Definition:
A median septum or median partition between the two pleural cavities.
It includes all the structures which lie in the intermediate compartments of the thoracic cavity
It is a partition between the right & left pleural sacs. It includes all the structures which lie in the intermediate compartments of the thoracic cavity (all thoracic viscera EXCEPT lungs)
Superior boundary:
Superior thoracic aperture
Inferior boundary:
Diaphragm
Anterior boundary:
Sternum
Posterior boundary:
Bodies of vertebrae T1 to T12
Lateral boundaries:
Mediastinal parietal pleura
(left and right).
The document discusses the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains structures such as the thymus gland, great vessels like the superior vena cava and aorta, and nerves like the vagus nerve. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland in children and structures related to the heart. The middle mediastinum contains the heart enclosed in the pericardium. The posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus and descending aorta along with nerves and lymph nodes. Mediastinitis is an infection of the mediastinum which can
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other structures. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle, and posterior compartments. The superior mediastinum contains the thymus gland, major blood vessels like the aorta and superior vena cava, nerves like the vagus and phrenic nerves, and the esophagus. The middle mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by the pericardium. The anterior and posterior mediastinum contain the esophagus and major blood vessels.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the esophagus. It describes the embryology, extent, parts, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, lymph drainage, and microscopic structure. The esophagus develops from the foregut and functions to transport food from the pharynx to the stomach. It extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage to the cardiac orifice of the stomach. Knowledge of the anatomy is important for understanding diseases that can impair its function.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers organs within. It has parietal and visceral layers. Folds of peritoneum like the mesentery, omenta, and ligaments suspend organs and allow passage of structures. The greater and lesser sacs are potential spaces within the peritoneal cavity. The lesser sac is posterior to the stomach and separated from the greater sac by the epiploic foramen. Folds like the mesentery provide blood supply to the intestines and omenta can seal infections and absorb fluid.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most abdominal organs. It develops from the lateral plate mesoderm and forms folds and ligaments that support the abdominal organs. The peritoneum has a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer covering the abdominal organs and structures formed between layers include mesenteries and ligaments. The peritoneum allows organs to move during respiration and digestion while maintaining their anatomical position through folds, ligaments and pouches.
Anatomy of duodenum, duodenum structure, PPT of duodenum, power point present...drasarma1947
The duodenum is the C-shaped first part of the small intestine. It has four parts and is fixed to the posterior abdominal wall. The first part is the most movable and is a common site for peptic ulcers. It receives bile and pancreatic juices through the major duodenal papilla. The duodenum has circular folds and Brunner's glands in its submucosa. It is supplied by various branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein.
The mediastinum is the central partition that divides the chest cavity into left and right halves. It contains structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and lymph nodes. The mediastinum is further divided into superior, inferior (which includes middle and anterior/posterior divisions), and each section contains different tissues such as arteries, veins, nerves related to the structures in that region. Conditions like mediastinitis or tumors can develop in the mediastinum and cause complications through compression of nearby structures.
The duodenum has 4 parts: superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending. The superior part is the most mobile and begins at the pylorus. The descending part is retroperitoneal and passes behind the head of the pancreas. The horizontal part crosses behind blood vessels. The ascending part meets the jejunum. The duodenum has relationships with nearby organs and vessels. It receives blood supply from the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. The duodenum is susceptible to ulcers and trauma due to its fixed retroperitoneal position.
The document discusses the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains structures such as the thymus gland, great vessels like the superior vena cava and aorta, and nerves like the vagus nerve. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland in children and structures related to the heart. The middle mediastinum contains the heart enclosed in the pericardium. The posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus and descending aorta along with nerves and lymph nodes. Mediastinitis is an infection of the mediastinum which can
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other structures. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle, and posterior compartments. The superior mediastinum contains the thymus gland, major blood vessels like the aorta and superior vena cava, nerves like the vagus and phrenic nerves, and the esophagus. The middle mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by the pericardium. The anterior and posterior mediastinum contain the esophagus and major blood vessels.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the esophagus. It describes the embryology, extent, parts, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, lymph drainage, and microscopic structure. The esophagus develops from the foregut and functions to transport food from the pharynx to the stomach. It extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage to the cardiac orifice of the stomach. Knowledge of the anatomy is important for understanding diseases that can impair its function.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers organs within. It has parietal and visceral layers. Folds of peritoneum like the mesentery, omenta, and ligaments suspend organs and allow passage of structures. The greater and lesser sacs are potential spaces within the peritoneal cavity. The lesser sac is posterior to the stomach and separated from the greater sac by the epiploic foramen. Folds like the mesentery provide blood supply to the intestines and omenta can seal infections and absorb fluid.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most abdominal organs. It develops from the lateral plate mesoderm and forms folds and ligaments that support the abdominal organs. The peritoneum has a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer covering the abdominal organs and structures formed between layers include mesenteries and ligaments. The peritoneum allows organs to move during respiration and digestion while maintaining their anatomical position through folds, ligaments and pouches.
Anatomy of duodenum, duodenum structure, PPT of duodenum, power point present...drasarma1947
The duodenum is the C-shaped first part of the small intestine. It has four parts and is fixed to the posterior abdominal wall. The first part is the most movable and is a common site for peptic ulcers. It receives bile and pancreatic juices through the major duodenal papilla. The duodenum has circular folds and Brunner's glands in its submucosa. It is supplied by various branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein.
The mediastinum is the central partition that divides the chest cavity into left and right halves. It contains structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and lymph nodes. The mediastinum is further divided into superior, inferior (which includes middle and anterior/posterior divisions), and each section contains different tissues such as arteries, veins, nerves related to the structures in that region. Conditions like mediastinitis or tumors can develop in the mediastinum and cause complications through compression of nearby structures.
