The proposal regarding ethnobotanical knowledge in Dailekh, Gurans is prepared. Done by Himani Chand Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

1. INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
IAAS PAKLIHAWA
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
PROPOSAL WRITING ON
SUBMITTED BY:
Himani Chand
BSc.Ag, 5th
Semester
Exam roll No: 369
SUBMITTED TO:
Subodh Khanal
Assistant Professor
Department of Agroecology
IAAS TU

2. RESEARCHER: Himani Chand
Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS)
Tribhuvan University
Contact No: +977- 9810103056, 9840242042
Email: heemanicnd542@gmail.com
MAJOR ADVISOR:
Assistant Professor Subodh Khanal
Department of Agroecology
IAAS Paklihawa, Tribhuvan University
DURATION OF RESEARCH: 6 months
Starts On: On 2022, January
Ends On: Till 2022, July
Location Of Research:
Gurans, Dailekh
Karnali Province
Budget Allocated: 63, 825
DOCUMENTATION OF ETHNOBOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE IN
GURANS, DAILEKH.

3. Acronyms and Abbreviation
Executive Summary
1.Introduction
1.1 Background Study
1.2 Statement of Problems
2.Rationale of Study
3.Objectives
4.Literature Review
5.Methodology
6.Distribution Of Medicinal Plants in Dailekh
7.Expected Output
8.Beneficiaries
9.Limitations
10. Work Plan
11. Financial Summary
12. Risk and Assumptions
13. Reference
Table of Contents

4. KeyWords: Bioprospecting, Medicinal Plants, GI Tag, DMR, SPSS, Patent, Human-
Wildlife
Acronyms and Abbreviation
% - percentage
TEK- Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge
MAPS- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
MPs- Medicinal Plants
GI- Geographical Indication
PPF- Panchase Protected Forest
GoN- Government of Nepal
FGD- Focus Group Discussion
NTFP- Non-Timber Fodder Plants
KII- Key Informant Interview
TK- Traditional Knowledge
NARC- Nepal Agricultural Research Council
ICIMOD- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
MoFE- Ministry of Forest and Environment
MS- Microsoft
SPSS- Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
GDP- Gross Domestic Product

5. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
Karnali province is the largest province in Nepal. No other province in Nepal has topographies as
rugged, exhilarating and diverse as Karnali province. With highly varied physiography, climate
and altitude, Karnali province is home to diverse ecosystems. As a result, it has a unique
assemblage of flora and fauna. Dailekh is located in Province 6 of mid-western region of Nepal. It
borders with Jajarkot to the East, Achham of Seti Zone to the West, Kalikot of Karnali Zone to the
North and Surkhet of Bheri Zone to the South.
Karnali province lags behind in economic indices despite being rich in natural resources.
According to the Human Development Report, the human development index (HDI) of Karnali
province is low at 0.469, far below the national average (0.490) (UNDP, 2019).
The climatic zone of Dailekh is covered by different types of forest; to mention: Chir Pine Forest,
Chir Pine Broadleaved Forest, Hill Sal Forest, Lower Tropical Sal and Mixed Broadleaved Forest.
Dailekh is popular for the production of ginger. In tropical variations of Karnali province i.e.,
Dailekh faced loss of about 100 Km2
due to Human-Wildlife conflict for survival and livelihood.
That has caused huge loss in NTFPs, forest rangeland loss and inhabitations of various medicinal
plants from herbs to trees in Dailekh area. Clusteres inappropriate regulatory control and
inadequate enabling environment are some of the major causes of sustainable NTFPs and MPs
plant cultivation.
Through regular interaction, incorporation of the courses related to their curriculum and
preparation of the sound operational plans can embrace the mentality of protecting the bio
diversities of medicinal plants in the study area. A minimum or threshold level of exploitaing the
medicinal plants for other purposes than phytochemical extraction should be provided through the
implementation and collaboration with the local and governmental bodies in the study area.

