The document summarizes Norman Fairclough's dialectical-relational approach to critical discourse analysis (CDA). It outlines Fairclough's three-dimensional framework for analyzing discourse as text, discursive practice, and social practice. For each dimension, Fairclough proposes specific analytical categories and concepts, including textual analysis of vocabulary, grammar, cohesion and structure; discursive analysis of utterance force, text coherence and intertextuality; and social analysis of the relationship between discourse and power/ideology. The document provides an overview of Fairclough's influential work developing CDA and his dialectical theory of discourse.
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic...RajpootBhatti5
Levels of stylistics analysis
1.Phonological level
2.Graphological level
3.Grammatical level
Language of newspaper headlines
4.Pragmatics level
5.Conversation or discourse analysis
Presented
by
Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir
Department of Applied linguistics
GCUF
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
Aims of DHA:
The DHA attempts to integrate a outsized quantity of
available knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which
discursive “events” are embedded.
Further, it analyzes the historical dimension of discursive
actions by exploring the ways in which particular genres
of discourse are subject to diachronic change.
DHA lays emphasis on the practice-related quality of the
discourse, the context dependence of discourse, and the
structures as well as constructive character of discourses.
DHA focuses on the systematic analysis of context and its
dialectical relationships to meaning-making process.
This approach entails trans-disciplinary and multitheoretical methods with other disciplines.
Like the other critical anlysts, the proponents of DHA
make practical claims of emancipation and criticize
discursively constituted power abuse, injustice, and social
discrimination and they make epistemic claims of
reduction.
DHA sustains that language is not powerful on its own, it
is a means to gain and maintain power by the powerful
people make use of it.
Aims of DHA
The first study for which the DHA was developed
analyzed the constitutions of anti-semantic stereotyped
images as they emerged in public discourses in the 1986
Austrian presidential campaign of former UN General
Kurt Waldheim, who for along time had kept secrets his
national-socialist past.
This type of analysis first time introduce by Wodak, who
argues that discourse has different practices in society.
Wodak pays attention to the multi-model macro as well
as micro phenomena to inter-textual and inter-discursive
relationships as well as social, historical, and political
factors relating to the verbal and non-verbal phenomena
of communication.
The Origin of DHA:
This approach is inter-disciplinary. He explains that interdisciplinary involves theory, methods, methodology research
practice, and practical application.
This approach is problem oriented, like the any other theoretical
and methodological approach, is relevant as long as it is able to
successfully study relevant social problems such as sexism, racism,
and other forms of inequality.
.
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice. Scholars working in the tradition of CDA generally assume that (non-linguistic) social practice and linguistic practice constitute one another and focus on investigating how societal power relations are established and reinforced through language use
Systemic Functional Linguistics: An approach to analyzing written academic di...ClmentNdoricimpa
Written academic discourse refers to the way of thinking and using language that exist in the academy. Writers demonstrate knowledge and negotiate social relations with readers by means of written discourse. In order to understand these characteristics of written discourse, different approaches are followed. Some follow a linguistic approach to uncover the linguistic devices associated with coherence in a written text. Other follow a social approach to analyze the social cultural context in which a written text occurs. However, it is demonstrated that the linguistic and the social cultural elements in a written text cannot be disassociated and that an approach, which combine the two approaches is required. Such an approach is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Therefore, this paper discusses the way in which SFL is used as an approach to analyzing linguistic features of academic discourses and how those features relate to social cultural context. In this paper, it is shown that SFL provides the means to analyze not only the linguistic resources employed in a written text but also the context in which the text is used. These linguistic resources are associated with the creation of ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning at the level of lexicogrammar and discourse semantic. The context is modelled through register and genre theory.
Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic...RajpootBhatti5
Levels of stylistics analysis
1.Phonological level
2.Graphological level
3.Grammatical level
Language of newspaper headlines
4.Pragmatics level
5.Conversation or discourse analysis
Presented
by
Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir
Department of Applied linguistics
GCUF
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
Aims of DHA:
The DHA attempts to integrate a outsized quantity of
available knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which
discursive “events” are embedded.