The duodenum has 4 parts: superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending. The superior part is the most mobile and begins at the pylorus. The descending part is retroperitoneal and passes behind the head of the pancreas. The horizontal part crosses behind blood vessels. The ascending part meets the jejunum. The duodenum has relationships with nearby organs and vessels. It receives blood supply from the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. The duodenum is susceptible to ulcers and trauma due to its fixed retroperitoneal position.
The inguinal canal is a passage through the lower anterior abdominal wall that allows structures like the spermatic cord in males and round ligament of the uterus in females to pass between the abdomen and the external genitalia. It extends from the deep inguinal ring superiorly to the superficial inguinal ring inferiorly. The walls of the canal are formed by layers of abdominal muscles and fascia, with the anterior wall weaker near the superficial ring and posterior wall weaker at the deep ring, creating risks for the development of inguinal hernias.
This document discusses the normal anatomy and development of the superior and inferior vena cavae as well as common congenital anomalies that can occur. It begins with a description of the typical anatomy of the superior and inferior vena cavae and their tributaries. It then explains the embryonic development of the major veins, including how the cardinal veins form and remodel into the adult venous structures. Finally, it outlines several important congenital anomalies including bilateral superior vena cavae, left-sided superior vena cava, retroaortic innominate vein, left inferior vena cava, azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava, and circumcaval anomalies. Recognition of these anomalies is important to
Arterial supply of the Abdomen : Abdominal AortaBitew Mekonnen
The document discusses the arterial supply of the gastrointestinal tract. It divides the tract into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut, and summarizes the primary arterial branch supplying each segment. The foregut is supplied by the celiac trunk, the midgut by the superior mesenteric artery, and the hindgut by the inferior mesenteric artery. It also provides details on the branching patterns and territories of the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and related vessels.
The document summarizes the branches of the abdominal aorta. It describes the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery as the three anterior branches that arise from the abdominal aorta and supply the gastrointestinal viscera. The celiac trunk divides into the left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery. The superior mesenteric artery has five branches including the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and jejunal/ileal arteries. The inferior mesenteric artery has three branches including the left colic artery and sigmoid arteries.
The document discusses the fascial spaces of the palm and dorsum of the hand. It describes the midpalmar space, thenar space, and pulp space on the palm, and the dorsal subcutaneous space and dorsal subaponeurotic space on the dorsum. It outlines the boundaries and contents of each space and their clinical significance. The spaces are important for surgeons to understand to avoid injury during procedures.
The ischioanal fossa is a wedge-shaped, fat-filled space located lateral to the anal canal below the pelvic diaphragm. It has boundaries formed by fascia covering nearby muscles. Within the fossa are the perianal space and ischioanal space, separated by the perianal fascia. The ischioanal space contains large fat deposits and structures like the pudendal canal, which contains the pudendal nerve and vessels. Infection of the fat deposits can lead to a painful ischioanal abscess.
The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes the boundaries and contents of the superficial and deep perineal pouches located in the urogenital triangle of the perineum. Key structures discussed include the superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles, sphincter urethrae muscle, bulbourethral glands, internal pudendal artery and related muscles and nerves.
The document describes the anatomy of the posterior abdominal wall. It contains the following key points:
1) The posterior abdominal wall is formed by muscles, fascia, and bones between the rib cage and pelvic brim. It forms the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity.
2) Major muscles include the psoas major, which flexes the hip and spine, and quadratus lumborum, which fixes the 12th rib and lumbar vertebrae.
3) Fascia include the psoas fascia, iliac fascia, and lumbar part of the thoracolumbar fascia.
4) Retroperitoneal structures in the posterior wall include the duod
The document summarizes key anatomical structures related to the dura mater and cavernous sinus. It describes the layers of the meninges and identifies four dural folds - the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sella. It also details the location, relations, tributaries, and communications of the cavernous sinus.
The subclavian arteries arise from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and the aortic arch on the left. They arch laterally over the pleura and divide into branches before becoming the axillary arteries. The branches of the subclavian arteries include the vertebral, internal thoracic, and thyrocervical trunk arteries. The thyrocervical trunk further divides into the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and superficial cervical arteries.
Based on the information provided, this patient presented with signs and symptoms consistent with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the left lower extremity, which was subsequently confirmed on ultrasound showing no flow in the left femoral vein. Her risk factors included advanced pregnancy and possible hypercoagulable state. Further treatment would involve anticoagulation to prevent pulmonary embolism.
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thorax located between the two lungs. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus and other structures. On a chest x-ray, the subdivisions of the mediastinum are visible with the cardiac shadow marking the middle mediastinum. Conditions like mediastinitis, widening of the mediastinum and mediastinal shift can occur when the mediastinum is affected.
The arterial supply to the upper limb is delivered via five main vessels (proximal to distal):
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the arteries of the upper limb – their anatomical course, branches and clinical correlations.
The azygos system of veins includes the azygos vein on the right side and the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins on the left side. These veins connect the inferior and superior vena cava, providing an important pathway for venous drainage from the thorax. The azygos vein receives tributaries from the posterior intercostal veins and lumbar veins before draining into the superior vena cava. The hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins mirror the azygos vein on the left side, joining together before terminating in the azygos vein. This system plays a key role in venous return when the superior vena cava is obstructed.
