobotanical Importance of Some Highly Medicinal plants of District Muzaffa...IOSR Journals
An ethnobotanical exploration was carried out in Muzaffarabad and its adjoining areas including
Jhelum Valley of the District Muzaffarabad during 2010-2011. All the plants with the ethnobotanical
importance were identified and segregated separately. The region is entirely mountainous, having sub-tropical
to dry temperate climate with distinct seasonal variations. This study mainly focused on the information
regarding traditional uses of plants over the years by local inhabitants. The informations were then confirmed
by Hakims and the old people of the areas. During the survey informations were collected from various sites,
i.e. Noon Bagla, Rahim Kot, Danna Kachilee, Kot Terhala, Sanwarrian, Chikar, Chikothi, Kathiee, Qazi Nag,
Rashian, Daokhun, Mojee, Lamnian, Nardaggian, Pandu, Hatian Balla, Ghahi Dopatta, Chinnari, Rabanee,
Bani Hafiz, Domel, Hattian Dopatta, Khanssian, Nandi Ka Sar, Sing Paharee,Nari Bela, Khalla Butt and
Leepa. The plants were used medicinally and for other purposes. The investigations resulted that usually one
plant or a mixture of two or more plant is used. The unplanned exploitation had resulted in the loss of
medicinally important plant species. It was concluded that afforestation programme followed by proper
protection is need of time.
The diversity of wild edible fruit plants and traditional knowledge in west a...Adi Bejo Suwardi
Rural communities in the West Aceh region continue to collect and consume many edible wild fruit plants as a food source. This study was an account of the traditional knowledge and use of wild edible fruit plants by local people in the West Aceh region. The study was conducted in Sungai Mas and Pante Ceureumen, West Aceh Regency, between April and June 2019. Plant specimens have been gathered from the forest, agroforestry and home garden. A total of 100 informants (50 informants at each site) were involved in the survey of Ethnobotanical data. The questionnaires used to investigate the local name of the species, the habitats, the location of the collection, the season of collection, the parts used, the categories of use and the manner of fruit consumption. A total of 44 species of edible fruit plants recorded in West Aceh region, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The Myrtaceae and Malvaceae were the most represented families. Baccaurea motleyana, Durio zibethinus, Garcinia mangostana, Lansium domesticum, Mangifera odorata, and Mangifera foetida were the top six most common wild edible fruits in this region. The local community uses wild edible fruit species for food (44 species), medicine (11 species), construction materials (9 species), furniture (9 species) and firewood. D. zibethinus, M. foetida, M. odorata, M. quadrifida, B. motleyana, L. domesticum, G. xanthochymus, and G. mangostana are also commonly traded in traditional markets.
Diversity of edible and medicinal wild mushrooms of Bilaspur District of Chha...Open Access Research Paper
India is a tropical country with a wide range of climatic conditions; it is a natural habitat for a large range of wild mushrooms. Chhattisgarh, which is the central part of India, has Tropical Forests providing ideal growing conditions for diverse wild mushrooms flora including many edible and therapeutic fungi. The present study explores the biodiversity of naturally growing wild edible and medicinal fungi from the different forest-associated tribal/rural areas in Bilaspur. A total of 15 species of wild edible mushrooms including 8 fungi having therapeutic properties were collected and identified. The identified species were found saprophytic and mycorrhizal. Moreover, the majority of popular edible mushroom species were recorded during either the early or the late rainy season. Therefore, the present study generated a database on mushrooms diversity in the Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh that will help for its sustainable management.
Ethnoveterinary medicines used against various livestock disorders in the flo...LucyPi1
This document summarizes an article that examines ethnomedicinal plant species used traditionally by farmers to treat livestock diseases in the Shamozai Valley of Pakistan. The researchers interviewed 140 local residents and identified 41 plant species used to treat various livestock ailments. The most commonly used species were Artemisia scoparia, Berberis lyceum, Bromus japonicus, Avena sativa, and Cannabis sativa. Statistical analysis of the plant uses included calculation of used value, relative frequency citations, consensus index, fidelity level, and informant consensus factor to determine the most important species for different ailments according to local knowledge. The study aims to document this traditional knowledge as it is being
biodiversity of medicinal plants in thudaripettai villageIJEAB
The medicinal plants have received more attention among researchers to treat various diseases and disorders. This study was aimed to record the various medicinal plants present in Thudaripettai Village situated in Tharangambadi Taluk, Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. A total of 60 plant species belonging to 35 families were reported with their medicinal values. These results will provide information about medicinal plants and methods of utilization of these plants to cure various diseases of mankind. Survey of the information of medicinal plants used by the villagers were collected and arranged alphabetically followed by common name, vernacular name, family name, parts of use, methods of uses, medicinal uses and their habit. The information is very much useful for further research which will lead to the discovery of new bioactive compounds from the above medicinal plants.
Unit 1 - Biodiversity & its conservation (BPH 306.3 - BCCH)Dipesh Tikhatri
This document discusses biodiversity in Nepal. It defines biodiversity as the variety of plant and animal life on Earth, and describes it at three levels - species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It then provides details on species richness in Nepal, including over 5,800 flowering plants, 185 mammals, and 874 bird species. Threats to Nepal's biodiversity are also summarized, such as poverty, natural disasters, pollution, overgrazing, invasive species, illegal hunting and trade, and fires. The importance of conserving biodiversity is explained in terms of health/medicine, food security, cultural/aesthetic values, and ecological services.
First floristic exploration of the distric torghar khyber pakhtunkhwa pakistanShujaul Mulk Khan
This document summarizes the results of the first floristic exploration of the District Tor Ghar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 331 vascular plant species belonging to 246 genera and 101 families were recorded. The most species-rich families were Asteraceae (25 species), Leguminosae (24 species), and Poaceae (21 species). This baseline floristic data provides valuable information on the plant diversity of this previously unexplored region and will enable future ecological and conservation studies.