Further, it analyzes the historical dimension of discursive
actions by exploring the ways in which particular genres
of discourse are subject to diachronic change.
DHA lays emphasis on the practice-related quality of the
discourse, the context dependence of discourse, and the
structures as well as constructive character of discourses.
DHA focuses on the systematic analysis of context and its
dialectical relationships to meaning-making process.
This approach entails trans-disciplinary and multitheoretical methods with other disciplines.
Like the other critical anlysts, the proponents of DHA
make practical claims of emancipation and criticize
discursively constituted power abuse, injustice, and social
discrimination and they make epistemic claims of
reduction.
DHA sustains that language is not powerful on its own, it
is a means to gain and maintain power by the powerful
people make use of it.
Aims of DHA
The first study for which the DHA was developed
analyzed the constitutions of anti-semantic stereotyped
images as they emerged in public discourses in the 1986
Austrian presidential campaign of former UN General
Kurt Waldheim, who for along time had kept secrets his
national-socialist past.
This type of analysis first time introduce by Wodak, who
argues that discourse has different practices in society.
Wodak pays attention to the multi-model macro as well
as micro phenomena to inter-textual and inter-discursive
relationships as well as social, historical, and political
factors relating to the verbal and non-verbal phenomena
of communication.
The Origin of DHA:
This approach is inter-disciplinary. He explains that interdisciplinary involves theory, methods, methodology research
practice, and practical application.
This approach is problem oriented, like the any other theoretical
and methodological approach, is relevant as long as it is able to
successfully study relevant social problems such as sexism, racism,
and other forms of inequality.
.
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice. Scholars working in the tradition of CDA generally assume that (non-linguistic) social practice and linguistic practice constitute one another and focus on investigating how societal power relations are established and reinforced through language use
Systemic Functional Linguistics: An approach to analyzing written academic di...ClmentNdoricimpa
Written academic discourse refers to the way of thinking and using language that exist in the academy. Writers demonstrate knowledge and negotiate social relations with readers by means of written discourse. In order to understand these characteristics of written discourse, different approaches are followed. Some follow a linguistic approach to uncover the linguistic devices associated with coherence in a written text. Other follow a social approach to analyze the social cultural context in which a written text occurs. However, it is demonstrated that the linguistic and the social cultural elements in a written text cannot be disassociated and that an approach, which combine the two approaches is required. Such an approach is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Therefore, this paper discusses the way in which SFL is used as an approach to analyzing linguistic features of academic discourses and how those features relate to social cultural context. In this paper, it is shown that SFL provides the means to analyze not only the linguistic resources employed in a written text but also the context in which the text is used. These linguistic resources are associated with the creation of ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning at the level of lexicogrammar and discourse semantic. The context is modelled through register and genre theory.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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2. Introduction
• Norman Fairclough is considered as the most
impressive and influential practitioner in CDA as he
has contributed to the field most significantly.
• In his earlier work (1989) he called his approach to
language and discourse as Critical Language Study.
• His main objective is "to help increase
consciousness of how language contributes to the
domination of some people by others, because
consciousness is the first step for emancipation"
(Fairclough,1989:1).
3. • His recent works examine:
• Neoliberalism
• The notion of ‘community’ in international
security
• The politically powerful concepts of
‘Globalization’
• Knowledge based economy
4. • The work of Norman Fairclough presents a
comprehensive and programmatic attempt to
develop a theory of CDA which links discourse,
power, and social structure.
• Fairclough examines the role of social
institutions in shaping discourse practices, and
argues that language is always shaped by the
material and social conditions in which it is
produced.
5. • According to Fairclough (2013), Discourse is
used in various senses:
A. meaning-making as an element of the social
process.
B. The language associated with a particular
social field or practice.
C. A way of construing aspects of the world
associated with a particular social perspective.
6. • To reduce confusion, Fairclough prefers to use
semiosis for (A), most abstract & general sense,
which has the further advantage of suggesting
that discourse analysis is concerned with various
‘semiotic modalities’ of language is only one
(others are visual images & body language).
7. • Semiosis is viewed here as an element of the
social process which is dialectically related to
others – hence a ‘dialectical-relational’
approach.
