The document summarizes research on measuring resilience in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Niger and Burkina Faso. It finds that the three capacities of resilience - absorptive, adaptive, and transformative - help households mitigate the effects of shocks like drought. Social capital is found to positively impact food security, recovery from shocks, and reduce shock impacts. Wealthier households benefit more from social capital. Livelihood diversity is also found to increase resilience.
Rests and rest seats are components of partial dentures that provide vertical support. A rest is a prepared surface on a tooth that supports the denture, while a rest seat is the prepared surface that receives the rest. There are different types of rests including occlusal, lingual, and incisal rests. An occlusal rest is triangular in shape with a rounded apex and a base of at least 2.5mm. The floor of the occlusal rest seat is concave and apical to the marginal ridge. Internal occlusal rests eliminate visible clasps and position the rest seat in a favorable location for support and stabilization. Lingual rests are prepared on the canines or incisors as a slightly
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document defines and describes different types of rests and rest seats used for partial dentures. It discusses the functions of rests in transmitting forces and retaining partial dentures. The key types discussed are occlusal, lingual/cingulum, and incisal rests. For each type, the document outlines indications, design considerations like shape and dimensions, and how they function to direct forces along the tooth's long axis. Proper preparation of rest seats is emphasized to avoid fractures and prevent unwanted tooth movement.
Minor connectors, rests & rests seats In prosthodonticsDr Mujtaba Ashraf
This document discusses minor connectors and rests/rest seats in removable partial dentures. It defines minor connectors as connecting links between major connectors and other prosthesis units. Minor connectors function to unify, transfer stress, and transmit effects throughout the prosthesis. Rests prevent prosthesis movement and transfer forces to abutment teeth. Well-designed rests and minor connectors are important for supporting removable partial dentures.
This document discusses different types of direct retainers for removable partial dentures, including intracoronal and extracoronal retainers. It describes various extracoronal clasp designs such as circlet, half and half, fish hook, reverse circlet, and embrasure clasps. Key factors that determine clasp retention like flexibility, diameter, and metal composition are also summarized. Guidelines for proper clasp design and factors influencing selection are provided.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Older adults who exercised regularly performed better on cognitive tests and brain scans showed they had greater activity in areas important for memory and learning compared to less active peers.
Rests and rest seats are components of partial dentures that provide vertical support. A rest is a prepared surface on a tooth that supports the denture, while a rest seat is the prepared surface that receives the rest. There are different types of rests including occlusal, lingual, and incisal rests. An occlusal rest is triangular in shape with a rounded apex and a base of at least 2.5mm. The floor of the occlusal rest seat is concave and apical to the marginal ridge. Internal occlusal rests eliminate visible clasps and position the rest seat in a favorable location for support and stabilization. Lingual rests are prepared on the canines or incisors as a slightly
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document defines and describes different types of rests and rest seats used for partial dentures. It discusses the functions of rests in transmitting forces and retaining partial dentures. The key types discussed are occlusal, lingual/cingulum, and incisal rests. For each type, the document outlines indications, design considerations like shape and dimensions, and how they function to direct forces along the tooth's long axis. Proper preparation of rest seats is emphasized to avoid fractures and prevent unwanted tooth movement.
Minor connectors, rests & rests seats In prosthodonticsDr Mujtaba Ashraf
This document discusses minor connectors and rests/rest seats in removable partial dentures. It defines minor connectors as connecting links between major connectors and other prosthesis units. Minor connectors function to unify, transfer stress, and transmit effects throughout the prosthesis. Rests prevent prosthesis movement and transfer forces to abutment teeth. Well-designed rests and minor connectors are important for supporting removable partial dentures.
This document discusses different types of direct retainers for removable partial dentures, including intracoronal and extracoronal retainers. It describes various extracoronal clasp designs such as circlet, half and half, fish hook, reverse circlet, and embrasure clasps. Key factors that determine clasp retention like flexibility, diameter, and metal composition are also summarized. Guidelines for proper clasp design and factors influencing selection are provided.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Older adults who exercised regularly performed better on cognitive tests and brain scans showed they had greater activity in areas important for memory and learning compared to less active peers.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Gingival tissue management requires retraction and relapse process of gingival tissue. It is a process of exposing gingival margin while impression making of prepared teeth. Accurate reproduction of finish line is essential for fabrication of cast restoration. Hence, it is necessary to retract gingiva prior to impression making. We discussed the various parts and process of gingival tissue management in this presentation.
This simplified lecture will present to you the basic concept of intracanal medicaments, their indication, classification, and their appropriate selection.
Presented to you by Iraqi Dental Academy.
visit us on facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/Iraqi.Dental.Academy/
or Twitter:
https://twitter.com/IQDentalAcademy
Our page on Telegram:
@IraqiDental
Retention,stability& support in dentures / dental implant courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes recent advances in irrigation devices used in endodontics. It describes both manual and machine-assisted irrigation techniques. For manual techniques, it discusses syringe irrigation with different needle types, use of brushes, and manual dynamic irrigation. It also covers machine-assisted devices like rotary brushes, continuous irrigation during instrumentation, sonic irrigation with devices like the Rispisonic file and Endoactivator. The document provides details on how each technique works and its advantages over other methods.