The document discusses the planes, divisions, and structures of the abdomen. It describes how the abdomen is divided into nine quadrants by two horizontal planes (transpyloric and transtubercular) and two vertical planes. Each quadrant contains specific organs and structures. The key structures arranged in the abdomen include the skeleton, muscles of the posterior abdominal wall, blood vessels such as the aorta and IVC, nerves like the femoral nerve, and organs like the liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys and pancreas.
The arch of the aorta begins at the level of the sternal angle and arches over the root of the left lung in the superior mediastinum. It begins as the continuation of the ascending aorta and passes up, back, and left before turning backwards and downwards to become the descending aorta at the level of T4. It has anterior relations to the left lung and pleura and posterior relations to the trachea, esophagus, and thoracic duct. Its branches include the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
This document outlines learning objectives for understanding the thoracic cage and diaphragm. The key points are:
- Describe the boundaries of the thoracic cage, openings of the thorax, and components of the diaphragm including its origin, direction of fibers, blood supply and nerve supply.
- List the structures that pass through openings in the thorax and diaphragm.
- Explain the functions of the diaphragm in respiration and other acts.
- Enumerate conditions related to damage of the phrenic nerve including diaphragmatic paralysis and hernias.
The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular sac located in the pelvis that acts as a reservoir for urine. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits through the urethra. The bladder has a superior surface covered by peritoneum and inferior surfaces that are not. As it fills, the bladder rises from the pelvis into the lower abdomen. The trigone is a triangular area where the ureters enter the bladder and is innervated to signal the need to void. The detrusor muscle surrounds the bladder wall and contracts to empty urine during urination.
The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the confluence of the internal jugular and subclavian veins behind the sternoclavicular joints. There are two brachiocephalic veins - the right brachiocephalic vein is short and runs vertically downwards, while the left brachiocephalic vein is longer and runs obliquely across the superior mediastinum. The brachiocephalic veins unite to form the superior vena cava and receive various tributaries corresponding to branches of the nearby arteries. Abnormalities in the brachiocephalic veins have been associated with apnea in infants.
The document provides detailed information about the posterior abdominal wall, diaphragm, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, and lumber plexus as presented by Dr. Mohamed Elfiky. It describes the origin, insertion, course, branches, and relations of these structures. Key points include that the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is innervated by the phrenic nerves. The abdominal aorta descends in front of the lumbar vertebrae and gives off various branches. The IVC forms from the common iliac veins and pierces the diaphragm to drain into the right atrium. The lumbar plexus emerges from the psoas major
The document defines and describes the divisions and contents of the mediastinum. It is divided into superior, inferior, and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains structures like the trachea, esophagus, great vessels, and nerves. The inferior mediastinum is further divided into anterior, middle, and posterior compartments containing the heart and major vessels. The posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus, thoracic duct and descending aorta. Veins, arteries and nerves are also described according to their course and relations in the mediastinum.
The mediastinum is the space within the thoracic cavity between the lungs, containing various structures. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains the trachea, esophagus, great vessels and nerves. The anterior mediastinum contains the sternum and thymus gland. The middle mediastinum contains the heart within the pericardium. The posterior mediastinum contains the descending aorta, esophagus and thoracic duct. Loose connective tissue allows compression of mediastinal structures, which can cause symptoms like obstruction of the superior vena cava or pressure on nerves.
The inguinal canal is a passage through the lower anterior abdominal wall that allows structures like the spermatic cord in males and round ligament of the uterus in females to pass between the abdomen and the external genitalia. It extends from the deep inguinal ring superiorly to the superficial inguinal ring inferiorly. The walls of the canal are formed by layers of abdominal muscles and fascia, with the anterior wall weaker near the superficial ring and posterior wall weaker at the deep ring, creating risks for the development of inguinal hernias.
This document discusses the normal anatomy and development of the superior and inferior vena cavae as well as common congenital anomalies that can occur. It begins with a description of the typical anatomy of the superior and inferior vena cavae and their tributaries. It then explains the embryonic development of the major veins, including how the cardinal veins form and remodel into the adult venous structures. Finally, it outlines several important congenital anomalies including bilateral superior vena cavae, left-sided superior vena cava, retroaortic innominate vein, left inferior vena cava, azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava, and circumcaval anomalies. Recognition of these anomalies is important to
Arterial supply of the Abdomen : Abdominal AortaBitew Mekonnen
The document discusses the arterial supply of the gastrointestinal tract. It divides the tract into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut, and summarizes the primary arterial branch supplying each segment. The foregut is supplied by the celiac trunk, the midgut by the superior mesenteric artery, and the hindgut by the inferior mesenteric artery. It also provides details on the branching patterns and territories of the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and related vessels.
The document summarizes the branches of the abdominal aorta. It describes the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery as the three anterior branches that arise from the abdominal aorta and supply the gastrointestinal viscera. The celiac trunk divides into the left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery. The superior mesenteric artery has five branches including the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and jejunal/ileal arteries. The inferior mesenteric artery has three branches including the left colic artery and sigmoid arteries.
The document discusses the fascial spaces of the palm and dorsum of the hand. It describes the midpalmar space, thenar space, and pulp space on the palm, and the dorsal subcutaneous space and dorsal subaponeurotic space on the dorsum. It outlines the boundaries and contents of each space and their clinical significance. The spaces are important for surgeons to understand to avoid injury during procedures.
The ischioanal fossa is a wedge-shaped, fat-filled space located lateral to the anal canal below the pelvic diaphragm. It has boundaries formed by fascia covering nearby muscles. Within the fossa are the perianal space and ischioanal space, separated by the perianal fascia. The ischioanal space contains large fat deposits and structures like the pudendal canal, which contains the pudendal nerve and vessels. Infection of the fat deposits can lead to a painful ischioanal abscess.