• Relations between elements are dialectical in the
sense of being different but not ‘discrete’, i.e.,
not fully separate.
• We might say that each ‘internalizes’ the others
without being reducible to them.
8. • CDA is brought into a dialogue with sociological
& social scientific research in order to:
• investigate to what extent & in what ways these
changes are changes in discourse.
• to explore the socially transformative effects of
discursive change.
9. • Fairclough's work has developed a dialectical
theory of discourse & a transdisciplinary
approach to social change.
• Fairclough's approach has explored the
discursive aspect of contemporary processes of
social transformation.
10. • Fairclough's work has developed a dialectical
theory of discourse & a transdisciplinary
approach to social change.
• Fairclough's approach has explored the
discursive aspect of contemporary processes of
social transformation.
11. Fairclough’s Model
• From Fairclough’s perspective, discourse is a
three-dimensional concept which involves:
1) Texts (the objects of linguistic analysis)
2)Discursive practices (the production,
distribution and consumption of texts)
3) Social practices (the power relations, ideologies
and hegemonic struggles that discourses
reproduce, challenge or restructure).
12. • This approach of CDA analysis focuses on two
dialectical relations: between structure
(especially social practices as an intermediate
level of structuring) & events (or between
structure & action, structure & strategy) &
within each, between semiotic & other elements.
13. • There are three major ways in which semiosis
relates to other elements of social practices & of
social events:
• As a facet of action
• In the construal (representation) of aspects of
the world
• In the constitution of identities.
14. • Discourse is itself ‘constitutive’ or ‘constructive’
of social structure ,and contributes to the
construction of three main effects:
1. Concerns the construction of social self or
identity.
2. The construction of social relationships
between people.
3. The construction of systems of knowledge and
belief.
15. • Thus discourse has three main functions:
an identity function, a lexical function & an ideational
function.
• Here Fairclough draws on Halliday's approach to
language. Put differently, every instance of language use
is a communicative event consisting of three dimensions:
• it is a spoken or written language text;
• it is an interaction between people involving processes
of producing and interpreting the text; and
• it is a piece of social practice
(Jorgenson & Phillips,2002:66).
16. • These elements are
the main
dimensions with
which Fairclough
works (and
investigates) as
exemplified in his
diagram:
17. • The three types of analyses carried out in
Fairclough's model are:
1. The textual analysis
2. The discursive analysis
3. The social analysis.
18. Textual Analysis
• Textual analysis is the first step in the three-way
method. Fairclough proposes that “textual
analysis involves the analysis of the way
propositions are structured and the way
propositions are combined and sequenced”.
• Fairclough organized text analysis under four
main headings, forming a kind of ascending
scale (small units to bigger ones):vocabulary,
grammar, cohesion and text structures.
19. Text Analysis
Vocabulary Grammar Cohesion Text Structure
Deals mainly
with individual
words:
•word choice
• word meaning
• wording
• metaphor
Deals with
words
combined into
clauses and
sentences:
• transitivity
• modality
Deals with how
clauses and
sentences are
linked together:
• connectives
. argumentation
Deals with large
scale
organizational
properties:
•interactional
control
•sentence length
and complexity
20. Discursive Analysis
• This is the second type of analysis within
Fairclough's three-dimensional analysis. Like
'interaction' in the 'text-and-interaction' view of
discourse, discursive practice dimension
specifies the nature of the processes of text
production and interpretation.
21. • Discourse, according to this type of analysis, is
to be looked at as discursive-practice and
according to the analytical framework the stage
is called the interpretation stage.
• Texts are produced in specific ways in specific
social contexts and they are also consumed
differently in different social contexts.
Consumption and production can be individual
or collective.
22. • Within this type of analysis Fairclough uses
three main aspects that link a text to its wider
social context, which are:
• The force of utterances
• The coherence of texts
• The intertextuality of texts.
23. The Force of Utterances
• After text analysis, attention should be given to
speech acts in order to analyze the functions of
the utterances (Blommaert , 2005).
24. The Coherence of the Text
• The coherence is sometimes driven by explicit
features of the text, such as anaphoric
references, connectives, transitional phrases,
rhetorical predicates, and signaling devices.