First Report of ethnobotanical studies of tehsil Noorpur Thal, District Khush...IJEABJ
The study is based on gathering of information by interviewing villagers, herbalists, hakims and farmers, following a preset list of questions followed by analysis of the data collected. Plant samples were gathered and their morphological characteristics described. Their various uses including medicinal uses, where reported were gathered. The present work is a significant contribution to the existing knowledge because ethno botany as a interdisciplinary science understanding of local social dynamics, institutions and different values attributed to resources. These values may be symbolic, religious or political for a given society, while same plant resources may represent only an economic value for our social group. Fuel wood needs are also met by collecting dried fodder branches, by products of crops and dried animal dung. It is recommended that botanical ganders of medicinal plants should be established. Data was analyzed at P(0.05 -5%).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Loss of Flora of Ethnobotanical Significance in Indian Thar Desert and its Co...ijtsrd
The Indian desert, the Thar Desert, has its own importance and specific characteristics with respect to endemic and medicinal plants. Forty five plant species are considered to be rare and or endangered. The desert has a large number of plants of economic importance and medicinal use. The Thar Desert is thickly populated in comparison to other hot deserts of the world. 17.44 million people and 23.33 million livestock are recorded from the region. These populations exert pressure on the biological resources of the Thar Desert causing a lack of sustainability and necessitate conservation of biodiversity actions. Naveen Kumar | Dr. J. B. Khan "Loss of Flora of Ethnobotanical Significance in Indian Thar Desert and its Conservation Strategies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49505.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/49505/loss-of-flora-of-ethnobotanical-significance-in-indian-thar-desert-and-its-conservation-strategies/naveen-kumar
Significance of Floral Diversity of Ethnobotanical Importance in Indian Thar ...ijtsrd
The document discusses the floral diversity of ethnobotanical importance found in the Indian Thar Desert. It describes several plant species that grow in the desert, such as Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria, and Capparis zeylanica, which are used for traditional medicine, food, fuel, and other purposes. The document also examines the cultural connections between the local communities and the native plant species as well as efforts to conserve the desert's biodiversity for sustainable use and development.
This document reviews the potential of Moringa oleifera L. as a livestock fodder crop. It discusses how M. oleifera is a drought tolerant species that can grow in diverse soils except those that are waterlogged. The document summarizes that M. oleifera has high nutritional value and good biomass production, which make it a potential nutritional supplement for livestock. It also notes that M. oleifera can be grown as a crop on marginal lands with high temperatures and low water availability, where other crops cannot be cultivated.
Ethnopharmacological survey of Layyah District Punjab, Pakistaniosrjce
Ethnobotanical survey was conducted district Layyah, during 2010. The survey was conducted along
with Chowk Azam road in some of villages including chaks i.e chak no
145.A/T.D.A,146.A/T.D.A,151/T.D.A,128/T.D.A and chak no 120/T.D.A tehsil and district Layyah. From each
village 20 People were selected randomly by lottery method for consultation. For more ethnobotanic
information some traditional healers were interviewed. Present study focused on local inhabitants who use
traditional resources for self-medication with particular reference to ethnopharmacological application of plant
species for diseases and natural cosmetics. The study was carried out by interviewing respondents in remote
sites (lack of health facilities, poverty and extensive use of medicinal plants). In total 100 informants were
interviewed on their management of diseases. The respondents were old age women (10%), men (60%) and
traditional healers (30%) themselves and had knowledge on the medicinal uses of the plants for the said
purpose. To collect data systematically on disease management questionnaires and discussions were applied. A
total of 100 plants have been reported to use traditionally to cure different ailments in district Layyah, Punjab
during survey. About 13 plant species were reported for their use to cure pains in different body ailments.
Among these Eugenia aromatica, Terminalia chebula, Mentha microphylla, Accassia Arabica, Eucalyptus
camaldulences, Foeniculum vulgare, Coriandrum sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Accasia nilotica, Brassica
compestris, Aloe vera, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale constituted the major medications. About 3
plantspecies had been revealed as cure in fever. Melia azedarach Ocimum sanctum, Peucedanum graveolens.
Miscellaneous uses of plants consisted of for treatment of wounds, flue and catarrh, hypertension, piles, general
debility, cough, fever, Diabetes, Haemorrhoid problems and Spermatorrhoea like problems etc. Some of the
reported species are wild and rare, this demands an urgent attention to conserve such vital resources so as to
optimize their use in the primary health care system.
Culture strategies, diseases and their mitigations in mono-sex Nile tilapia f...AbdullaAlAsif1
A survey was carried out to investigate culture strategies, disease patterns and mitigations in mono-sex Nile tilapia in Jessore sadar region. Data obtained by questionnaire interview, individual interview, telephonic interview, PRA method, mono-sex Nile tilapia farm survey from four villages. It was observed that 30.769% farmers and farm owner had no training about culture of mono-sex Nile tilapia while 69.230% farmers and farm owner received short term training from different Department of Fisheries, different NGOs. Mono-sex Nile tilapia culture in ponds was basically a three-tier culture system. Pre-stocking management of ponds in the study area comprised dike repairing, aquatic weed control, waste soil removal and undesirable species (predator and trash fish) control. Majority (85%) of the farm owners and farmers depends on ground water and only (15%) depends on surface water. About 95% of farm of farm owners controlled aquatic weeds manually. Removal of predatory and undesired fish from pond used different types of chemicals but most used rotenone (80%). Fertilizer of pond preparation (Organic and inorganic) in the study area but mostly used cases inorganic fertilizers had applied at the rate of urea 114 kg/ha and triple superphosphate 60 kg/ha in 4-5 installments. Stocking density of mono-sex Nile tilapia was 200-380 fry per decimal. It was recorded that 85% of mono-sex Nile tilapia farmers and farm owner applied supplementary such as commercially manufactured feed and 12% are applied of farm made feed. It was observed,they provided heavy fertilizer, high stocking density, over feed provided, provided over dose drugs so ultimated result of disease occured. Parasitic related disease, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, viral diseases were attacked in mono-sex Nile tilapia. Argulosis and Streptococcus were mostly common disease in this mono-sex Nile tilapia farm.
ABSTRACT- Uttrakhand has tremendous potential for medicinal plants cultivation and in becoming one of the
important options for sustainable livelihood in the Doon valley as well as all hilly regions. Doon-valley, Uttrakhand can
take advantages of increasing demand and low availability of medicinal and aromatic plants resources in the other parts
of the country and start to grow highly valuable medicinal plants in high altitude areas. Medicinal and aromatic plants can
play an important role in the subsistence livelihood enhancement rural people, especially women through an
environmentally sustainable manner while maintaining the biodiversity of these natural products.