The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes the boundaries and contents of the superficial and deep perineal pouches located in the urogenital triangle of the perineum. Key structures discussed include the superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles, sphincter urethrae muscle, bulbourethral glands, internal pudendal artery and related muscles and nerves.
The document describes the anatomy of the posterior abdominal wall. It contains the following key points:
1) The posterior abdominal wall is formed by muscles, fascia, and bones between the rib cage and pelvic brim. It forms the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity.
2) Major muscles include the psoas major, which flexes the hip and spine, and quadratus lumborum, which fixes the 12th rib and lumbar vertebrae.
3) Fascia include the psoas fascia, iliac fascia, and lumbar part of the thoracolumbar fascia.
4) Retroperitoneal structures in the posterior wall include the duod
The document summarizes key anatomical structures related to the dura mater and cavernous sinus. It describes the layers of the meninges and identifies four dural folds - the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sella. It also details the location, relations, tributaries, and communications of the cavernous sinus.
The subclavian arteries arise from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and the aortic arch on the left. They arch laterally over the pleura and divide into branches before becoming the axillary arteries. The branches of the subclavian arteries include the vertebral, internal thoracic, and thyrocervical trunk arteries. The thyrocervical trunk further divides into the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and superficial cervical arteries.
Based on the information provided, this patient presented with signs and symptoms consistent with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the left lower extremity, which was subsequently confirmed on ultrasound showing no flow in the left femoral vein. Her risk factors included advanced pregnancy and possible hypercoagulable state. Further treatment would involve anticoagulation to prevent pulmonary embolism.
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thorax located between the two lungs. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus and other structures. On a chest x-ray, the subdivisions of the mediastinum are visible with the cardiac shadow marking the middle mediastinum. Conditions like mediastinitis, widening of the mediastinum and mediastinal shift can occur when the mediastinum is affected.
The arterial supply to the upper limb is delivered via five main vessels (proximal to distal):
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the arteries of the upper limb – their anatomical course, branches and clinical correlations.
The azygos system of veins includes the azygos vein on the right side and the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins on the left side. These veins connect the inferior and superior vena cava, providing an important pathway for venous drainage from the thorax. The azygos vein receives tributaries from the posterior intercostal veins and lumbar veins before draining into the superior vena cava. The hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins mirror the azygos vein on the left side, joining together before terminating in the azygos vein. This system plays a key role in venous return when the superior vena cava is obstructed.
The document discusses the planes, divisions, and structures of the abdomen. It describes how the abdomen is divided into nine quadrants by two horizontal planes (transpyloric and transtubercular) and two vertical planes. Each quadrant contains specific organs and structures. The key structures arranged in the abdomen include the skeleton, muscles of the posterior abdominal wall, blood vessels such as the aorta and IVC, nerves like the femoral nerve, and organs like the liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys and pancreas.
The arch of the aorta begins at the level of the sternal angle and arches over the root of the left lung in the superior mediastinum. It begins as the continuation of the ascending aorta and passes up, back, and left before turning backwards and downwards to become the descending aorta at the level of T4. It has anterior relations to the left lung and pleura and posterior relations to the trachea, esophagus, and thoracic duct. Its branches include the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
This document outlines learning objectives for understanding the thoracic cage and diaphragm. The key points are:
- Describe the boundaries of the thoracic cage, openings of the thorax, and components of the diaphragm including its origin, direction of fibers, blood supply and nerve supply.
- List the structures that pass through openings in the thorax and diaphragm.
- Explain the functions of the diaphragm in respiration and other acts.
- Enumerate conditions related to damage of the phrenic nerve including diaphragmatic paralysis and hernias.
The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular sac located in the pelvis that acts as a reservoir for urine. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits through the urethra. The bladder has a superior surface covered by peritoneum and inferior surfaces that are not. As it fills, the bladder rises from the pelvis into the lower abdomen. The trigone is a triangular area where the ureters enter the bladder and is innervated to signal the need to void. The detrusor muscle surrounds the bladder wall and contracts to empty urine during urination.
The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the confluence of the internal jugular and subclavian veins behind the sternoclavicular joints. There are two brachiocephalic veins - the right brachiocephalic vein is short and runs vertically downwards, while the left brachiocephalic vein is longer and runs obliquely across the superior mediastinum. The brachiocephalic veins unite to form the superior vena cava and receive various tributaries corresponding to branches of the nearby arteries. Abnormalities in the brachiocephalic veins have been associated with apnea in infants.
The document provides detailed information about the posterior abdominal wall, diaphragm, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, and lumber plexus as presented by Dr. Mohamed Elfiky. It describes the origin, insertion, course, branches, and relations of these structures. Key points include that the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is innervated by the phrenic nerves. The abdominal aorta descends in front of the lumbar vertebrae and gives off various branches. The IVC forms from the common iliac veins and pierces the diaphragm to drain into the right atrium. The lumbar plexus emerges from the psoas major
The document defines and describes the divisions and contents of the mediastinum. It is divided into superior, inferior, and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains structures like the trachea, esophagus, great vessels, and nerves. The inferior mediastinum is further divided into anterior, middle, and posterior compartments containing the heart and major vessels. The posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus, thoracic duct and descending aorta. Veins, arteries and nerves are also described according to their course and relations in the mediastinum.
The mediastinum is the space within the thoracic cavity between the lungs, containing various structures. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains the trachea, esophagus, great vessels and nerves. The anterior mediastinum contains the sternum and thymus gland. The middle mediastinum contains the heart within the pericardium. The posterior mediastinum contains the descending aorta, esophagus and thoracic duct. Loose connective tissue allows compression of mediastinal structures, which can cause symptoms like obstruction of the superior vena cava or pressure on nerves.