• Sometimes the coherence relations are
constructed inferentially.
25. Intertextuality
• It is "the property that texts have of being full of
snatches of other texts“.
• It sheds light on the three processes (production,
distribution and consumption).
26. Production
• In terms of production, an intertextual
perspective stresses the historicity of texts: how
they always constitute additions to existing
'chains of speech communication' consisting of
prior texts to which they respond.
27. Distribution
• In terms of distribution, an intertextual
perspective is helpful in exploring relatively
stable networks which texts move along,
undergoing predictable transformations as they
shift from one text type to another (for instance,
political speeches are often transformed to news
report).
28. Consumption
• In terms of consumption, an intertextual
perspective is helpful in stressing that it is not
just the text that shapes interpretation but also
those other texts which interpreters variably
bring to the interpretation process.
29. Two types of intertextuality
• Fairclough (1992:85) differentiated two types of
intertextuality:
• Manifest Intertextuality
• Constitutive Intertextuality
30. Manifest Intertextuality
• “In manifest intertextuality, other texts are explicitly
presented in the text under analysis; they are
‘manifestly’ marked or cued by features on the
surface of the text, such as quotation marks”
through which the original text is reformed and
changed.
• This reformation and manipulation of original texts
is referred to by Fairclough as 'direct discourse
representation' in which parts of other texts are
incorporated into a text and usually explicitly
marked off with devices such as quotation marks
and reporting clauses.
31. • This kind of intertextuality is never innocent but
rather hides implicit ideological meanings.
• It is a strategy of saving the text producer's face
through alienating him/herself from the
proposition made by the original speaker.
32. Constitutive Intertextuality
• The constitutive intertextuality refers to the
complex relation of genres or discourse types’
convention.
• It is the configuration of discourse conventions
when the text is produced.
• Fairclough argues that “a text may incorporate
another text without the latter being explicitly
cued: one can respond to another text in the way
one words one's own text”.
33. Interdiscursivity
• This type of intertextuality, which Fairclough
labeled as 'interdiscursitivity', refers to 'the
configuration of discourse conventions that go
into production of the text'.
• An example of this would be mixed genres. It is
closely related to orders of discourse and social
change where many values are integrated to
exceed the textual level and get the receiver to
seek hidden discourses.
34. • The term Interdiscursivity in Dialectical-relational
approach is a normal feature of texts.
• The Interdiscursivity of a text is an aspect of its
intertextuality, a question of which genres,
discourses & styles it draws upon, & how it works
them into particular articulations.
• Textual analysis also includes linguistic analysis, &
analysis where appropriate of visual images & ‘body
language’, & these features of texts can be seen as
realizing its interdiscursive features.
35. • Fairclough’s main interest is in analysing
intertextual relations as power relations,
suggesting that intertextuality can become a
locus of contestation and struggle.
• It is this level of analysis that differentiates
Fairclough's model from other models.
36. Social Analysis
• The third dimension in Fairclough's three-
dimensional framework is looking at discourse
as social practice. That is, discourse in relation
to ideology and power placing it within a view of
power as hegemony, and a view of the evolution
of power relations as hegemonic struggle
(Fairclough,1992:86).
37. • According to Fairclough social practices are the
things people have accepted and learned from
the environment, culture and society they live in.
• Discourse is therefore not only what is said, but
also how something is said within a certain
structure.
38. • Fairclough defines social practice as
“articulations of different types of social element
which are associated with particular areas of
social life,” and the function of social practice is
to articulate discourse (hence language) together
with other non-discoursal social elements.
39. • Social practices ‘mediate’ the relationship
between social structures at the most general &
abstract level & particular, concrete social
events; social fields, institutions & organizations
are constituted as networks of social practices.
40. References
1. Fairclough, N. (2013) Critical Discourse
Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. TJ
International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall.
2. Fairclough et al. (2010), Online Article.
3. Fairclough, N. (1989) Language & Power.
Longman Group UK Limited.
4. Blommaert, J. (2005) Discourse: A Critical
Introduction. Cambridge University Press
5. Jorgenson, M & Phillips, L. (2002) DA as
theory & Method. London: Sage.