Key-words- Endangered plants, Medicinal flora, Indigenous use, Medicinal and aromatic plants
Ethnobotanical documentation of some plants among Igala people of Kogi Statetheijes
This document summarizes an ethnobotanical study conducted among the Igala people of Kogi State, Nigeria. The researchers documented 130 plant species from 53 families that are used for ethnomedicinal and cultural purposes. Some key findings include:
- Many plant species have multiple uses as medicines and for other cultural activities. Leaves are the most commonly used plant part.
- Younger generations have less knowledge about the traditional uses of plants, threatening the loss of important indigenous knowledge.
- Proper documentation is needed to preserve ethnobotanical knowledge and promote conservation of local biodiversity for future generations.
8.Ethno veternary medicines from Local Medicinal Plants of Country A Lecture ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
8.Ethno veternary medicines from Local Medicinal Plants of Country A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan
ABSTRACT- Aritar is hilly area and altitude of the area varies from 800-3000 meter. The region harbor different tribal communities like Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, and Gurung. Due to the diversity of different tribal communities, traditional healers of different groups are found in this area. Medicinal importances of different plants were recorded after conducting interview with traditional healers, old man, women of different tribal communities of the area. The traditional medicinal uses of 50 plants species belonging to 38 families are reported in my study.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal, Aritar, East Sikkim, Traditional healers, Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, Gurung
his guideline should be read in conjunction with other ICH guidelines relevant to the
conduct of clinical trials (e.g., E2A (clinical safety data management), E3 (clinical study
reporting), E7 (geriatric populations), E8 (general considerations for clinical trials), E9
(statistical principles), and E11 (pediatric populations)).
This ICH GCP Guideline Integrated Addendum provides a unified standard for the European
Union, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Switzerland to facilitate the mutual acceptance
of data from clinical trials by the regulatory authorities in these jurisdictions. In the event of
any conflict between the E6(R1) text and the E6(R2) addendum text, the E6(R2) addendum
text should take priority.
Survey on ethno veterinary medicinal plants in selected woredas of east wolle...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on ethno-veterinary medicinal plants used in East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia. 28 plant species belonging to 22 families were documented. Herbs were the most commonly used plant form. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part. Oral administration was the most common method of use. The study identified 16 known livestock diseases treated traditionally. Agricultural expansion and overgrazing were major threats to medicinal plant populations. Traditional knowledge is primarily passed down orally from elders and is at risk of being lost.
Similar to Investigation of traditional veterinary phytomedicines used in deosai plateau, pakistan (20)
Taxonomic investigation of selected rust fungi using scanning.pdfShujaul Mulk Khan
This research article documents the taxonomic investigation of seven rust fungi species in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using scanning electron microscopy. Microscopic examination revealed that the rust fungi belonged to four genera and had various spore shapes and sizes. Scanning electron microscopy was particularly useful in examining spore ornamentation, shape, and features in detail. The identification of these rust fungi species will aid in understanding their impact on agriculture and potential control measures.
Evolvulus nummularius, a member of the Convolvulaceae family native to Mexico and South America, has been discovered for the first time in Pakistan. It was first found in 2016 growing in the Jhok Reserve Forest in Lahore. Since then it has been observed in four additional locations in Lahore. E. nummularius is a perennial herb with prostrate stems that root at the nodes. It has round to obovate leaves and white flowers in the leaf axils. While it has some medicinal and edible uses, it is considered a weed in parts of Asia. This report provides a description of E. nummularius in Pakistan and a key to distinguish it from the only other
Methods of grapes cultivation انگور کی کاشت کے طریقےShujaul Mulk Khan
This presentation explains in a comprehensive way, how to cultivate Table Grapes nursery and establish its gardens. Preparation of demonstration blocks, nurseries, arrangement of training workshops and handing over the mother plants to the local farmers of the selected agencies of Bajaur, Kurram, Orakzai and FR Region of Bannu will be done according to the standard protocols. Keeping in mind the arrangement of the seven pillars of Vision 2025 new opportunities could be created via viticulture development. Horticulture is a fast growing sector with rising exports and increasing demand in domestic and international markets. Pakistani fruits, both fresh and dry, have great potential for exports. So, the present project will also contribute in the vision of 2025 (One nation One vision) not only to help in the development of FATA but also in the development of adjacent region. It will give rise to development of industries related to Grapevines products like raisins, juices, jams etc. that will be source of new jobs and development in the region. For the alleviation of poverty by enhancing the socioeconomic status of FATA people through viticulture development, we will further extend our work via developing a new project to extend our work to the remaining agencies like Khyber, Mohmand and Waziristan etc. The selected potential and successful varieties of grapes will be introduced for nurseries development and handing over to farmers of the FATA region in future as mother plants.
Environmental determinants of plant associations and evaluation of the conser...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
Mazri (nannorrhops ritchiana (griff) aitch.) a remarkable source of manufact...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background: Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae, native to Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. In Pakistan, it is used since long time for various purposes. This species plays a significant cultural and economic role in the daily lives of many rural areas in Pakistan and adjacent countries. However, the handcrafted products made up of this palm are often mainly known by specific local communities rather than by a broader range of people.
Methods: Eighty-six structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted from Mazri growing areas, villages, and markets of urban centers during the fieldwork that was conducted in diverse regions of Pakistan. Interviewees
included 27 Mazri farmers, 17 locals retaining Traditional Knowledge in handcrafting Mazri palm (12 were men and 5 were women), 23 handicrafts experts (21 were men and 2 were women), and 19 sellers. The age of the informants ranged from 14 to 83 years. Study participants shared detailed information about various traditional utilizations of the Mazri palm.
Results: Mature leaves of Mazri palm are used to produce mats, baskets, hand fans, hats, cages, hot pots, salt pots, brooms, etc. in the sudy area. Hot pots, salt pots, mats, baskets, and ropes represent highly used items. The mats are used for various purposes like drying grains, performing prayers, sitting, and sleeping. As a whole, 39 different kinds of handcrafted products from the leaves were found. Our findings revealed also that other parts of the plant, ie. petioles, fruits, and bark, have been used, although more rarely, by the locals. The palm uses differ accordingly to the different cultural areas of Pakisitan, thus demonstrating that local cultural heritage significantly informs
Traditional Knowledge and practices related to the use of Mazri palm. The findings suggest also that this plant represents a crucial resource for the livelihood of the local communities in dry areas of the western borders of Pakistan, starting right from the coastal areas of Baluchistan up to District Bajaur in the North, where other farming activities there are difficult due to drought conditions.