The mediastinum is the space within the thorax bounded by the sternum anteriorly, the thoracic vertebral column posteriorly, and the mediastinal pleura on either side. It is divided into superior and inferior portions by a line passing through the sternal angle and lower border of T4 vertebra. The inferior mediastinum is further divided into the anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains structures such as the trachea, esophagus, thymus, thoracic duct, and arch of the aorta. The middle mediastinum includes the heart within the pericardium as well as the bifurcation of the trachea and principal bronchi.
Cross sectional anatomy of chest by Dr. Milan Silwal, Resident, NAMS, Kathman...Milan Silwal
The document provides information on the cross sectional anatomy of the chest, including the boundaries and divisions of the thorax and mediastinum. It describes the contents and boundaries of the superior, anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum. It also discusses the lungs, bronchopulmonary segments, and six representative chest CT scan levels that are used to interpret mediastinal anatomy. Finally, it presents six clinical cases pertaining to conditions that may appear on chest imaging.
The mediastinum is the central partition that separates the two pleural cavities. It contains structures like the heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and major blood vessels. The document describes the boundaries and subdivisions of the mediastinum. It provides details on the contents and course of structures located within the different compartments of the mediastinum, including the thymus, esophagus, thoracic duct, azygos vein system, thoracic sympathetic trunk, and vagus nerves.
The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from most of the body into the venous system in the neck. It begins in the abdomen and ascends through the thorax and neck before terminating at the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins. It receives tributaries along its course that drain lymph from various regions. Damage to the thoracic duct can cause leakage of chyle into body cavities.
USMLE CVS 001 Mediastinum anatomy medical chest .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the lungs.
It is a three-dimensional space that houses various structures within the chest.
The mediastinum extends from the sternum (front of the chest) to the vertebral column (back of the chest) and from the superior thoracic aperture (top of the chest) to the diaphragm (bottom of the chest).
Understanding the anatomy of the mediastinum is crucial for healthcare professionals to interpret diagnostic findings and manage conditions affecting this central compartment of the thoracic cavity.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the thorax, including:
1) The muscles of the thorax including intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.
2) Details on the diaphragm including its shape, origins, insertions, and actions.
3) The major arteries and veins of the thorax including the pulmonary trunk, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava.
4) Nerves associated with the thorax including the phrenic, vagus, and recurrent laryngeal nerves.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and related structures. It describes the bones and boundaries of the thoracic cage and inlet/outlet. It identifies structures in the mediastinum including the trachea, lungs, pleura, heart and its blood supply. For the abdomen, it describes the organs and their arrangement, abdominal blood supply, and normal abdominal x-ray findings. It also describes the bones, inlet/outlet of the pelvis, differences between the male and female pelvis, pelvic viscera and walls.
1. The document describes the major parts of the aorta including the ascending aorta, arch of aorta, descending aorta, and abdominal aorta.
2. It provides details on the branches of the ascending aorta including the right and left coronary arteries.
3. The arch of aorta is described along with its branches - the brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
10. ANATOMY OF THE MEDIASTINUM MATERIAL.pptxLivingBeing
The mediastinum is the space within the thoracic cavity surrounded by the pleura and containing the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and other structures. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle, and posterior compartments by planes extending from the sternum to the spine. The superior mediastinum contains the thymus gland, great vessels, trachea and esophagus. The middle mediastinum contains the heart and pericardium. The posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus, thoracic duct and descending aorta. The mediastinum has clinical importance as it can be involved in infections, tumors and other pathologies.
The subclavian artery and vein originate in the neck and provide blood supply to the upper limbs. The right subclavian artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left subclavian artery originates directly from the aortic arch. Key branches of the subclavian artery include the vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, and thyrocervical trunk. The internal thoracic artery supplies the anterior chest wall, while the vertebral artery supplies the brain. The thyrocervical trunk gives rise to branches including the inferior thyroid artery, which supplies the thyroid gland.
USMLE RESP 01 lung pleura trachea anatomy medical .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The lungs are vital organs of the respiratory system responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
Disorders affecting the lungs include pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer.
Maintaining lung health through a healthy lifestyle and avoiding exposure to harmful substances is crucial for respiratory function.
Cross sectional anatomy of chest by Dr. MilanMilan Silwal
The document summarizes the anatomy of the chest cavity including boundaries, divisions of the mediastinum, and contents of each mediastinal compartment. It also describes seven specific levels used to analyze cross-sectional CT images of the chest based on characteristic anatomic landmarks seen at each level.
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Examville.com is a website that provides online practice tests, live classes, tutoring, study guides, Q&A, and premium content to help students prepare for exams. The website is free to join.
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The document describes the anatomy of the pericardium and heart. It notes that the pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The heart lies within the fibrous pericardium but outside the serous pericardium. The document then describes the internal structures of the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. It provides details on the chambers, borders, surfaces, valves, and other features of the heart.
Pyramidal, bony cavity facial skeleton
Base anterior, apex posterior
Contains and protects eyeball, muscles, nerves, vessels & most of the lacrimal apparatus
Bones forming orbit lined with periorbita
Forms Fascial sheath of the eyeball
By the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
Describe briefly development of the thyroid & parathyroid glands.
Describe the shape, position, relations and structure of the thyroid gland.
Describe the shape, position, blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the parathyroid glands.
List the blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland.
Describe the most common congenital anomalies of the thyroid gland.
List the nerves endanger with thyroidectomy operation.