This document discusses various pulpotomy procedures for primary teeth. It defines pulpotomy as removing the coronal pulp and placing a medicament on the radicular pulp stumps. Several materials used for pulpotomy are discussed, including formocresol, glutaraldehyde, calcium hydroxide, ferric sulfate, and MTA. The procedure, success rates, advantages and disadvantages of different materials are summarized. Alternative methods like laser pulpotomy and electrosurgery are also mentioned.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Social Capital Effects: Resources, Tie Strength, & Digital Divides Wenhong Chen
More than 20 percent of Americans still have no access to the Internet. How to get them connected is critical to narrowing the digital divides. Drawing on a two-wave national panel dataset, this paper examines the implications of social capital for Internet access and use. Results demonstrate social capital facilitates Internet access and use. In particularly, resource-rich bonding social capital helps overcome the digital divides both in access, general use, and online communication. Before the Internet can revitalize social capital, there must be the right social capital in place to close the digital divides. Highlighting the effect of social connectivity on digital connectivity, the findings have important implications for policymakers and practitioners.
El documento define y analiza el concepto de capital social. Explica que el capital social se refiere a las normas, redes y confianza dentro de una sociedad que permiten que las personas se coordinen y cooperen entre sí para beneficio mutuo. Discute las diferentes dimensiones e impactos del capital social, así como su relación con el desarrollo económico y social.
The document discusses social capital and the networked public sphere in the context of social media and political participation. It defines key concepts like the public sphere, social capital, bridging and bonding capital. An analysis of a Norwegian political party's online community found it partially embodied characteristics of a public sphere and demonstrated how social capital operates. Participation increased social capital and social ties within and between online groups, showing how the networked public sphere and social capital can mutually reinforce political discussion and civic engagement.
This document provides an overview and revision of topics for a BTEC Creative Digital Media Production Unit 1 exam, including:
1. There are three learning aims focused on digital media sectors, audiences, and how audiences engage with media.
2. Topics to be covered include media sectors, regulatory bodies, production stages, platforms versus devices, audience theories, and research methods.
3. A revision placemat provides questions to test understanding of key topics like regulatory bodies, audience theories, distribution, and the difference between analogue and digital media.
The document discusses how libraries can raise their online social capital through various online platforms and tools. It explains that online social capital works similarly to real-world social capital by facilitating networking and collaboration. Some key ways libraries can build online social capital mentioned include maintaining a strong library website, engaging with patrons on social media, blogging, listing on online directories, submitting to online news sites, using web tools, and ensuring their online presence is integrated across platforms. The overall goal is to connect the library to its community through as many relevant online channels as possible.
Natural ecosystems provide numerous ecosystem services that are essential to human well-being and economic activity. These services include provisioning services like food, fiber, fuel and medicines; regulating services like climate regulation, flood and drought mitigation, soil formation, and pest control; and cultural services like inspiration, recreation, and spiritual fulfillment. However, many of these services are being degraded or lost due to human activities like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Properly valuing ecosystem services and incorporating their value into policy and economic decisions is crucial for ensuring their continued supply for future generations.
This document defines social capital and discusses its background and types. Social capital refers to the benefits obtained from the relationships among individuals, such as shared trust, norms and networks. It was first coined in 1916 and has roots in concepts from earlier writers. There are two main types of social capital: bonding versus bridging. Social capital is measured by the levels of trust and civic engagement in a community and is important for outcomes in areas like education, democracy and civil society. The document also discusses theories of social capital and ways to promote it on individual, community and national levels.
Rhiannon Fisher, recently submitted CCRI PhD student, presents her research on the role of social capital with regards to farmer resilience and response to critical events, looking in particular at bovine TB.
The document discusses key concepts related to social networks and social networking sites. It defines social networks as networks formed by social ties that can be both personal networks and community networks. Social networking involves using one's social networks, often for professional advantage, and is supported by social networking sites. Social networking sites are primarily designed for managing personal social networks and making social ties explicit. The document also discusses issues like privacy, data ownership, and the structure and management of social networks and ties on social media platforms.
The Uses and Gratifications theory views audiences as active in their media consumption choices. It posits that people select media to fulfill certain needs and gratifications. The theory assumes audiences are goal-oriented in their selections and can articulate the reasons behind their choices. It also acknowledges that media compete with other sources for fulfilling needs. Common gratifications sought from media include information, entertainment, social interaction, and escape from problems. The degree to which media gratify the reasons people seek them (gratifications sought vs. gratifications obtained) determines audience satisfaction. Media dependency theory extends this by arguing people rely more on media that fulfill important goals and needs.
This document provides an overview of social network analysis (SNA) including concepts, methods, and applications. It begins with background on how SNA originated from social science and network analysis/graph theory. Key concepts discussed include representing social networks as graphs, identifying strong and weak ties, central nodes, and network cohesion. Practical applications of SNA are also outlined, such as in business, law enforcement, and social media sites. The document concludes by recommending when and why to use SNA.
Uses and Gratifications Theory posits that audience members actively seek out media to meet specific needs or gratifications, rather than media having direct influence over people. It focuses on what people do with media rather than what media does to people. The theory suggests people use media to fulfill needs like social interaction, entertainment, education, and identification. Critics argue it does not fully recognize media's unconscious influence over views and that media can manipulate audiences. However, it may be more applicable today as the internet allows more freedom and control over media consumption.