Conclusions: Traditional Knowledge about the sustainable utilization of Mazri palm is eroded in Pakistan among the younger generations due to rapid globalization and industrialization processes and appropriate strategies for
revitalizing this heritage in a sustainable way should be urgently fostered.
Characterization of cobalt oxide and calcium aluminumShujaul Mulk Khan
The Cobalt Oxide and Calcium-Aluminum Oxide nano-catalysts were analyzed using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Preliminary results showed that the particles of Cobalt Oxide exhibit sponge like morphology and homogenous distribution as per confirmation via SEM. Its average particle size ranges to 30.6 nm demonstrating enormous number of pores and aggregative in nature. Its various peaks were ranging
from 19.2 to 65.4 after XRD analysis. The highest intensity was observed at 36.9 position. The energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques were used to calculate the elements present in sample according to their weight and atomic percentage. The
cobalt oxide contain cobalt as the most abundant element with 46.85 wt% and 18.01 atomic percent. It contain oxygen with 30.51 wt% and 43.19 atomic percent. Whereas, SEM of calcium aluminum oxide showed random morphology. According to the calculation of Scherrer equation regarding XRD analysis, it was distributed homogenously with particle size ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Its porous morphology was due to the interconnecting gaps between different particles. It result the eight peaks ranging from 18.1 to 62.7 in XRD spectrum. The highest intensity observed at 35.1 with average crystallite particle size of 25.6 nm. The calcium aluminum oxide contain aluminum 7.45 wt% and 6.93 atomic percent. The calcium was the most abundant element with54.7 wt% and 34.24 atomic percent followed by oxygen with 37.26 wt% and 58.42 atomic percent. It was concluded that the SEM, XRD, and EDX are the most significant techniques to characterize nano-catalysts in particular and other compounds generally.
Phytogeographic classification using multivariate approachShujaul Mulk Khan
Phytogeography is concerned with the past and present distribution of vegetation on the earth surface. The distribution
of plants is neither even nor random on earth surface but follow a definite geographic pattern. The present study was aimed
to find out phytogeographic pattern of plants distribution and subsequent classification of plant species of the Jambil Valley,
District Swat Pakistan using multivariate statistic techniques. Sampling of vegetation was done using quadrats of 1 × 1 m2
for herbs, 5 × 5 m2 for shrubs and 10 × 10 m2 for trees. The data were analyzed by PCORD v. 5 and CANOCO 4.5. The
studies revealed that the vegetation of Jambil valley belongs to eighteen different phytogeographic elements. The highest percentage of elements (19.4%) belongs to Western-Himalayan region, followed by Cosmopolitan (13.9%), Eurasian (10.6%), Irano-turanian (10%), Paleotropical (9.4%), Eastern Asiatic and Mediterranean (6.7% each), Euro-Siberian (5.6%),
Holoarctic (3.9%), Pantropical (3.3%), Sub-cosmopolitan 2.8%), Saharo-Arabian (2.2%), Eastern-Himalayan (1.7%),
Central Asian and Neotropical (1.1% each), Pantemperate, Australian and Sudano-Zambezian (0.6% each). CANOCO correlated phytogeographical data with environmental factors, which showed significant effect of environmental variables on phytogeographical patterns. It is clear from our results that higher pH, electrical conductivity, moderate sand and silt, phosphorous and nitrogen have great impact on distribution of phytogeographical elements. The Western Himalayan elements having narrow geographic range require immediate attention and conservation efforts.
The indispensable bond between mazri palm (nannorrhops ritchiana) and the ind...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Keeping in mind the economic importance of this palm, the Government of Pakistan passed an act on the conservation of Nannorrhops namely “Kohat Mazri Control Act 1953” (http://kp.gov.pk/page/the-kohat -mazri -contr olact-
1953/page-type/rules ) in 1953 where laws and rules were devised for the conservation of Nannorrhops in Pakistan in general and for the Kohat Division in particular (which then
covered the whole southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Regionally, it has been categorized as Endangered (EN) under the IUCN criteria. Murad et al. (2011) reported that in the Hazar
Nao Forest of Malakand Nannorrhops ritchiana is on the verge of extinction due to over exploitation by the local population for commercial purposes.
Pollen morphological variation of berberis l. from pakistan and its systemati...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This research article examines pollen morphological variation in 10 Berberis species from Pakistan using light and scanning electron microscopy. A variety of qualitative and quantitative pollen characteristics were measured, including shape, size, presence/absence of colpi, colpi length and width, exine thickness, ornamentation, aperture type, and polar-equatorial ratio. Results showed variation in all characteristics studied. Five species had pantocolpate pollen while five had spiroaperturate pollen. Pollen size ranged from 29-35 μm to 60-65 μm. Ornamentation included psilate-regulate and foveolate-fossulate. This pollen morphological data provides useful information for taxonomic identification of
A new ethnobiological similarity index for the evaluation of novel use reportsShujaul Mulk Khan
Similarity Indices are widely applied in the field of ecology to measure species diversity as well as to map patterns of conservation and monitor threats to biodiversity. Among the known, Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s indices are the most frequently employed similarity Indices. Here, we propose a new and efficient statistical approach in the field of ethnobiology and validate its efficacy by comparing the results with predefined similarity Indices used in previous studies. The core objective was to propose a new index for quantitative ethnobiological analyses and to find out solutions for sorting the plants having
similar ethnobiological uses in allied, aligned, national and global regions; as the pre-existing indices like Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s indices provides best estimates in the field of ecology but not in ethnobiological studies. In comparative ethnobiological studies, ethnobiologists use conventional ecological tools for evaluation of similarities and dissimilarities. Our proposed similarity index is based on the quantification
of similar uses of common medicinal plants via comparing present study with previously published reports from various areas where, the author(s) have used the Sorensen’s index and/or Jaccard’s index. To assess the significance and validity of this newly developed index, similarities and differences in
ethnomedicinal studies on medicinal plants in different regions were evaluated. Data regarding medicinal plants usage here was compared with 20 previously published studies and then analyzed through preexisting indices as well as Rahman’s index to examine the novelty in the study. Our preliminary results
revealed noteworthy coherence with the existing similarity indices, albeit, the new index was more efficient than the previous. Our comparison revealed, that as far as common vegetation and floral levels are concerned, the existing ecological coefficients of similarity are efficient and precise; but for similarities in the field of medicinal plant studies certain constraints are overcome by the proposed similarity index. Inferences derived from Rahman’s similarity index (RSI) are as reliable as the previously known and well-established similarity indices. Further, RSI specifically targets the ethnobiological similarities, a limitation in Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s indices. Thus, RSI would be a useful tool/index in the assessment of rigorous quantitative ethnobiological data.
The Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) and the National Counter Terrorism Authority of Pakistan (NACTA) signed a letter of intent to collaborate on developing strategies to counter extremism on university campuses. They will conduct joint research on topics related to terrorism and extremism. HEC will provide NACTA online access to research journals on these topics. The collaboration aims to educate students, faculty and the academic community on the dangers of extremism and terrorism and promote the true teachings of Islam.
Hec news and views august 2017- Participation of Pakistani Researchers in the...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Dr. Shujaul Mulk Khan, Assistant Professor of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan and Dr. Zia-ur-Rahman Mashwani, Assistant Professor of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan presented their research papers in the World’s largest botanical event ‘XIX International Botanical Congress (IBC 2017)’ that held at Convention and Exhibition Centre, Schenzhen China http://ibc2017.cn/. This event is organized after an interval of five years over the last two centuries. There were 6856 participants from 110 countries in this congress. Presentations of both the Pakistani speakers were highly appreciated by the participants.
Ecological assessment of plant communities along the edaphic and topographic ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This document summarizes a study that assessed plant communities along edaphic and topographic gradients in Biha Valley, Pakistan. Researchers surveyed the valley and identified 19 distinct vegetation stands. Using line transects and phytosociological methods, they recorded 203 plant species belonging to 154 genera and 70 families. Multivariate analysis identified 7 plant communities and showed species diversity decreased with altitude. Soil organic matter in top layers was important for plant distribution. Increasing soil nutrients and site conditions, and decreasing bulk density, indicated natural habitat restoration following abandonment.
The morpho-agronomic characterization study of Lens culinaris germplasm under...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present research study evaluate and identify the most suitable and high yielding genotypes of Lens culinaris for the salt marsh habitat of Swat in moist temperate sort of agro climatic environment of Pakistan. A total of fourteen genotypes were cultivated and analyzed through Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). These genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1, NARC-11-2, NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. Different parameters i.e., germination rate, flowering, physiological maturity, plant height, biological grain yield, seed weight, pods formation and its height, pods per plants and protein content were focused specially throughout the study. Preliminary the Lentil genotypes have significant variability in all the major morpho-agronomic traits. The days to germination, 50% flowering and 100 seed weight ranged from 7 to 9, 110 to 116 days, and from 5.4 to 7.3 gm respectively. Biological yield and grain yield ranged from 5333 to 9777 kg ha−1 and 1933 to 3655 kg ha−1 respectively. Whereas, protein contents ranged from 23.21% to 28.45%. It was concluded that the genotype AZRC-4 is better varity in terms of grain yield plus in 100 seed weight and moreover, 09506 genotype was significant under salt marsh habitat in early maturing for the Swat Valley, Pakistan.
Eco-floristic studies of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the district...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013–14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529–700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.
Ecological gradient analyses of plant associations in the thandiani forests o...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract: In the summers of 2012 and 2013, vegetation of Thandiani in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan was surveyed and quantified. We took evidence from relationships between 252 species and 11 measured environmental factors as well as changes in the associations’ structure among 50 analysed stations with 1500 m2 plots. We analysed how the plant associations differ and develop under the influence of their respective ecological gradients. Preliminary results showed that the family Pinaceae was the most abundant family with a
family importance value (FIV) of 1892.4, followed by Rosaceae with FIV = 1478.2. Rosaceae, represented by 20 species, was the most dominant family, followed by Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae with 14 and 12 species each, respectively. Analyses via CANOCO software version 4.5 and GEO database demonstrated strong correlations among species distributions and environmental variables, i.e. elevation, topography, and edaphic factors. Our findings show an increase in species diversity and richness from lower elevation (1290 m at sea level (m asl) to higher elevation (2626 m asl). It is evident that aspect, elevation, and soil factors were the decisive variables affecting qualitative and quantitative attributes of vegetation in the study area. The P value ≤ 0.002 confirms a significant impact of abiotic factors that bring variation in vegetation. A 3D view of the study area was generated in ArcScene showing all the five plant associations. Graphs of scatter plot, point profile, and 3D line profile were added to the layout of plant association maps. The habitats of the five association types overlapped broadly but still retained their specific individuality. The execution of GIS framework gave spatial modelling, which ultimately helped in the recognition of indicator species of specific habitat or association type. These findings could further be utilised
in devising the forest policy and conservation management. This study also opens new doors of research in the field of biogeography, systematics, and wildlife.
Plant species and communities assessment in interaction with edaphic and topo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The current analyses of vegetation were aimed to study the different effects of environmental variables on plant species and communities and their combined interactions to these variables, identified threats to local vegetation and suggestion for remedial measures in the Mount Eelum, Swat, Pakistan. For assessment of environmental variability quantitative ecological techniques were used through quadrats having sizes of 2 × 2, 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 m2 for herbs, shrubs and trees respectively. Result of the present study revealed 124 plant species in the study area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the ecological gradient of vegetation. The environmental data and species abundance were used in CANOCO software version 4.5. The presence absence data of plant species were elaborated with Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysis techniques using PC-ORD version 5 to show different species composition that resulted in five plant communities. Findings indicate that elevation, aspect and soil texture are the strongest variables that have significant effect on species composition and distribution of various communities shown with P value 0.0500. It is recommended to protect and use sensibly whole of the Flora normally and rare species particularly in the region.