6. 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Study
Nepal occupies only 0.1% of the earth surface area, however, it comprises 3.2% of
world’s flora. Nepal is one of the biodiversity-rich countries, stands 25th position
in the world and 10th position in Asia and second position in South Asia (Shrestha
2016), with 30,164 known species—17,097 animals and 13,067 plant species (an
estimated 9,000 species of flowering plants(Kunwar et al., 2013). Due to its unique
topography, Nepal has 18 different ecosystems, where a wide variety of flora and
fauna is present.
Ethnobotany is defined as the study of the relationship between people and plants
and most commonly refers to the study of indigenous uses of plants. The Rig-Veda
written during 4500 BC to 1600 BC is believed to be the oldest repository of human
knowledge about medicinal usages of plants which imparts the understanding on
the utilization of plants for medical purposes since time immemorial (A.G. et al.,
2012). According to WHO, around 21,000 plant species have the potential for being
used as medicinal plants. As per data available over three-quarters of the world
population relies mainly on plants and plant extracts for their health care needs.
The term ethnobotany was coined by John W. Harsberger in 1896. In contrast to an
average of 21–28% ethnobotanically/ethnomedicinally important plants reported
for Nepal, the present study found that up to about 55% of the flora of the study
region had medicinal value(Kunwar & Bussmann, 2008). Traditional systems of
medicine are important health sources spread all over the world, especially in
developing countries. Most interesting ethnobotanical data can be generally
collected in ethnic communities living in rural areas of remote regions, where
Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge (TEK) remains often under documented
without a proper documentation(Ambu et al., 2020).
In Nepal, out of a total of approximately 28 million inhabitants, 80% lives in rural
areas. After the earthquake in April 2015, access to medical care has become even
more problematic and rural areas have been exposed to many epidemic diseases,
especially among children and elderly people. Therefore, people in these areas
depend highly on traditional use of medicinal plants for their primary health care.
This traditional knowledge, passed down orally mainly within families or small
groups of healers, includes folk, shamanistic and Ayurvedic medicine (Ambu et al.,
2020).

7. 1.2 Problem Statement
Today more than half of the population in developing world doesn’t have access to
adequate healthcare services. This may be due to the fact that poor people neither
have access to nor could afford the modern healthcare services. Medicinal plants
provide an innovative and alternative remedy with remarkable opportunities by not
only providing them access and affordable medicine, but they can also generate
income and employment from these resources. Plant products are not only used in
traditional healthcare but also as raw material in the formulation of modern
medicine. Due to increasing demand for medicinal plants and the growth of human
population, a constant pressure is created on existing resources which lead to
continuous depletion and extinction of some of the species in the wild, and on the
other hand, natural wild flora is being lost at an alarming rate.
To conclude, population rise, inadequate supply of drugs, prohibitive cost of
treatments, side effects of several synthetic drugs, lack of institutional and proper
management factors and development of resistance to currently used drugs for
infectious diseases have led to increased emphasis on the use of plant materials as
a source of medicines and their over exploitations with the expectation to use them
for a wide variety of human ailments. National and regional demands for herbal
medicine are accelerating, and globalization of herbal medicine, along with
uncontrolled exploitative practices and lack of concerted conservation efforts, now
threaten the country’s medicinal plants
There is a dire need to investigate the factors which can work as preventive
measures to redress these activities or provide the information about the extent they
are seditious to sustainability of medicinal plants in a particular area. In order to
address a issue of mis-exploitation of the MAPs, Government of Nepal has enlisted
Paris polyphylla as the priority MAPs for the economic development of the country
due to its high market price and demand. But in Panchase Protected Forest (PPF)
its value is not well recognized. Therefore, it is important to work for the
conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal plant resources so as to save
this valuable heritage.
2. RATIONALE OF STUDY
Medicinal plant resources are being harvested in increasing volumes, largely from wild
populations. There is a threshold below which species reproductive capacity becomes
irreversibly reduced so various set of projects and conservation strategies need to be
established. Various sets of recommendations relating to the conservation of medicinal
plants have been developed, such as providing both in situ and ex situ conservation.
Establishment of the in-situ conservation can be done through establishment of
preservation areas and cultivation. Natural reserves and wild nurseries are typical