Is a multilayered structure with the layers that can be defined by the word itself.
Extends from;
The supraorbital margins anteriorly
To the highest nuchal line posteriorly
Down to the ears & zygomatic arches laterally.
The forehead is common to both the scalp & face.
1. The document discusses the meninges, cerebral spinal fluid, and dural venous sinuses. It describes the three meningeal layers - dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
2. It then provides details on the various dural venous sinuses, including their locations, tributaries, and drainage. Key sinuses discussed include the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and cavernous sinus.
3. The document also covers cerebral spinal fluid, including its composition and functions. The choroid plexus is described as actively secreting CSF in the ventricles.
The document discusses the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and types of dislocations that can occur. It notes that the masticatory system includes the TMJ and masticatory muscles. There are four types of TMJ dislocations: anterior from contraction of lateral pterygoid muscles, lateral from blows to the jaw when open, posterior which are uncommon, and those caused by fractures involving the mandible neck. Treatment involves reduction maneuvers. The document also lists clinical correlates of TMJ issues like arthritis, developmental disorders, metabolic/neoplastic disorders, and inflammatory/pain dysfunction syndromes.
The region on the lateral surface of the face that comprises the parotid gland & the structures immediately related to it
Largest of the salivary glands
Located subcutaneously, below and in front of the external auditory meatus
Occupies the deep hollow behind the ramus of the mandible
Wedge-shaped when viewed externally, with the base above & the apex behind the angle of the mandible
Part of the body between the head and the thorax
Contains a number of vessels, nerves and structures connecting the head to the trunk and upper limbs
These include the esophagus, trachea, brachial plexus, carotid arteries, jugular veins, vagus and accessory nerves, lymphatics among others
A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea
Mucus can trap contaminants
Cilia move mucus up towards mouth
Has a free tip and attached to forehead by the bridge.
External orifices (nares) bounded laterally by the ala & medially by nasal septum.
Framework above made up of: nasal bones, frontal process of maxilla, nasal part of frontal bone.
Framework below : by plates of hyaline cartilage; upper and lower nasal cartilages, and septal cartilage
The head and neck region of four week human embryo somewhat resemble these regions of a fish embryo of comparable stage
This explains the former use of designation branchial apparatus
Branchial is derived from the Greek word branchia or gill
Located on the side of the head
Extends from the superior temporal lines to the zygomatic arch.
Communicates with the infratemporal fossa deep to the zygomatic arch.
Contains a numbers of structures that include a muscle, nerves, blood vessels
The larynx is a respiratory organ located located within the anterior aspect of the neck.
Anterior to the inferior portion of the pharynx but superior to the trachea, lies below the hyoid bone in the midline at C3-6 vertebra level.
Its primary function is to provide a protective sphincter for air passages.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper and lower urinary tract. It describes the kidneys, including their location, internal structure consisting of the cortex, medulla and renal sinus. It discusses the vascular segments and blood supply to the kidneys. It also describes the ureters that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, and provides details on the anatomy of the urinary bladder in both males and females.
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucosa. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm.
This document summarizes the internal female genitalia, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina. It describes the location, structure, blood supply, functions, and common disorders of each organ. The ovaries produce eggs and sex hormones. The fallopian tubes receive eggs from the ovaries, provide a site for fertilization, and transport fertilized eggs to the uterus. The uterus receives and nourishes a fertilized egg. The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina, which acts as a birth canal. Common disorders like ovarian cysts, ovarian cancer, and ectopic pregnancies are also discussed.
At the end of the presentation ,we should be able to describe the:
Location, shape and relations of the right and left adrenal glands.
Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of right and left adrenal glands
Parts of adrenal glands and function of each part.
Development of adrenal gland and common anomalies.
The pericardium is the sac that encloses the heart. It consists of an outer fibrous part known as the fibrous pericardium, and a double layered serous sac known as the serous pericardium.
The pericardium prevents
sudden dilatation of the heart, especially the right chamber, and displacement of the heart and great vessels,
minimizes friction between the heart and surrounding structures, and
prevents the spread of infection or cancer from the lung or pleura.
Major Function:
Makes sperm cells (gametes) and transfer the sperm into the female reproductive system in order to fertilize the female gametes to produce a zygote.
Include:
the testes, the epididymis, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the Cowper’s glands.
The testes, (To Testify) the paired, oval-shaped organs that produce sperm and male sex hormones, are located in the scrotum.
They are highly innervated and sensitive to touch and pressure.
The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics and sex drive (libido).
The azygos vein connects the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava
The thoracic duct is the largest lymph vessel that ultimately drains lymph from all parts of the body into the blood circulation
We shall look at them one at a time
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
3. Mediastinum
Definition:
A median septum or median
partition between the two pleural
cavities.
It includes all the structures which lie
in the intermediate compartments of
the thoracic cavity
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
4. DEFINITION OF MEDIASTINUM
• It is a partition between the right &
left pleural sacs. It includes all the
structures which lie in the
intermediate compartments of the
thoracic cavity (all thoracic viscera
EXCEPT lungs)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
5. Superior boundary:
Superior thoracic aperture
Inferior boundary:
Diaphragm
Anterior boundary:
Sternum
Posterior boundary:
Bodies of vertebrae T1 to T12
Lateral boundaries:
Mediastinal parietal pleura
(left and right).