Weed species composition and distribution pattern in the maize crop under the...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in ordinary environment. In nature there are a total of 8000 weed species out of which 250 are important for agriculture world. The present study was carried out on weed species composition and distribution pattern with special reference to edaphic factor and farming practices in maize crop of District Mardan during the months of August and September, 2014. Quadrates methods were used to assess weed species distribution in relation to edaphic factor and farming practices. Phytosociological attributes such as frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density and Importance Values were measured by placing 9 quadrates (1 × 1 m2) randomly in each field. Initial results showed that the study area has 29 diverse weed species belonging to 27 genera and 15 families distributed in 585 quadrats. Presence and absence data sheet of 29 weed species and 65 fields were analyzed through PC-ORD version 5. Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses initiated four different weed communities with significant indicator species and with respect to underlying environmental variables using data attribute plots. Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) of CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to assess the environmental gradients of weed species. It is concluded that among all the edaphic factors the strongest variables were higher concentration of potassium, organic matter and sandy nature of soil. CCA plots of both weed species and sampled fields based on questionnaire data concluded the farming practices such as application of fertilizers, irrigation and chemical spray were the main factors in determination of weed communities.
Weed species distribution pattern in maize crop of mardan, pakistanShujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in the domesticated crops. Like other crops maize also faces the problem of competition with weeds. Severe loses in yield up to 70% of maize have been reported in small scale farming due to weeds. Composition and abundance of weeds is influenced by a number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in District Mardan, Pakistan. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field.Presence absence data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses via PC-ORD version 5 that resulted in four major weed communities. CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to evaluate the environmental gradients of weeds through Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA). Results showed that among all environmental variables the strongest variables were CaCO3, high phosphorous concentration, and higher electric conductivity.
Ecological assessment of plant communities in the peochar valley of the hindu...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This study quantified the effect of environmental variables on plant species composition in the Peochar Valley, located in the Hindu Raj mountains of the Hindu Kush. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. Quadrat sizes were 10 × 10 m, 2 × 5 m, and 1 m2 for trees, shrubs, and herbs, respectively, determined using the minimal area method. Twenty-seven stations were established along 6 elevation transects on slopes with various aspects. Density, cover, and frequency were recorded for all species in each quadrat. Aspect, elevation, rock types, soil nature, and grazing pressure were also considered as edaphic and topographic variables. Preliminary results showed that the Peochar Valley hosts 120 species. Presence/absence data for these species were analyzed with cluster and 2-way cluster techniques to elaborate species composition in the study area; this resulted in 4 plant communities. Species abundance and environmental data matrices were developed to evaluate the ecological gradient of vegetation through canonical correspondence analysis. Of the environmental variables, elevation, aspect, grazing pressure, soil depth, and rock type showed a significant effect on species composition and diversity. We also identified the dominant and rare plant species in each plant community based on their low importance value indexes. Conservation measures are recommended for all flora of this valley and for rare species in particular.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
2. Global Veterinaria, 15 (4): 381-388, 2015
382
economically important species of wild plants, including community-based approach that serves to improve
Wild Cumin, Thyme, Pine, Angelica, Artemisia, Arnebia, animal health and provide basic veterinary services in
Colchicum, Saussurea, Aconitum, Ferula, Codonopsis, rural areas. In addition to its focus on botanicals, ethno
Valariana, Berberis and hundreds of medicinal plants veterinary medicine covers people’s knowledge, skills,
which are being used for the treatment of various diseases methods, practices and beliefs about the care of their
and for health care [2]. animals. During recent years, there has been wide
Livestock Diversity: The livestock is most important information [11]. Some better work have been made to
earning source of the ruler and mountainous region. document the ethno medicinal knowledge regarding cure
The ruler population of the area is only depending on the of animal diseases in India and other countries by
livestock and their products e.g. milk, meat, wool, egg and McCorkle [12], Pande and Kumar [13], Catley and
fiber. The livestock’s of the area is consisting of goats, Mohammad [14], Goud and Pullaiah [15] and Kohler-
yolk, cattle’s, sheep and horses. Yolk is the well suited Rollefson and Rathore [16] but in Pakistan very less
animal for the higher altitude, which is very common in the attention has been given on documentation of plants
area [3]. Since the kettles are free for grazing in high used as ethno veterinary medicines and there is much
pasture so the cross breeding between yolk and cattle need to document this knowledge. EVM traditional
commonly occurs. The cross breed animal is called zomo knowledge is present mostly in oral form, thus mainly
[4]. World’s major livestock population is found in rural undocumented which might be at risk of disappearing.
communities which have major dependencies on it for Therefore the effort has been made to work on livestock
livelihood [5]. health care management by documenting such important
Ethno Veterinary Medicine (EVM):About 5,700 species
of flowering plants have been reported from Pakistan and MATERIALS AND METHODS
almost 400 of these are endemic species [6] and around
1,000 species of vascular plants are known to occur in Frequent field trips were under taken during 2008 to
northern mountain regions of Pakistan [2]. Most of the 2011 in the early, mid and last summer season of each year
endemic plants are found in the northern and western and collected plant specimens during their specific
mountains of Pakistan [7]. In Pakistan, the field of ethno blooming season. Work plan was prepared and general
botany is virgin and has been introduced recently but in information about the area, vegetation and cultural
recent years a lot of work has been done in this field by practices were collected before starting the field work.
many researchers [8]. Peoples traditional knowledge (TK) The project area was Dass Khirum, Chilim, Chota
pertaining to animal health care and production is known Deosai, Deosai plateau, sardar Kothiof District Astore,
as ethno-veterinary medicine [9]. Ethno veterinary (Gilgit-Baltistan). During the whole period of the Research
medicine (EVM) is the scientific term for traditional animal work ethno botanical information and traditional uses of
health care, provides low-cost alternatives to allopathic plants were documented. The whole information were
drugs. It is as old as the domestication of various collected through interviewing and filling of
livestock animal species. EVM covers people’s questionnaires from local experts both men and women.
knowledge, skills, methods, practices and beliefs about Largely the information was given by local elders who
the care of their animals [10]. Research into ethno were the real custodians and has a lot of information
veterinary medicine is often undertaken as part of a about the plants and their uses.
concern for collecting more ethno botanical
practices.
Fig. 1: Conducting interviews from the local inhabitants of study area.
3. Global Veterinaria, 15 (4): 381-388, 2015
383
Fig. 2: Some important medicinal plants of Deosai Plateau.