8. examples to retain the medical efficacy of plants in their natural habitats, while botanic
gardens and seed banks are important paradigms for ex situ conservation and future
replanting.
The protection of geographical indications leads to the overall economic prosperity of
the manufacturers and producers of medicinal plants. Furthermore, the marketing and
promotion of the products with the GI tags can enhance the secondary economic
activities in that specific region, which in turn boosts the regional economic
development.
Patenting the TK regarding processing of the medicinal plants by relating them with
the positive commercial correlation Since market of Ayurvedic medicines have
boomed all across the globe especially in American, European countries, organizations
as well as individuals are not leaving any stone unturned to have some patents related
to medicinal plants of Ayurveda to exploit multiple million benefits from these patents.
Utilizing this upsurge in the medicinal plants, we can set an example for people to try
foe it by creating their own unique methods in the pathway of bioprospecting (i.e.,
extraction, processing, commercialization) that can also be a great source to create
wealth.
Inclusion of the major course related to the protection, extraction and bioprospecting
by contacting the governmental and school leaders in order to increase their interest for
the project study. In addition, short term training, exchange visit sites can be conducted
from the educational institution.
A minimum standard on quality of NTFP should be maintained by standardizing the
practices such as labeling the products, mentioning moisture content, appropriate
packet size, active ingredient percent and so on. To ensure the good quality and the
price of the products, concerned authorities should also provide, forest certificates a
products especially while exporting.
The geographic distribution and biological characteristics of medicinal plants must be
known to guide conservation activities, e.g., to assess whether species conservation
should take place in nature or in a nursery. Nepal’s ethnic diversity is also remarkable
playing an important part of the Nepalese economy, with exports to India, Hong Kong,
Singapore, Japan, as well as France, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the USA,
and Canada; with the potentiality to improve natural resource management, leading to
the conservation of ecosystem and biodiversity of an area (Subedi et al.).

9. 3. OBJECTIVES
The purposed research work aims to meet the following objectives:
• Broad Objectives:
- To explore, document and provide medicinal and economical value to
MAPs in Dailekh.
• Specific Objectives:
- To establish community conservation areas for the conservation of local
and indigenous plants with medicinal values.
- To incorporate GI Tag usage in the medicinal plants cultivation for
economic enhancement and prevent unlegalized MPs plant exploitation.
- To record and enhance socio-economic condition of the respondents.
- To address the black marketing of the valuable MAPs from the locality.
- To provide proper bioprospecting knowledge in order to avoid wastage.
- To showcase DMR value of the medicinal plants found in the village
and awaring them to protect the plants with high medicinal plants and
decreasing their usage for other purposes (like fodder, pasture, etc.).
- Below mentioned measures need to be kept on mind from protection of
MPs:
Recognition of value; Promotion of respect for traditional knowledge
systems; Responsiveness to the actual needs of holders of TK
- To aid in Value addition of medicinal plants in order to increase their
effectiveness and market price.
- To synthesize various tools and techniques through research for the
development of methodology of resource inventory, yield forecasting,
determining sustainable harvesting thresholds and quality of product.
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
Most of the economically valuable MAPs are available in the remotest mountains
where 57% people live below the poverty line. These poor people depend on natural
resources around them for both production and extractive purposes depend on forest
products (both timber and non-timber) for their livelihoods whether it is for their own
use (at home and farm) or for earning cash income. Moreover, the regulatory measures
like ban and restrictions promoted illegal transaction of MPs and made collectors and

10. traders nearly irresponsible towards the conservation. Enterprise-oriented community
forest management can be an effective strategy for managing the forest for a sustained
supply of forest resources including MPs. Moreover, there are new issues or even the
existing issues needs to be designed, enforced, and monitored applying appropriate
tools such as forest certification to bring the positive result in MPs conservation in
Nepal (Subedi et al., 2004). If the medicinal plants of Nepal are to be well protected.
It is important that the elevational range where maximum richness of medicinal plants
is found should be prioritized for conservation activities (Acharya K., Chaudhary, R.
& Vetaas, O.,2009).
First, there is a gradual shift from wild gathering as a production system to cultivation
in Asia; nevertheless, wild collection still accounts for a significant share of medicinal
plants supply. In accordance with a high dependence on wild harvesting, local forest
management systems such as informal rules and management practices are required to
sustainably harvest medicinal plants. Also, we can make good use of communities like
Thami, Dhimal who are dominant in the rural forest areas to conserve and
commercialize the MPs cultivation. This will add value to MP products which will be
beneficial for the economy(Astutik et al., 2019; Bhattarai, 2018).
5. METHODOLOGY
A. Desk Study: Study about the given subject in detail will be done through literature
review and by surfing through the search engines like google. Also study of the various
materials like government published data, newspapers, related bulletins of NGO’s and
INGO’s, textbooks, research journals etc. will be consulted as a part of desk study
during the term of this research.
B. Site Selection:
i. Place: The site selected for this research is Gurans municipality of Dailekh
District. Dailekh District Coordination Committee (DCC) is located in
Province 6 of mid-western region of Nepal. It borders with Jajarkot to the
East, Achham of Seti Zone to the West, Kalikot of Karnali Zone to the North
and Surkhet of Bheri Zone to the South. Dailekh has 4 municipalities and 7
rural municipalities. Dailekh lies mostly in the Mid-Hills and partly in the
Terai.