The document discusses the concept of sustainable rural livelihoods from various perspectives. It examines sustainability from an economic, ecological, and social lens. A sustainable livelihood is one that provides adequate resources and income to meet needs over time while maintaining the environment and social systems. The document outlines factors that determine rural livelihoods like birth, gender, and inheritance. It also discusses livelihood resources, strategies like agriculture intensification, diversification, and migration, and the outcomes of improved livelihood sustainability like increased income, reduced poverty and vulnerability, and protection of natural resources.
The next Brussels Development Briefing no. 51 on ”Agriculture as an engine of economic reconstruction and development in fragile countries ” took place on 27 June 2018 from 09h00 to 13h00, ACP Secretariat, Brussels 451 Avenue Georges Henri, 1200 Brussels. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Gingival tissue management requires retraction and relapse process of gingival tissue. It is a process of exposing gingival margin while impression making of prepared teeth. Accurate reproduction of finish line is essential for fabrication of cast restoration. Hence, it is necessary to retract gingiva prior to impression making. We discussed the various parts and process of gingival tissue management in this presentation.
This simplified lecture will present to you the basic concept of intracanal medicaments, their indication, classification, and their appropriate selection.
Presented to you by Iraqi Dental Academy.
visit us on facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/Iraqi.Dental.Academy/
or Twitter:
https://twitter.com/IQDentalAcademy
Our page on Telegram:
@IraqiDental
Retention,stability& support in dentures / dental implant courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes recent advances in irrigation devices used in endodontics. It describes both manual and machine-assisted irrigation techniques. For manual techniques, it discusses syringe irrigation with different needle types, use of brushes, and manual dynamic irrigation. It also covers machine-assisted devices like rotary brushes, continuous irrigation during instrumentation, sonic irrigation with devices like the Rispisonic file and Endoactivator. The document provides details on how each technique works and its advantages over other methods.
This document discusses various pulpotomy procedures for primary teeth. It defines pulpotomy as removing the coronal pulp and placing a medicament on the radicular pulp stumps. Several materials used for pulpotomy are discussed, including formocresol, glutaraldehyde, calcium hydroxide, ferric sulfate, and MTA. The procedure, success rates, advantages and disadvantages of different materials are summarized. Alternative methods like laser pulpotomy and electrosurgery are also mentioned.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Social Capital Effects: Resources, Tie Strength, & Digital Divides Wenhong Chen
More than 20 percent of Americans still have no access to the Internet. How to get them connected is critical to narrowing the digital divides. Drawing on a two-wave national panel dataset, this paper examines the implications of social capital for Internet access and use. Results demonstrate social capital facilitates Internet access and use. In particularly, resource-rich bonding social capital helps overcome the digital divides both in access, general use, and online communication. Before the Internet can revitalize social capital, there must be the right social capital in place to close the digital divides. Highlighting the effect of social connectivity on digital connectivity, the findings have important implications for policymakers and practitioners.
El documento define y analiza el concepto de capital social. Explica que el capital social se refiere a las normas, redes y confianza dentro de una sociedad que permiten que las personas se coordinen y cooperen entre sí para beneficio mutuo. Discute las diferentes dimensiones e impactos del capital social, así como su relación con el desarrollo económico y social.
The document discusses social capital and the networked public sphere in the context of social media and political participation. It defines key concepts like the public sphere, social capital, bridging and bonding capital. An analysis of a Norwegian political party's online community found it partially embodied characteristics of a public sphere and demonstrated how social capital operates. Participation increased social capital and social ties within and between online groups, showing how the networked public sphere and social capital can mutually reinforce political discussion and civic engagement.
This document provides an overview and revision of topics for a BTEC Creative Digital Media Production Unit 1 exam, including:
1. There are three learning aims focused on digital media sectors, audiences, and how audiences engage with media.
2. Topics to be covered include media sectors, regulatory bodies, production stages, platforms versus devices, audience theories, and research methods.
3. A revision placemat provides questions to test understanding of key topics like regulatory bodies, audience theories, distribution, and the difference between analogue and digital media.
The document discusses how libraries can raise their online social capital through various online platforms and tools. It explains that online social capital works similarly to real-world social capital by facilitating networking and collaboration. Some key ways libraries can build online social capital mentioned include maintaining a strong library website, engaging with patrons on social media, blogging, listing on online directories, submitting to online news sites, using web tools, and ensuring their online presence is integrated across platforms. The overall goal is to connect the library to its community through as many relevant online channels as possible.
Natural ecosystems provide numerous ecosystem services that are essential to human well-being and economic activity. These services include provisioning services like food, fiber, fuel and medicines; regulating services like climate regulation, flood and drought mitigation, soil formation, and pest control; and cultural services like inspiration, recreation, and spiritual fulfillment. However, many of these services are being degraded or lost due to human activities like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Properly valuing ecosystem services and incorporating their value into policy and economic decisions is crucial for ensuring their continued supply for future generations.
This document defines social capital and discusses its background and types. Social capital refers to the benefits obtained from the relationships among individuals, such as shared trust, norms and networks. It was first coined in 1916 and has roots in concepts from earlier writers. There are two main types of social capital: bonding versus bridging. Social capital is measured by the levels of trust and civic engagement in a community and is important for outcomes in areas like education, democracy and civil society. The document also discusses theories of social capital and ways to promote it on individual, community and national levels.
Rhiannon Fisher, recently submitted CCRI PhD student, presents her research on the role of social capital with regards to farmer resilience and response to critical events, looking in particular at bovine TB.