(A) Aconitum hetrophylum, (B) Aconite roots being sold in market at Gilgit, (C) Berberis orthobotrys, (D) Dried
bark of B. orthobotrys, (E) Bergenia stracheyi (F) Rhizome and roots of B. stracheyi, (G) Bistorta affinis,
(H) Dried flowers of B. affinis, (I) Ferula narthex, (J) Dried root of F. narthex, (K) Hyocyamus niger, (L) Seeds
of H. niger, (M) Primula rosea, (N) Pleurospermum candollei, (O) Phlomis bracteosa, (P) Lichens used as
substitute of P. bracteosa (Q) Rheum webbiana, (R) Root of R. webbiana, (S) Rheum speciforma, (T) Dried
roots of R. speciforma, (U) Thymus linearis, (V) Dried leaves of T. linearis, (W) Medicinal plants sold in local
market, (X) Traditional healer (Hakim) treating patient by using medicinal plants.
Necessary Equipments: The equipments used during the qualitative data was obtained through
research work were, note book, map, pencils, plants Questionnaires regarding the plant resources and
pressers, blotting papers, polythene bags, knife, GPS and their utilization. The information about the utility of
digital Camera. different plants, quantity of plants used, ratio of
Interviews: The inhabitants of the area were sources, consumption, demand and priority of species
interviewed during the field work (Fig. 1). The were obtained.
consumption, rate of availability, fuel wood and fodder
4. Ui
UVi =
N
∑
FCs
RFCs =
N
Global Veterinaria, 15 (4): 381-388, 2015
384
Fig. 3: Collection of plant specimens from the study area.
Fig. 4: Recording related data in field note book.
Collection of Plant Specimens: The plants specimens
along their photographs have been captured (Fig. 2).
The specimens were properly tagged and field number
was allotted to each specimen. Relevant data was
recorded in field note book. The specimens were put in
field press using blotting papers and newspapers. At
herbarium, specimens were shifted to stationary
herbarium. The blotting papers were changed regularly
tilling specimen drying. The dried specimens were
poisoned using Mercuric Chloride and Copper Sulphate
solution. The specimens then mounted on standard size
herbarium sheets.
Local names and uses of plants were given in the
fields by local experts and the data were also collected
from Hakeems, shepherds, farmers, local herbal
practitioners and forest guards. Photographs of
plants, habitat and other aspects were taken during study
period.
Identification of Plants: The plants specimens were
brought and properly identified with the help of available
literature (Flora of Pakistan, Stewart [2], Ali and Nasir
[17] and Ali and Qaisar [18] at AMHRWO Herbarium.
The identified and unknown plant specimens have been
submitted at Hazara University Herbarium (HUP) for
further identification.
Statistical Analysis: Data were tabulated in Microsoft
Excel spreadsheets and analyzed using 2 quantitative
ethno botanical methods: Relative Frequency Citations
(RFCs and Use Value (Uv).i
Use Value (Uv): The UV was calculated using the formulai i
proposed by Phillips et al. [19]. UV the use value of ai
species for an informant, where U= No. of use reportsi
cited by each informant for a given plant species. N =i
Total No. of informants interviewed for a given plant
species.
To calculate the use value of a species for an informant;
Relative Frequency of Citations (RFC ): Relatives
Frequency of Citations was used to calculate the
traditional value of each species by using the formula [20].
Fc = No. of informants who mentioned the use of thes
species.
N = Total no. of informants of the study. (In this study,
N = 59)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Ethno-veterinary of Deosai Plateau: Total of 59
informants were interviewed, out of which 38 were males
and 21 females. Three of them were above 80 (2 males, 1
female). However 14 informants were of 61 to 80 ages (9
males, 5 females), 24 informants ranged with the age of 41
to 60 out of which 16 were males and 8 females. Rest of
the informants were of 21 to 40 (8 males, 3 females) and
below 21 age (3 males, 4 females) (Table 1). All the
informants were chosen from different fields of life like
farmers, local practitioners / hakims, veterinary doctors,
school teachers and pansaries.
Table 1: Showing knowledge of medicinal plants of different age group
Age group Male Female Total
1 to 20 3 4 7
21 to 40 8 3 11
41 to 60 16 8 24
61 to 80 9 5 14
Above 80 2 1 3
Total 38 21 59
5. Global Veterinaria, 15 (4): 381-388, 2015
385
Fig. 5: Graphical representation of plants growth form of curing various diseases (3spp, 23.07%). However
Deosai. polygonaceae was followed by lamiaceae and apiaceae
Fig. 6: Taxonomic diversity of medicinal plant species of fever, ophthalmic diseases, respiratory problems, skin
Deosai Plateau. diseases and mouth infections were treated by two
A total of 13 medicinal plant species are recorded for treated by single species each (Fig. 7). Leaves and roots
their ethno veterinary uses with folk recipes. Belonging to are the most frequently used parts in the treatment of
nine families out of which 92% are herbs and 8% shrubs various diseases (29%) each, followed by flower (18%),
while not even a single tree is recorded for ethno stem and seed (7%) each, whole plant (4%). While fruit
veterinary use in this study (Fig. 5), it might be due to and rhizome were medicinal plant parts treating less
dominance of herbs and their easy availability resulting number of disease animals and human diseases (Fig. 8).
from ubiquitous growth (Roadsides, gardens, farmland Ijaz et al. [22] also mentioned leaves as the most widely
and in wild habitats) as it is geographic character of used plant part as an ailment for different diseases.
Alpine and Sub-alpines. At the time of surveys, same Detailed description of medicinal plants used in veterinary
reason was also reported by the local inhabitants of these practices in alphabetical manner with vernacular, English
geographic regions about widespread use of herbs. and family names, its occurrence, part used in recipe and
Herbaceous plants can be easily handled in herbal altitudinal is given in Table 2.
preparation methods and extraction of bioactive In this study, the used value of 13 medicinal plants
compounds [21]. Ijaz et al. [22] in Abbotabad and Khan et ranges from 0.37 to 0.84 (Table 3). The medicinal plant
al. [23] in Swat also found herbaceous life form the species with greater use values given in Table 5 were
dominant. Due to high rate of wind velocity and other Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (0.84) ranked 1 ,
edaphic, physiographic and geographic factors in high Rheum webbianum Royle (0.80) 2 and Berberis
altitudinal regions hindered tree growth so less orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. (0.76) 3 , while Primula rosea
percentage of tress are there. As for as field concerning Royle was less used (0.37) by the local inhabitants among
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Bistorta affinis the collected medicinal. Greater used values of these
(D.Don) Greene and Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.f. & mentioned medicinal plants might be due to their
Thomson) Engl. are the most common species of the extensive distribution and local practitioners /
study area. Due to much importance in healthcare these traditional healers awareness which makes those
medicinal plant species are decreasing day by day. Local plants as the first choice for treatment [25]. Khattak et al.
inhabitants are totally unaware about proper collection
method which spontaneously affected the biodiversity.