11. ii. Morphometry:
- The total area of Dailekh is 1,502 km2.
- Latitude: 28° 50' 8.99" N
- Longitude: 81° 42' 16.79" E
- The lowest elevation point is 544 meter and the highest elevation point
is 4,168 meters from mean sea level. Because of the elevation
differences, Dailekh has three different types of climates:
Tropical up to 1,000 m (16% of area), subtropical from 1,000-2,000 m
(69%) and temperate above 2,000 m (15%).
- The annual rainfall is about 1,500 mm and temperatures vary from 4 ºC
to 34 ºC.
iii. Occupation: Subsistence agriculture, mainly small-scale livestock, is the
main source of occupation and livelihood of the majority of the population,
with 79% of the population active in this sector. Due to low level of
agricultural production, the majority of the households face acute food
shortages for a large part of the year.
iv. Population: According to the National Census 2011 projection, the total
population of Dailekh is 261,770 comprising 126,990 female (48%) and
134,780 male (52%) residing in 48,915 households. Dailekh has an average
population density of around 174 people per square km.
- Life expectancy of the people is 58 years.
- The average literacy rate is about 48% (32% female and 65% male are
literate).
v. Abundance of Medicinal Plants in Study Site:
Although the enumeration of flowering plants in Karnali province is very
limited, the province potentially supports 42% of flowering plants reported
in Nepal. This includes Nepal’s 15% endemic flowering plants. Five
endemic flowering plants are named after places of Karnali province:
Pedicularis muguensis [Mugu],
Astragalus jumlaensis [Jumla],
Meconopsis simikotensis [Simikot],
Malaxis dolpensis [Dolpa] and
Prunus jajarkotensis [Jajarkot].
In case of Dailekh, some of the important and majorly studied MPs and
NTFP can be listed as:
Timur- Zanthoxylum armatum

12. Dalchini- Cinamomum tamala
Lautha salla- taxus wallichiana
Padamchal – Rheum australe
Kurilo- Asparagus racemosus
Jatamamshi – Nardostachys grandiflora
Chiraita – Swertia chirayita
Seabuckthron- Hippophae salicifolia
(Source: http://archive.rapnepal.com/profile/69/161)
C. Data of Collection:
i. Type of Data: Data will be collected by 2 approaches
➢ Primary Data: It includes data collected through the field survey and
interview with the local leaders for local information by using semi-
structured questionnaire.
➢ Secondary Data: Necessary secondary data will be collected from
extensive past review using library, NARC research documents. And
other information can also be collected from the journals.
ii. Methods of Data Collection:

13. ➢ Primary Data are collected as per the specific objectives. Few of them
are through:
- Field Visit
- Baseline Study
- FGD Conduction
- KII i.e., interview with local leaders or mukhiyas, baidhyas
- Series of seminars, campaign and pilot projects
➢ Secondary data are collected through different sites like NARC,
ICIMOD, The Department of Plant Resources under the Ministry of
Forest and Environment, GoN; journals, thesis papers, other related
proposals and other related published materials like books, etc.
iii. Data Entry: Data entry will be done through MS-Excel and analysis is done
through SPSS.
6. DISTRIBUTION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN DAILEKH DISTRICT
Altitude
(1000 m)
Common names Scientific Names
Sikakai Acacia rugata
Simal Bombax ceiba
Bet Calamus latifolius
Sugandhakokila Cinnamomum galucescens
Musli Curculigo orchioides
Tendu Diospyros montan
Pangro Entada phaseoloides
Mahuwa Madhuca longifolia
Bilaune Meusa ferrea
Thakal Phoenix humilis
Pipla Piper longum
Kantakari Solanum surattense
Gurjo Tenospora sinensis
(1000- 2000) Amala Phyllanthus emilica
Amriso Thysanolaena mexicana
Bans Bambusa nutans
Barro Terminalia bellirica
Bel Aegle marmelos
Bhorla Bauhinia vahlii
Bisfej Polypodium vulgare