Boundaries of the Mediastinum
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
6. DIVISIONS OF MEDIASTINUM
• It is divided by a horizontal plane extending
from sternal angle to lower border of 4th
thoracic vertebra into:
1. Superior mediastinum: above the plane
2. Inferior mediastinum:
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
9. Divisions of Mediastinum
1. Superior mediastinum:
Above the imaginary plane between the
sternal angle and the lower border of the 4th
thoracic vertebra.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
10. Divisions of Mediastinum
2. Inferior mediastinum:
Below the imaginary plane and it is further subdivided
into:
a. Anterior mediastinum: Behind the body and
xiphoid process of the sternum and in front of
the middle mediastinum (pericardium).
b. Middle mediastinum: Contains pericardium,
heart and the roots of the great vessels.
c. Posterior mediastinum: lies behind the middle
mediastinum (the part that lies posterior to the
pericardium and anterior to the bodies of
vertebrae T5 to T12).
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
13. SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM
BOUNDARIES:
• Anterior: manubrium sterni
• Posterior: Upper 4 thoracic vertebrae
• Superior: Plane of thoracic inlet at the of T1
• Inferior: Horizontal plane
• On each side: Pleura of level the lung
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
14. SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM
CONTENTS:
• FROM BEHIND FORWARD:
1.Esophagus
2.Trachea
3.Arch of aorta & its 3 branches: brachiocephalic,
left common carotid & left subclavian arteries
4.Right & left brachiocephalic veins & superior
vena cava
5.Thymus gland
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
15. SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM
OTHER CONTENTS:
• Nerves:
1. Right & left vagus
2. Right & left phrenic
3. Right & left sympathetic trunks
4. Left recurrent laryngeal
• Lymphatic structures:
1. Thoracic duct
2. Lymph nodes
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
19. INFERIOR MEDIASTINUM
1. It is subdivided into:
• Anterior mediastinum: in front of
pericardium
• Middle mediastinum: contains heart &
pericardium
• Posterior mediastinum: behind pericardium
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
20. Anterior Mediastinum
Smallest subdivision of the Inferior Mediastinum
Boundaries:
Anterior : body of sternum & trans thoracis
muscles
Posterior : pericardium
Contents: Loose CT (Sternopericardial Ligament)
Adipose tissue
Thymus
Lymphatic Vessels & lymph nodes
Branches of Internal Thoracic Vessels
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
21. POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
BOUNDARIES:
• Anterior: Pericardium & diaphragm
• Posterior: Lower 8 thoracic vertebrae
• Superior: Horizontal plane
• Inferior: Diaphragm
• On each side: Pleura
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
23. POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
• CONTENTS:
1. Esophagus (most anterior structure)
2. Thoracic duct
3. Right & left vagus
4. Descending aorta
5. Azygos & hemiazygos veins
6. Right & left sympathetic trunks & their
branches (splanchnic nerves)
7. Lymph nodes
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
24. MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM
• CONTENTS:
1. Pericardium & heart
2. Arteries: ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk
3. Veins: lower half of superior vena cava,
terminations of inferior vena cava &
pulmonary veins
4. Nerves: phrenic
5. Lymph nodes
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
25. VEINS
BRACHIOCEPHALIC: (Superior mediastinum)
• FORMATION: by union of internal jugular & subclavian vein
(behind medial end of clavicle)
• END: Both veins unite to form S.V.C.
• RIGHT VEIN: shorter & has a vertical course, related laterally
to right phrenic nerve & right pleura & lung, its tributaries in
thorax: right 1st posterior intercostal vein, right internal
thoracic vein, right lymphatic duct
• LEFT VEIN: longer & has an oblique course, related anteriorly
to manubrium & thymus gland, & posteriorly to branches of
arch of aorta, its tributaries in thorax: left 1st posterior
intercostal vein, left superior intercostal vein, left internal
thoracic vein, thoracic duct
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
26. VEINS
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA: (Superior & middle
mediastinum)
• FORMATION: by union of brachiocephalic
veins, behind lower border of right 1st costal
cartilage
• END: opens into right atrium behind right 3rd
costal cartilage
• TRIBUTARIES: azygos vein
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
27. ARTERIES
AORTA:
• ASCENDING AORTA: (Middle mediastinum)
1. ORIGIN: at the base of left ventricle
opposite lower border of left 3rd costal
cartilage
2. END: ascends upward, forward & to the
right & continues as arch of aorta
3. BRANCHES: right & left coronary arteries
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
28. • ARCH OF AORTA: (Superior mediastinum)
1. ORIGIN: continuation of ascending aorta,
opposite upper border of right 2nd costal
cartilage
2. COURSE & RELATIONS: ascends upward
backward & to the left (behind manubrium & in
front of trachea) then curves backward (to the
left of trachea) then finally curves downward
3. TERMINATION: continues as descending aorta,
opposite lower border of T4
ARTERIES
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
29. ARTERIES
• BRANCHES OF ARCH OF AORTA: (Superior
mediastinum)
1. BRACHIOCEPHALIC: ascends upward & to the right
(behind left brachiocephalic vein & in front of trachea)
& divides into right common carotid & right subclavian
arteries (behind right sternoclavicular joint)
2. LEFT COMMON CAROTID: ascends upward & to the left
(to the left side of brachiocephalic artery) & enters the
neck (behind left sternoclavicular joint)
3. LEFT SUBCLAVIAN: ascends upward (behind left
common carotid artery, in front of esophagus, to the
left side of trachea), arches over apex of left lung to
enter neck
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
30. ARTERIES
DESCENDING AORTA: (Posterior mediastinum)
• ORIGIN: continuation of arch of aorta
• TERMINATION: passes through aortic opening of
diaphragm (opposite T12) & continues as abdominal
aorta
• RELATIONS:
1. Anterior: esophagus
2. Posterior: thoracic vertebrae
3. Right: thoracic duct
4. Left: left pleura & lung
• BRANCHES: posterior intercostal (from 3rd to 11th),
subcostal, bronchial, esophageal, pericardial arteries
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
31. ARTERIES
PULMONARY TRUNK (Middle mediastinum)
• ORIGIN: from upper part of right ventricle, behind
sternal end of left 3rd costal cartilage
• COURSE: ascends upward & to the left & divides
(at lower border of T4) into:
1. Right pulmonary: runs behind ascending aorta &
S.V.C to enter root of right lung
2. Left pulmonary: runs in front of desending aorta
to enter root of left lung
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
32. The Thymus gland
• DEVELOPMENT- bilateral 3rd pharyngeal pouches
• EVOLUTION- largest at birth or during infancy increases slightly during 1st decade
of life and decrease thereafter the site of T-cell production, Secrets Thomasine
hormone which promotes the maturation of T cells
• Roughly a bi-lobed structure
• Normal weight- 5 – 50 gm
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
34. Thymus
• Description: It is a lymphoid organ located in
the inferior part of the neck and anterior part
of superior mediastinum.