The document discusses key concepts related to social networks and social networking sites. It defines social networks as networks formed by social ties that can be both personal networks and community networks. Social networking involves using one's social networks, often for professional advantage, and is supported by social networking sites. Social networking sites are primarily designed for managing personal social networks and making social ties explicit. The document also discusses issues like privacy, data ownership, and the structure and management of social networks and ties on social media platforms.
The Uses and Gratifications theory views audiences as active in their media consumption choices. It posits that people select media to fulfill certain needs and gratifications. The theory assumes audiences are goal-oriented in their selections and can articulate the reasons behind their choices. It also acknowledges that media compete with other sources for fulfilling needs. Common gratifications sought from media include information, entertainment, social interaction, and escape from problems. The degree to which media gratify the reasons people seek them (gratifications sought vs. gratifications obtained) determines audience satisfaction. Media dependency theory extends this by arguing people rely more on media that fulfill important goals and needs.
This document provides an overview of social network analysis (SNA) including concepts, methods, and applications. It begins with background on how SNA originated from social science and network analysis/graph theory. Key concepts discussed include representing social networks as graphs, identifying strong and weak ties, central nodes, and network cohesion. Practical applications of SNA are also outlined, such as in business, law enforcement, and social media sites. The document concludes by recommending when and why to use SNA.
Uses and Gratifications Theory posits that audience members actively seek out media to meet specific needs or gratifications, rather than media having direct influence over people. It focuses on what people do with media rather than what media does to people. The theory suggests people use media to fulfill needs like social interaction, entertainment, education, and identification. Critics argue it does not fully recognize media's unconscious influence over views and that media can manipulate audiences. However, it may be more applicable today as the internet allows more freedom and control over media consumption.
The document discusses the concept of sustainable rural livelihoods from various perspectives. It examines sustainability from an economic, ecological, and social lens. A sustainable livelihood is one that provides adequate resources and income to meet needs over time while maintaining the environment and social systems. The document outlines factors that determine rural livelihoods like birth, gender, and inheritance. It also discusses livelihood resources, strategies like agriculture intensification, diversification, and migration, and the outcomes of improved livelihood sustainability like increased income, reduced poverty and vulnerability, and protection of natural resources.
The next Brussels Development Briefing no. 51 on ”Agriculture as an engine of economic reconstruction and development in fragile countries ” took place on 27 June 2018 from 09h00 to 13h00, ACP Secretariat, Brussels 451 Avenue Georges Henri, 1200 Brussels. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD.
This document provides a course description and objectives for a class on food security and livelihoods. The course aims to provide an understanding of human vulnerability to food insecurity and livelihood risks. It will cover topics like definitions of livelihoods and food security/insecurity, livelihood assets, coping strategies of poor households, and the influence of resource scarcity on vulnerability and food insecurity over time and space. Different food security analysis techniques will also be discussed. The course objectives are to understand concepts of livelihoods and food security, analyze sustainable livelihood frameworks, identify causes of food insecurity, compare analysis techniques, and explain Ethiopia's food security programs and strategies.
This document provides a course description and objectives for a class on food security and livelihoods. The course aims to provide an understanding of human vulnerability to food insecurity and different livelihood risks. It will cover topics like definitions of livelihoods and food security/insecurity, and analyze factors influencing households' livelihoods and vulnerabilities. Students will learn techniques for food security analysis and about Ethiopia's food security programs and strategies. The document also provides an introduction to livelihood and food security concepts, including common definitions, approaches, and frameworks for analyzing livelihood assets, strategies, and outcomes.
This document discusses sustainable livelihood approaches and how they can be applied to issues like climate change and food security. It describes key principles of livelihood approaches like being people-centered and participatory. It also explains how livelihood frameworks are used to understand factors that affect people's access to assets, strategies, and vulnerability to shocks. Specifically, it outlines how livelihood analysis has been applied to climate change adaptation and food security issues.
Food System Organization and Community ImpactsAngela Huffman
This document summarizes Mary Hendrickson's work on food systems and community impacts. It discusses how concentrated food systems can negatively impact communities by increasing inequality and poverty, decreasing retail diversity, and causing population declines. However, local food systems tend to have more positive economic and social impacts on communities by keeping more money circulating locally and strengthening social and economic ties. The document also outlines different types of capital (natural, financial, human, social, political, cultural, built) that contribute to community well-being and resilience, and provides strategies for building these capitals through local and regional food systems.
Disasters and Resilience: Issues and PerspectivesOSU_Superfund
PREPARED BY: Nina Lam, Professor LSU Environmental Sciences January 29, 2013
More information on symposium: http://superfund.oregonstate.edu/LSUSymposium1.13
Presentation held by Fiona Percy, Care International, at the learning event the Community Based Adaptation and Resilience in East and Southern Africa’s Drylands, held in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia by Care International Adaptation Learning Program for Africa (ALP), The CGIAR research program on Climate change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and African Insect Science for Food and Health (ICIPE)
Social Resilience andNatural Resource Dependent Societies -Kenya-Dr. Asenath Maobe
This lecture was presented to Master of Science Students at the University of Nairobi, in January 2021 at the invitation of Prof. Joanes Atela a seasoned climate change expert and a convener of Africa Research and Impact Network (ARIN).