14. Tejpat Cinnamomum tamala
Harro Terminalia chebula
Kachur Curcuma aromatica
Pakhanbed Bergenia ciliata
Punarnawa Boerhaavia diffusa
Ritha Sapindus mukorossi
Sindure Mallotus philippensis
Sal Shorea robusta
Thakal Argemone mexicana
(1000-2000 m) Babiyo Eulaliopsis binata
Bojho Acorus calamus
Chabo Piper mullesua
Gujargano Cissempelos pareira
Jiwanti Ephemerantha macraei
Bhyakur Dioscorea deltoidea
Kurilo Asparagus racemosus
7. EXPECTED OUTPUT
• About 80% of the selected households were awared and working on the
preservation and bioprospecting of the medicinal plants.
• The ethnic knowledge and skills on the use of medicinal plant parts by the
peoples of that area were documented.
• Socio-economic condition of the participants
• Increase understanding in digital tools while teaching them about GI and
digital library of MPs and ayurvedic products that can be manufactured
from it.
• Awareness programs were conducted for the participants to aware them
regarding the medicinal uses of plants.
• Community Conservation Committee with an active and responsible leader
in it for the continuation of the work.
• Local Rules and Laws were formulated as reinforcement for the illegal and
misuse of MAPs.
• Reforestation programs were conducted in order to restore and regenerate
medicinally significant plants.
• Sustainable production and preservation of MAPs in the research conducted
area.

15. 8. BENEFICIARIES:
By this project, many people, agencies as well as whole nation will be benefitted. The
level of beneficiaries can be grouped as:
a) Primary Benficiaries: - Researcher oneself,
: - People of locality
b) Secondary Beneficiaries: - Includes local agencies, Donar agencies, Forest Area
Protection Offices, ICIMOD, DADO, Research Institutes, Ayurvedic
Companies
c) Tertiary Beneficiaries: Ultimately whole district and country will be benefitted
because of high job opportunities and GDP of country can be improved through
export.
9. LIMITATIONS:
Money and Time are the major limitations of the study. While carrying out the projects,
following limitations can be faced:
- Limited Fund available which could get short even before the
completion of project
- Unfavorable climatic or weather. And seasonal bound plants can affect
on very limited exploitation towards MAPs plant available on year-
round.
- Poor infrastructure development e.g., transportation facilities, road, etc.
- Lack of cooperation from the local leaders or participants
- A small area or locality is selected for the project study, not much of
effective influence towards the large district population
- Sometimes may have to face language barrier with rural people
- Lack of precise secondary data and information collection
- Occurrence of natural calamities
- Time frame limitation

16. 10. WORK PLAN
Months
Activities
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Octo Nov Dec
Desk Study × × × ×
Proposal
Writing
× ×
Site Selection × ×
Questionnaire
Preparation
×
Pretesting × ×
House Hold
Survey
× ×
Key Person
Interviewed
×
FGD × ×
Data Entry
and Analysis
× × ×
Report
Preparation
× ×
Report
Submission
× ×
(× - This sign signifies the time when respective activities will be carried out)
11. FINANCIAL SUMMARY
Budget estimation
S.N. ACTIVITIES ESTIMATED AMOUNT (NRs.)
1. Literature Review 3,500
2. Questionnaire Preparation 3,000
3. Survey
a) Field Visit
b) Household Survey, FGD, KII
5,000
7,500
4. Stationary Items (pen, notebook,
pencil)
1,500
5. Travel Allowance 20,000
6. Trainers and Experts 5,000
7. Report Preparation 8,000
8. Data Analysis 2,000
Subtotal 55,500

17. Contingency (5%) 2,775
Overhead (10%) 5,550
Total 63,825
12. RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS:
The possible risk and assumptions are as:
▪ Due to shy personality traits, may have to encounter non-responsive participants
which could cause hinderance in smooth and actual information collection.
▪ The educational status of rural people may create some hinderances in the
understanding of patent and GI processes.
▪ Political instability can be of great hindrance
▪ Deficit budget
▪ Outbreak of epidemics
▪ Unpredictable weather condition
▪ Inactive participation from local people and local leaders

18. REFERENCE:
1. WHO Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2019; WHO: Geneva,
Switzerland, 2019.
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Plant Resources in the Machhapuchchhre Rural Municipality of Kaski District,
Nepal. Medicines 2019, 6, 69.
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Ethnic People in the Kavrepalanchok District, Central Nepal. Plants. 2020; 9(6):759.
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060759
4. Mir T.A., Jan M., Khare R.K., Bhat M.H. (2021) Medicinal Plant Resources: Threat to Its
Biodiversity and Conservation Strategies. In: Aftab T., Hakeem K.R. (eds) Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58975-2_28
5. Kunwar, R. M., Mahat, L., Acharya, R. P., & Bussmann, R. W. (2013). Medicinal plants,
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