• Shape: It has a flask shaped lobes
• Morphogenesis: It undergoes involution after
puberty and replaced by fat.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
35. TRACHEA
• BEGINNING: continuation of larynx, opposite C6
• TERMINATION: bifurcates into 2 bronchi, opposite lower
border of T4
• RELATIONS: (in superior mediastinum)
1. Anterior: arch of aorta, brachiocephalic & left common
carotid arteries
2. Posterior: left recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus
3. Right: right vagus nerve
4. Left: arch of aorta, left subclavian artery
• NERVE SUPPLY: sympathetic trunks & vagus
• BLOOD SUPPLY: inferior thyroid vessels
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE: pretracheal & paratracheal
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
36. ESOPHAGUS
• BEGINNING: continuation of pharynx,
opposite C6
• TERMINATION: passes through esophageal
opening of diaphragm (opposite T10) & joins
stomach
• RELATIONS: (in superior mediastinum)
1. Anterior: left recurrent laryngeal nerve,
trachea, left subclavian artery
2. Posterior: thoracic vertebrae
3. Right: right pleura & lung
4. Left: thoracic duct, left pleura & lung
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
37. ESOPHAGUS
• RELATIONS: (in posterior mediastinum)
1. Anterior: pericardium, separating it from left atrium
2. Posterior: thoracic duct, descending aorta, azygos
vein
3. Right: right pleura & lung
4. Left: descending aorta, left pleura & lung
• NERVE SUPPLY: as trachea
• ARTERIAL SUPPLY: descending aorta
• VENOUS DRAINAGE: azygos & hemiazygos
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE: posterior mediastinal lymph
nodes
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
38. NERVES
PHRENIC NERVES: (Superior & middle mediastinum)
• ORIGIN: anterior rami of C3,4,5
• COURSE & RELATIONS IN THORAX:
1. RIGHT: descends to the right side of: right brachiocephalic
vein, S.V.C., pericardium, I.V.C.
2. LEFT: descends to the left side of: arch aorta, pericardium
• BRANCHES:
1. Motor branches to: diaphragm
2. Sensory branches from:
• Mediastinal & central part of diaphragmatic pleura
• Fibrous pericardium & parietal layer of serous pericardium
• Peritoneum covering central part of undersurface of
diaphragm
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
39. NERVES
• VAGUS NERVES: (Superior & posterior mediastinum)
• ORIGIN: 10th cranial nerve
• COURSE & RELATIONS IN THORAX:
1. RIGHT: descends to the right side of: trachea, behind root of
right lung (pulmonary plexus), behind esophagus
(esophageal plexus), passes through esophageal opening of
diaphragm to reach posterior surface of stomach
2. LEFT: descends to the left side of: arch aorta, behind root of
left lung (pulmonary plexus), in front of esophagus
(esophageal plexus), passes through esophageal opening of
diaphragm to reach anterior surface of stomach
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
40. NERVES
BRANCHES IN THORAX:
• BOTH VAGI: to lungs & esophagus
• RIGHT VAGUS: to heart
• LEFT VAGUS: left recurrent laryngeal nerve:
curves below arch of aorta, behind
ligamentum arteriosum, ascends in groove
between trachea & esophagus to reach the
neck. It supplies: heart, trachea, esophagus
(in thorax) & larynx (in neck)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
41. NERVES
THORACIC PART OF SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS: (Superior &
posterior mediastinum)
• BEGINNING: the cervical part continues as thoracic part by
passing in front of neck of first rib
• TERMINATION: the thoracic part continues as lumbar part
by passing behind medial arcuate ligament
• COURSE:
1. In upper part of thorax: descend in front of heads of ribs
2. In lower part of thorax: descend on the sides of bodies of
vertebrae
• GANGLIA: usually 11 (1st thoracic ganglion fuses with
inferior cervical ganglion forming stellate ganglion)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
42. NERVES
• BRANCHES:
1. Rami communicantes: each ganglion receives a white
ramus (preganglionic) & gives a grey ramus
(postganglionic) to corresponding thoracic spinal nerve
2. Visceral branches (postganglionic) to thoracic organs (from
upper 5 ganglia): to heart, lungs, esophagus, descending
aorta
3. Visceral branches (preganglionic) to abdominal organs:
• Greater splanchnic nerve (from 5th to 9th ganglia)
• Lesser splanchnic nerve (from 10th 7 11th ganglia)
• Lowest splanchnic nerve (from 12th ganglion)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
43. END
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
THANKS FOR LISTENING
By
DR NDAYISABA CORNEILLE
MBChB,DCM,BCSIT,CCNA
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