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Media discourse
The document discusses different types of media discourse such as in newspapers, television, and radio. It defines key concepts like critical discourse analysis and different genres like drama, talk shows, news, and music. Some key points made are that media discourse can influence perspectives and be shaped by various micro and macro level factors. Examples from Pakistani media show how discourse addresses social and political issues through language used in dramas, talk shows, news headlines and music.
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Media discourse
- 1.
- 2. Overview: • Definition ofDiscourse • Critical Discourse Analysis • Media Discourse Two primary types • Media Focus • In NEWS • Discourse Influences on Micro and Macro levels • In newspaper
- 3. • Media Interaction& Casual Conversation • Exchange structures • Pragmatics markers • Hedging • Discourse markers • Response tokens • Vague Language
- 4. • Electronic media •Background • Criteria Form Content Technique • Genre Drama Talk shows Songs News
- 5.
- 6. Discourse is theuse of language both in written and spoken.
- 7. Discourse is neitherabsolutely homogenous nor absolutely heterogeneous.
- 8. Discourse • Discourse isa group of sentences which link one proposition to another one and makes a coherent unit of the sentences.
- 9. Critical Discourse Analysis CriticalDiscourse Analysis aims to help reveal some of the hidden and ‘out of sight’ values, positions, and perspectives. CDA explores the connection between the use of language and the social and political contexts in which it occurs
- 10. Media Discourse Media discourserefers to interactions that take place through a broadcast platform, whether spoken or written, in which the discourse is oriented to a non-present reader, listener or viewer.
- 11. Two primary types: Written: of written texts include newspapers and magazines Spoken: Radio and television, News broadcasts, Drama
- 12. Media Focus: • Immediacy:Specific actions and events • Drama: Violence, crisis or conflict, extremist behaviors, outrageous acts. • Simplicity: Clear-cut opinions, images, major personalities, two-sided conflicts. • Ethnocentrism: ‘Our’ beliefs, myths and symbols, ‘Our’ suffering, the brutality of some ‘Oth.
- 13. In NEWS: • Governmentconflicts • Disagreements • Decisions • Proposals • Functions • Protests • Crimes, scandals • Investigations and disasters.
- 14. Discourse Influences onMicro and Macro Levels: • Micro Level Influences: • Personal characteristics, professional background, personal attitudes and professional role, conception of media workers are micro level influences that affect upon media content.
- 15. Macro Level Influences: •Individuals, organizations, interest groups, public relations practitioners, government etc macro level influences that affect upon media content. • Sources that provide news to media organizations sometimes withhold information or lie.
- 16. In newspaper: • Basedon the editor’s own experiences, attitudes, and expectations. • Journalists sometimes follow their personal agenda that influences on the content. • The selection or rejection of stories..
- 17. Media Interaction &Casual Conversation • When a presenter or guest or interviewee interact on television or radio they do so with the knowledge not only that they have been over heard but also they are having a conversation in front of audience. • Involvement of audience. • Institutional setting • Turn taking rights • Includes host, interviewer, interviewee, presenter, guests and callers
- 18. Exchange structures • Bothmedia interaction and casual talk comprise: • speaker turns • make up exchange structure • Two types of exchange: 1. initiation and response 2. initiation, response and feedback
- 19. . In media discoursebut two way exchange method is more common i.e. initiation and response.
- 20. Pragmatics markers: • Pragmaticmarkers can be described as those constructions, such as you know, I mean, you see, well, yeah, that are present in speech to support interaction but do not generally add any specific semantic meaning to the message. • In media discourse these are use widely to explain certain points.
- 21. Hedging • We usehedges to soften what we say or write. • an important part of polite conversation. • They make what we say less direct • It involves: • tense and aspect, • modal expressions • modal verbs and adverbs • vague language such as sort of, any kind of, like and some verbs.
- 22. Discourse markers • Discoursemarker is a word or phrase that is relatively syntax-independent and does not change the truth conditional meaning of the sentence. • For example: oh", "well", "now", "then", "you know", and "I mean", and the connectives "so", "because", "and", "but", and "or".
- 23. Response tokens • Responsetokens are the interjection that an addressee makes in response to the speaker utterances. • Examples are mm, ummhmm, yeah, o really, wow, that’s right, absolutely,
- 24. Vague Language • Itmeans one is not using precise language. Vague language is basically unclear and not giving a full picture • For example: You write 'I walked across the road'. This is vague. Precise would be 'I sprinted/trotted/trudged/jogged across the road‘.
- 25. • Electronic MediaDiscourse
- 26. Electronic media • Electronicmedia are media that use electronics or electromechanical energy for the end user to access the content.
- 28. Background • The PakistanElectronic Media Regulatory Authority was formed in 2002. • The first television station began broadcasting from Lahore in November 1963. • The government-owned Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) was formed on 14 August 1947. • At independence, Pakistan had radio stations in Dhaka, Lahore, and Peshawar. A major programmed of expansion saw new stations open at Karachi and Rawalpindi in 1948.
- 29. Criteria of electronicmedia discourse • Form: • -external appearance of a clearly defined area • Content: • -the subjects or topics covered • Technique - method of performance; way of accomplishing .
- 30. Genre in electronicmedia discourse • Drama • Talk shows • Songs • news
- 31. Drama • Depiction ofsociety • Represent whatever audience wants to hear and watch • Likeness differ on the basis of gender, age and social class. • FEMALES – musicals, love story/romance • Kids– Animations, animals etc • MALES- action/adventure, gangster, war
- 33. Themes • Marriage • Wealth •Money • Love stories • Necromancy • Inferiority complex in women
- 34. Examples of discoursein Pakistani dramas • Titles of dramas are deceptive. For example • “band kirkion ka pechy” and “ mery mehrban”. • Criticism on society • typical quarrel between mother in law and daughter in law. • “Tum bhut manhoos ho.”
- 36. • It alsoshows 1. hate. 2. violence. 3. social class. 4. police oppression.
- 37. Talk shows • Pakistanitalk shows deal 1. politically mostly 2. violence 3. police 4. social affairs 5. corruption 6. religion
- 39. • Opening ofshow with the subject line such as • “seyasi aasman par bad’gumanion key badal kab ghaiyab hongey?” • The skilled and bold personality of anchor person raises people’s voice and clearly asks the real point of the crisis. • Aap Batain-e-na Qom Sunna Chahti hai…
- 40. • The rulingfeels shame while speaking bluff in live shows before the millions of the citizens. When they are not able to give logic or reason. • Main aap ko kal bataaon ga… iska jawab nahi de sakta….naam nahi bata sakta…
- 41. • Politicians gaveanswers of their questions in a very logical way. They deal people technicaly. They also uses proverbs in their disscussions. For example • “ ount ka mun me ziry wali bat” ask burning questions to politicions. • “Fauzia Wahab sahiba aapkey colleague kehty hein key muamla abhe nahi nimta….”
- 42. News • The topicsof news on TV channels are mostly deals with 1. inner city news 2. gang culture 3. drugs 4. guns 5. violence 6. political affairs and international news
- 44. • The headlinesof news are burning and anchors speak in a very satirical tone. For example • “Police ihalcar tez doop or lo me jalty ry” • Titles stand alone; no explanation is given for example • “iltaf hussain ka mulk bar me darny katam krny ka ilan” • “mulk bhar me garm havaon or shadeed garmi ka raj”
- 45. Music • The themesof Pakistani music are • love • marriage • pleasure • fun
- 47. • In Pakistanimusic we have • tappe • sufiana kalam • maiaye classical songs.
- 48. Examples • “chalo koigal nai chalo koi gal nai” • “jugni”.