The lecture highlights the praxis between social resilience and natural resource dependent societies, a Kenyan context. Enjoy!
The document discusses the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, which views livelihoods as consisting of the assets or capital that households have access to, the context of vulnerability in which they operate, their livelihood strategies, and the resulting outcomes. It examines the different factors that the framework considers like trends, shocks, seasonality, access to natural, physical, financial, human, and social assets, and the role of policies, institutions and processes in shaping livelihoods. The framework aims to improve understanding of livelihoods, particularly of the poor, and can be used for planning development activities or assessing their impact on livelihood sustainability.
The document discusses the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, which views livelihoods as consisting of the assets or capital that households have access to, the strategies they use to make a living, and the outcomes they achieve. It examines the various factors that influence livelihoods such as trends, shocks, seasonality, policies, institutions, and processes. The framework aims to understand livelihoods, particularly of the poor, and identify ways to strengthen assets and reduce vulnerability.
The document discusses the concept of livelihoods and provides definitions. A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities required to make a living. Livelihoods are sustainable when they can cope with stress and shocks, maintain assets without damaging resources. The framework analyzes livelihoods through five capital assets - financial, natural, physical, social, and human. Livelihood strategies utilize these assets to produce livelihood outcomes within the context of vulnerabilities. The sustainable livelihood approach is people-centered and considers multiple strategies across sectors to build on strengths and opportunities through evidence-based policies.
Insuring Social Justice through Food SecurityBrian McConnell
Prepared by Hunter Hartley to facilitate a group discussion between Roanoke civic members, the presentation addresses the relationship between local "food security", "social" and "economic justice".
This document summarizes lessons learned from resilience-building and nutrition programs implemented in Ethiopia, Niger, northern Kenya, and other food-insecure regions. It finds that cash transfers and seasonal safety nets alone were insufficient, and longer-term, multisectoral interventions are needed to build communities' ability to withstand shocks. Successful approaches included integrated interventions across agriculture, water and sanitation, livelihoods, and nutrition; strengthening government response capacity; and coordinating humanitarian and development actors. The document also provides recommendations for international donors, policymakers, and practitioners to adopt resilience-building approaches.
Social protection, agriculture and the From Protection to Production projectFAO
http://www.fao.org/economic/PtoP/en/
Presented during the From Protection to Production project workshop, 24-25 September 2013, FAO HQ.
The From Protection to Production (PtoP) project is a multi-country impact evaluation of cash transfers in sub-Saharan Africa. The project is a collaborative effort between the FAO, the UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office and the governments of Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Project activities are mainly funded by the Regular Fund, the DFID Research and Evidence Division and the EU.
Presentation on the state of the art for the ASSETS project for the inception workshop in Southampton, May 21st 2012. Project is supported by the ESPA program, with funding coming from DFID and NERC.
Ones Karuho
POLICY SEMINAR
Research Findings on Resilience & Social Cohesion in Burkina Faso and Niger
Co-organized by IFPRI, World Food Programme (WFP), Institute for Peace and Development (IPD), and the CGIAR Research Initiative on Fragility, Conflict, and Migration (FCM)
JUL 11, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
Similar to Measuring Resilience Evidence from Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Niger and Burkina Faso TIM FRANKENBERGER (20)
Presentation_Behar - Private Public Partnerships and CKDuCORE Group
The document summarizes statistics and information about the sugarcane agribusiness in Mexico, including:
- It produced over 6 million tons of sugar in 2017/2018 and generated nearly 500,000 direct jobs.
- It has a complex supply chain involving sugarcane suppliers, mills, transportation, and the food industry.
- It has a legal framework including laws governing sustainable development of sugarcane and labor relations in mills.
- The government has a National Sugarcane Agribusiness Program to increase productivity and competitiveness.
Presentation_World Vision - Private Public Partnerships and CKDuCORE Group
The Fields of Hope project by World Vision Mexico seeks to prevent and reduce child labor in the sugarcane and coffee sectors in the states of Veracruz and Oaxaca. It aims to benefit 1,520 children at risk of or engaged in child labor across 24 communities and 4 municipalities. The project takes an integral approach through advocacy, collaboration with the private sector, and sensitizing communities and workers, while also promoting access to education.
Presentation_Wesseling - Private Public Partnerships and CKDuCORE Group
This document discusses the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) affecting agricultural workers along the Pacific coast of Central America. It provides evidence that the disease has an occupational etiology related to heat stress and dehydration experienced by sugarcane and other field workers. Studies show physiological changes in workers consistent with heat stress and dehydration across work shifts. Longitudinal studies find declines in kidney function over harvest seasons among heat-exposed occupations. Intervention studies reducing heat stress through water, rest, and shade have shown reduced declines in kidney function. While some non-occupational factors may also contribute, the evidence strongly suggests that prolonged occupational heat stress is a primary driver of the CKDu epidemic.
Presentation_NCDs - Private Public Partnerships and CKDuCORE Group
Non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes are leading causes of death and disability globally but receive little focus from global health initiatives. While communicable diseases have declined in recent decades, deaths from non-communicable diseases have increased and pose growing health and economic challenges as treatments remain limited. Experts call for greater prioritization and resources for non-communicable diseases on the global health agenda.