According to our observations there are no health
services available for the local inhabitants due to which a
big pressure is exerted on the biodiversity which results
in declining of various plant species and they are leading
towards threat. All these recipes are mostly prepared by
local practitioners/ traditional healers and most of them
are illiterate and with no experience as they are leading
their forefathers footsteps.
Polygonaceae is the most dominant family used in
(2 spp, 15.38% each), whereas all the remaining families
are comprised of single species each (Fig. 6). Majority of
species were used in treatment of digestive disorders
(9.4%). In the study of Khattak et al. [24] 46 medicinal
plant species are mentioned out of which 30.43%
medicinal plant species were used to cure the stomach
problems of domestic animals and birds. However
digestive disorder is followed by diarrhea (7.5%),
abdominal and dysentery (5.6%) each, while arthritis,
backache, blood pressure, delivery wounds, diabetes,
species each. The remaining various other diseases were
st
nd
rd
6. Global Veterinaria, 15 (4): 381-388, 2015
386
Fig. 7: No. of medicinal plant species used for treatment of various diseases.
Fig. 8: Plant species parts used for preparation of herbal medicines.
Table 2: List of Medicinal Plants used in Veterinary diseases
Vernacular Altitudinal
Botanical Name name (Shina) English name Family name Habit Occurrence Parts used Range Diseases cured
Aconitum heterophyllum Patris Aconite Ranunculaceae Herb Deosai, Burzil R, Fl 2500-4200m Periodic fever, digestion disorders,
Wall. ex Royle dysentery,abdominaldiseases,diabetes,
anti-dandruff
Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. Ishkeen, Churkee Barberry Berberidaceae Shrub Deosai, Burzil, L, Fr, R 1500-3000m Anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetics,
Chellum Anti-tumor, Injuries, bone fracture,
delivery wounds, ophthalmic disease,
dysentery
Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.f. & Heart-Leaved Deosai plains, Headache, blood pressure, vomiting,
Thomson) Engl. Sanspar Bergenia Saxifragaceae Herb Burzill. R, L 4000-4500 arthritis, backache, delivery wounds,
diarrhea and dysentery
Deosai plain, Diarrhea, backache, skin diseases,
Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene Chomoi Masloon Polygonaceae Herb Burzill. L, Rh 2000-3000m ulcer, rheumatic pains and arthritis
Ferula narthex Boiss. Sup Ferula Apiaceae Herb Chillium R, St 1800-3000 m Respiratorydisease,abdominaldisease,
scorpion sting, mouth infection, nerve
tonic, digestion disorders and blood
pressure
Hyoscyamus niger L. Bazarbung Henbane Solanaceae Herb Deosai, Chillim L, S 3000-4000m Urinary diseases, abdominal disease,
mouth infections, sedative, narcotic
and anti-spasmodic, respiratory
disorders
Primula rosea Royle Meo Prime Rose Primulaceae Herb Deosai Wp 2500-3800m Ophthalmic disease
Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. Cropo Pholmis Lamiaceae Herb Deosai. L, R, Fl 2700-3000m Fever and cough, skin diseases
Pleurospermum candollei Benth. Shoogroon Apiaceae Herb Deosai L, R 2500-3000m Diarrhea
ex C.B.Clarke
Rheum webbianum Royle Chontal Rhubarb Polygonaceae Herb Deosai R, St, Fl 2800-3400m Digestive problem, diarrhea, laxative
Rheum spiciforme Royle Jarochuntal Rhubarb Polygonaceae Herb Deosai R 2500-3000m Digestive disorder, blood purifier and
tonic for live stock
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Shachoor-e-kono Asteraceae Herb Deosai S, L, Fl 500-5000m Milk production
Thymus linearis Benth. Tumuro Wild thyme Lamiaceae Herb Deosai L, Fl 2800-3500m Digestive disorder
Abbreviations for part used: Flower (Fl), Fruit (Fr), Leaves (L), Rhizome (Rh), Root (R), Seed (S), Stem (St) and Whole plant (Wp).
7. Global Veterinaria, 15 (4): 381-388, 2015
387
Fig. 9: Use Value and Relative Frequency Citations of medicinal plants for various diseases cited by the informants of
Deosai.
Table 3: Quantitative analysis of the medicinal plants of Deousai Plateau
Indices Basic values Ranking
------------------------------------ ------------------------ ----------------------
S.No Species Name U N FC UV RFC UV RFCi s i s i s
1 Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle 16 19 16 0.84 0.27 1 2
2 Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. 16 21 16 0.76 0.27 3 2
3 Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.f. & Thomson) Engl.
13 18 13 0.72 0.22 5 4
4 Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene 14 25 14 0.56 0.23 7 3
5 Ferula narthex Boiss. 11 22 11 0.50 0.18 10 6
6 Hyoscyamus niger L. 12 16 12 0.75 0.20 4 5
7 Primula rosea Royle 10 27 10 0.37 0.16 13 7
8 Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. 16 30 16 0.53 0.27 8 2
9 Pleurospermum candollei Benth. ex C. B. Clarke 9 17 9 0.52 0.15 9 8
10 Rheum webbianum Royle 16 20 16 0.80 0.27 2 2
11 Rheum spiciforme Royle 21 31 21 0.67 0.35 6 1
12 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 12 28 12 0.42 0.20 12 5
13 Thymus linearis Benth. 14 33 14 0.42 0.23 11 3
Key: Ui= No. of use reports cited by each informant for a given plant species. N= Total No. of informants interviewed for a given plant species. FC = No.i s
of informants who suggested the use of a plant species for a particular disease I = Total No. of informants who mentioned the same plant for any disease. UV=u i
Used Value index, RFC = Relative Citations frequency.s
[24] reported Olea ferruginea Royle as the most widely frequency (0.15) among the collected medicinal. Signorini
used plant species in traditional veterinary medicines with et al. [26] reported that Asparagus acutifolius was the
a use value 0.81. most used species (RFC = 0.71).
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