Chapter 6 from the book Theory and Practice of Online Learning

3. Fleming’s Framework
 Fleming's (1987) framework is addressing six-element
typology of teaching tasks and objectives.
i. attention,
ii. perception and recall,
iii. organization and sequencing,
iv. instruction and feedback,
v. learner participation, and
vi. higher-order thinking and concept formation.

4. • To be effective, training must attract and
hold the learner's attention.
Attention • Instruction must also recognize that
attention tends to be
individual, selective, fluid and simple.
• Perception and recall can be aided by
comparison and contrast; similarity and
Perception grouping also assist recall.
and Recall • Presentations that focus on differences
are distinguished better by learners, and
their contents may be easier to recall.

5. • The first and last items in a sequence are
especially important; introductions and
Organization summaries represent key learning opportunities.
and • Modeling and demonstrations can result in
Sequenzing learning.
• Repetition and review increase learning up to a
point.
• The more mature the learner, the more
informative the feedback should be.
Instruction • Feedback should be prompt, but it does not
and
Feedback have to be immediate.
• Feedback can be reduced as the learner
becomes more experienced and more proficient.

6. • Activities that encourage the formation in the
learner of mental images increase learning.
• Language use accompanying or providing
Learner context for newly learned concepts increases
Participation
learning. For example, composing a verbal
narrative while learning complex or abstract
material assists in retention.
• signal learning
• stimulus-response learning
• motor-chain learning
Higher Order • verbal association
Thinking • multiple discrimination
• concept learning
• principle learning
• problem-solving

7. http://www.slideshare.net/HafidzahAziz