Presentation_HRH2030 - Opportunities to optimize and integrate CHWCORE Group
This document summarizes a conference session on integrating and optimizing community health workers (CHWs) in health systems from global and local perspectives. The session included a fishbowl-style debate where attendees were invited to discuss questions about implementing the WHO CHW Guideline recommendations, important partnerships for training CHWs, priorities for managing and supporting newly recognized CHWs, considerations for optimizing the role of CHWs, and innovations needed to shape and sustain CHWs' roles by 2030.
Presentation_Save the Children - Building Partnerships to Provide Nurturing CareCORE Group
This document discusses the experiences of a mother giving birth to a preemie baby named Becky at 30 weeks gestation. Some key points include:
- Becky spent time in the NICU and the mother felt her discharge was rushed, leaving her unprepared to deal with feeding and breathing issues at home.
- Becky faced various developmental issues over time, including low muscle tone, sensory processing disorder, autism, ADHD, and scoliosis.
- The mother advocates for increased support for preemie babies and their families, including more parent education, counseling, early intervention services, and IEP supports over time.
Presentation_Video - Building Partnerships to provide nurturing careCORE Group
This 4 minute video provides an overview of the key events in the history of the United States from 1492 to the early 2000s. It touches on major milestones like the founding of colonies, the American Revolution, westward expansion, the Civil War, industrialization, both World Wars, the Cold War, and events of the early 21st century. The video presents a high-level chronological summary of major political, economic and social developments that shaped America over the past 500+ years.
Presentation_Perez - Building Partnerships to provide nurturing careCORE Group
This document provides information on empowering health workers and caregivers to deliver therapeutic early childhood development care at home. It discusses how 90% of brain development occurs before age 5 and the importance of nurturing care for young children. The document outlines capacity development for parents and caregivers, including guidance on conducting activities that integrate motor, social-emotional, and therapeutic skills into daily routines. It also stresses the importance of addressing caregiver stress and depression through psychosocial support groups to promote child development.
Presentation_Robb-McCord - Building Partnerships to provide nurturing careCORE Group
The document summarizes key points from a CORE Group meeting on nurturing care for preterm newborns. It discusses how nurturing care involves providing a stable, sensitive environment that meets children's health needs from birth to 3 years. The evidence review examines interventions like skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, managing pain and stress, sleep protection and stimulation. Country case studies from both high and low income nations are also being conducted to understand policies and guidelines supporting nurturing care concepts.
Presentation_Discussion - Norms Shifting InterventionsCORE Group
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Measuring Resilience Evidence from Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Niger and Burkina Faso TIM FRANKENBERGER
1. Measuring Resilience:
Evidence from Ethiopia, Kenya,
Uganda, Niger and Burkina Faso
Tim Frankenberger
May 17, 2016
Core Group Global Health Practitioner Conference
2. Background
• The combined effect of climate changes,
economic forces and socio-political conditions
have increased the frequency and severity of
risk exposure among vulnerable populations.
• For this reason interest in resilience has
increased with an associated call for
measurement
3. Defining Resilience
UDAID Definition:
“The ability of people, households, communities, countries, and systems to
mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shocks and stresses in a manner that
reduces chronic vulnerability and facilitates inclusive growth”
• Definition used by the Resilience Technical working Group of FSIN:
“Resilience is defined as a capacity that ensures stressors and shocks do
not have long-lasting adverse development consequences”
• In this research, resilience is viewed as a set of capacities that enable
households and communities to effectively function in the face of shocks
and stresses and still meet a set of well-being outcomes.
4. Disturbance
e.g., natural
hazard, conflict,
food shortage,
fuel price increase
Vulnerability pathway
Resilience pathway
Shocks
Stresses
LivelihoodAssets
Structures/processes
LivelihoodStrategies
Exposure
Sensitivity
Context
Levelofaggregation
Bounce
back
better
Bounce
back
Recover but
worse than
before
Collapse
Food Security
Adequate
nutrition
Environmental
security
Food Insecurity
Malnutrition
Environmental
degradation
Adaptive
state to
shock
Reaction to disturbance
e.g., survive, cope, recover,
learn, transform
Well-being
Outcomes
Absorptive, adaptive
and transformative
capacities
Context
e.g., social,
ecosystems,
political,
religious, etc.
(-)
( + )
Resilience Conceptual Framework
Source: Frankenberger et al. 2014.
6. Three Capacities of Resilience
• Absorptive capacity: The ability to minimize exposure
to shocks and stresses through preventative measures
and appropriate coping strategies to avoid permanent,
negative impacts
• Adaptive capacity: Making proactive and informed
choices about alternative livelihood strategies based on
an understanding of changing conditions
• Transformative capacity: The governance mechanisms,
policies/regulations, infrastructure, community
networks, and formal and informal social protection
mechanisms that constitute the enabling environment
for systemic change
7. Indicators of Resilience Capacity Employed
for the PRIME Project Impact Evaluation
Indicators of Resilience Capacity
Absorptive Capacity
• Household perceived
ability to recover from
shocks
• Social capital (bonding)
• Access to informal
community safety nets
• Asset ownership
• Cash savings
• Availability of hazard
insurance
• Availability of a disaster
preparedness and
mitigation program
Adaptive Capacity
• Household aspirations and
confidence to adapt
• Exposure to information
• Human capital
• Social capital (bridging and
linking)
• Diversity of livelihoods
• Access to financial
resources
• Asset ownership
Transformative Capacity
• Availability of formal
safety nets in communities
• Access to markets
• Access to infrastructure
• Access to basic services
• Access to livestock
services
• Access to communal
natural resources
• Social capital (bridging and
linking)
8. Specific Components of Resilience
Indices Examined in this Presentation
• Social Capital (Bonding, Bridging and Linking)
• Livelihood Diversification
• Psycho-social dimensions (e.g.,aspirations and
confidence to adapt)
9. Empirical Evidence
• This presentation examines empirical evidence
from studies focused on measuring resilience
– Pastoralist Areas Resilience Improvement and
Market Expansion (PRIME) program in Ethiopia
– Build the Resilience and Adaptation to Climate
Extremes and Disasters Program (BRACED)
– Resilience in the Sahel Enhanced (RISE) initiative
10. Studies: PRIME
• Pastoralist Areas Resilience
Improvement through Market
Expansion
– USAID Ethiopia Feed the Future
• Project goals:
– increase household incomes
– enhance resilience
– Improve climate change adaptive capacity
• Program beneficiaries
– pastoralists, ag-pastoralist, non-pastoralists
• Geographic location
– 2 areas in Ethiopia (Borena and Jijiga)
• Data
– Baseline (2013)
– Interim monitoring data (2014 – 2015, 6
months)
11. Studies: BRACED
• Build the Resilience and
Adaptation to Climate Extremes
and Disasters Program
– Mercy Corps
• Goals:
– enhance resilience
– improve climate change adaptive capacity
– public sector engagement & service delivery
• Program beneficiaries
– vulnerable groups, esp. women and girls
• Geographic location
– Karamoja, Uganda
– Wajir county, Kenya
• Data
– Baseline (quantitative)
Wajir county, Kenya
Karamoja, Uganda
12. Studies: RISE
• Resilience in the Sahel
Enhanced (RISE) initiative
• Goal: increase the resilience of
chronically vulnerable populations
in agro-pastoral and marginal
agriculture livelihood zones of the
Sahel.
• Program beneficiaries
– Agriculturalist, pastoralist , other
• Geographic location
– Burkina Faso (Eastern, Northern
Central, and Sahel)
– Niger (Zinder, Maradi and Tillabery)
• Data
– Baseline (quantitative)
13. Samples from Project areas
Project area
# of
households
# of
communities
PRIME
Jijiga 1398 32
Borena 1744 41
BRACED
Karamoja 553 24
Wajir 563 10
RISE
Burkina Faso
and Niger
2492 100
14. Shocks & resilience capacities analysis
• Hypothesis 1: each of the 3 resilience capacities
help mitigate adverse effects of shocks (drought,
food price spikes)
• Data: PRIME,BRACED and RISE baseline surveys
• Analysis
– regressions were run with reported recovery from shocks
as the dependent variable against the three types of
resilience capacity, along with explanatory variables (e.g.,
demographic characteristics and shock exposure)
– dependent variable is a ranked categorical variable (e.g.,
‘not recovered’ to ‘ fully recovered’)
• Separate regressions were run with each resilience
capacity to measure the impact of each capacity
15. The Effect of Resilience Capacities in
Mitigating Shocks
• All 3 resilience capacities (absorptive, adaptive
and transformative capacity) contributed in
some way to making households resilient to
shocks in PRIME, BRACED, and RISE program
areas
17. Links between Resilience & FS (RISE
Baseline)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Household
food security
Number of months of agricultural drought
RC=36.4
Greater household resilience capacity reduces negative impacts
of agricultural drought on food security
Resilience capacity (RC)–mediated relationship between drought exposure (months
of agricultural drought) and food security
18. Social Capital
• Social capital can be described as
– the quantity and quality of social resources (networks,
membership in groups, social relations, and access to wider
institutions in society) upon which people draw in pursuit of
livelihoods
• Signs of well-developed social capital include:
– close interaction between people through tight-knit
communities
– the ability to rely on others in times of crisis
– open communication between stakeholder groups
• Previous research demonstrates that social capital
strongly influences community level resilience
– Communities with high social capital rally together
19. Types of Social capital
• Bonding social capital is seen in the bonds
between community or group members.
• Bridging social capital connects members of one
community or group to members of other
communities/groups
• Linking social capital is often conceived of as a
vertical link between a network and some form
of authority
20. Social capital hypotheses
• H1: Households with greater levels of social capital (bonding, bridging, and
linking) achieve greater levels of food security than those with less social
capital, all else equal.
• H2: Households with greater levels of social capital (bonding, bridging, and
linking) are able to recover better than those with less social capital, all
else equal
• H3: For a given level of exposure to shocks, households with more social
capital report fewer negative impacts of shocks than households with less
social capital, all else equal.
• H4: Wealthier households have greater levels of social capital (bonding,
bridging, and linking) and are better able to both receive and give
assistance (in the form of money or food) than those of poorer
households.
21. Social capital conclusions
• Social capital appears to have a positive effect on food
security, helps households recover, and mitigates the
effect of shocks across the different data sets
• Thus social capital appears to be critical to resilience
• Wealthier households appear to receive the benefits of
social capital more than poorer households
• Social capital can be used up in the early phases of a
prolonged covariate shock and its downstream effects
22. Effects of livelihood diversity on
recovery and shock impact
• Livelihood
– activities in which households engage their skills,
capacities, and physical resources to create
income or otherwise improve their way of life
• Rural livelihood diversification
– the process by which households construct an
increasingly varied portfolio of activities, social
support capabilities, and assets for survival or to
improve their standard of living
(Assan 2014; Ellis 2000a, 1999; Chambers and Conway 1992)
23. Livelihoods hypotheses
• H1: Households with greater levels of livelihood
diversity achieve greater levels of resilience than those
who have less diversification, all else equal
• H2: Wealthier households are able to diversify their
livelihood sources more than poorer households, all
else equal
• H3: Poorer households are pushed into livelihoods with
lower returns, and are less able to access livelihoods
with greater and less risky returns
• Data: PRIME & BRACED baselines
24. Livelihoods Results
• Livelihood diversification as a mechanism to
better cope with shocks and stresses needs to
be better understood in the context in which
programs are being implemented
– Diversification can work where there are
opportunities to engage in high return activities
and in areas where significant non-climate sensitive
options exist
– Livelihood diversification in areas where such
opportunities do not exist will not necessarily lead
to better adaptation
25. Subjective and psychosocial factors
• Psychosocial measures that are posited to
influence adaptive capacity
– risk perception
• perceived risk of experiencing a slow-onset or sudden shock
• perceived risk associated with employing certain strategies
to maintain or improve wellbeing after a shock
– self-efficacy
• "belief in one’s own ability to perform a task and to manage
prospective situations”
– aspirations
• Fatalism is “the sense of being powerless to enact change
and having no control over life’s events” (TANGO 2014;
Smith et al. 2015)
26. Conceptual framework representing
two components of resilience
past
Psycho-social factors
aspiration, risk aversion,
self-efficacy, etc.
Subjective
resilience
Household and
community
characteristics
age, education, assets,
infrastructures, social
capital, etc.
Programme interventions
livelihood diversification,
climate smart agriculture
etc.
Resilience capacities
absorptive, adaptive,
transformative
Effect of
shocks/stressors
Responses
coping, adaptive,
transformative
Impact
Change in food security,
nutrition status,
wellbeing
current
27. 4. Psychosocial Hypotheses
• Hypothesis 1: Subjective resilience influences
households' response to shocks/stressors
• Hypothesis 2: Psycho-social factors influence the
people’s ability to recover from shocks/stressors
• Data used:
(1) fishing communities in Ghana, Fiji, Vietnam and Sri
Lanka (Béné et al. 2016)
(2) rural households in 2 regions of Ethiopia (Smith et
al. 2015)
28. H1: Psychosocial Results
• We found negative correlations between
households' level of subjective resilience (i.e.,
self-efficacy score) and the propensity of those
households to engage in coping strategies
• The higher the sense of control people have over
their lives and the more positive the perception
about their own ability to handle (future)
shocks/stressors, the lower the likelihood that
these households will engage in detrimental
short term responses
29. H2: Psychosocial Results
• Ghana-Fiji-Vietnam-Sri-Lanka dataset:
– a correlation between the level of subjective resilience
and the household's resilience index was significant
and positive
• Ethiopian dataset
– a positive correlation between the self-efficacy score
and the recovery index for both Jijiga and Borena
• The perception that people have of their level of
control over their own life positively influences
their ability to recover from shocks/stressors
30. Summary of key findings
• Shocks, resilience & response trajectories
– All 3 resilience capacities contributed in some way to
making households resilient
– Ongoing monitoring is needed (6 months – 1 yr)
– Shocks measurement needs to include both objective
and subjective data
• Social capital
– Social capital appears to have a positive effect on food
security, helps households recover, and mitigates the
effect of shocks across the different data sets
– Social capital appears to be critical to resilience
– Social capital can mitigate early impacts of a shock but
may be used up by a prolonged shock and its
downstream effects
31. Summary of key findings
• Livelihood diversity, recovery & shock impact
– Livelihood diversification needs to be understood in the
program context (e.g., opportunities exist to engage in
high return activities and non-climate sensitive options)
• Psycho-social factors
– People’s perceived level of control over their own life
positively influences their ability to recover from
shocks/stressors
– The higher the sense of control people have over their
lives and the more positive the perception about their own
ability to handle (future) shocks/stressors, the lower the
likelihood that these households will engage in detrimental
short term responses
33. References
Papers available at
http://www.technicalconsortium.org/publications/
under Technical Briefs/Reports Technical Report Series No 2.
1. Woodson, L, Frankenberger, T., Smith, L., Langworthy, M. & Presnall, C. (2016). The
effects of social capital on resilience: Evidence from Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Niger and
Burkina Faso. Nairobi, Kenya: A joint ILRI and TANGO International publication (in press).
2. Bower, T., Frankenberger, T., Nelson, S., Finan, T. & Langworthy, M. (2016). The effect of
livelihood diversity on recovery and shock impact in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda.
Nairobi, Kenya: A joint ILRI and TANGO International publication (in press).
3. Béné, C., Frankenberger, T., Langworthy, M., Mueller, M. & Martin, S. (2016). The
influence of subjective and psychosocial factors on people's resilience: conceptual
framework and empirical evidence. Nairobi, Kenya: A joint ILRI and TANGO International
publication.
4. Bower, T., Presnall, C., Frankenberger, T., Smith, L., Brown, V. & Langworthy, M. (2016).
Shocks, resilience capacities and response trajectories over time. Nairobi, Kenya: A
joint ILRI and TANGO International publication (in press).