The document discusses measuring interventions and change in organizational development. It covers selecting appropriate variables to measure, designing good measures that are operationally defined, reliability which concerns accurately translating data, validity which ensures a measure reflects what it intends to, and using quasi-experimental research designs with longitudinal measurement, comparison units, and statistical analysis. The document also discusses assessing alpha, beta, and gamma types of perceptual changes resulting from interventions.
This webinar looks at answering this question, not by going deeply into the various designed experiment types, but from a process improvement perspective. Progressing from a definition of a designed experiment, to Why and when do I need a designed experiment?, What’s the concept? (and why can’t I do a “one-factor-at-a-time” series of experiments? , to Will this tool solve REAL WORLD problems?
This webinar looks at answering this question, not by going deeply into the various designed experiment types, but from a process improvement perspective. Progressing from a definition of a designed experiment, to Why and when do I need a designed experiment?, What’s the concept? (and why can’t I do a “one-factor-at-a-time” series of experiments? , to Will this tool solve REAL WORLD problems?
Guidelines to Understanding Design of Experiment and Reliability Predictionijsrd.com
This paper will focus on how to plan experiments effectively and how to analyse data correctly. Practical and correct methods for analysing data from life testing will also be provided. This paper gives an extensive overview of reliability issues, definitions and prediction methods currently used in the industry. It defines different methods and correlations between these methods in order to make reliability comparison statements from different manufacturers' in easy way that may use different prediction methods and databases for failure rates. The paper finds however such comparison very difficult and risky unless the conditions for the reliability statements are scrutinized and analysed in detail.
Series of six rating sheets to provide a high-level, subjective evaluation of the design of various elements of a Human Performance Engineering Program. Sheet #6 is for the Performance Measurement System used to aid/drive continuous improvment in human performance.
Guidelines to Understanding Design of Experiment and Reliability Predictionijsrd.com
This paper will focus on how to plan experiments effectively and how to analyse data correctly. Practical and correct methods for analysing data from life testing will also be provided. This paper gives an extensive overview of reliability issues, definitions and prediction methods currently used in the industry. It defines different methods and correlations between these methods in order to make reliability comparison statements from different manufacturers' in easy way that may use different prediction methods and databases for failure rates. The paper finds however such comparison very difficult and risky unless the conditions for the reliability statements are scrutinized and analysed in detail.
Series of six rating sheets to provide a high-level, subjective evaluation of the design of various elements of a Human Performance Engineering Program. Sheet #6 is for the Performance Measurement System used to aid/drive continuous improvment in human performance.
Finding Our Happy Place in the Internet of ThingsPamela Pavliscak
In the future, we will all be better people. And our technology will be better too. Or will it? With connected devices becoming a canvas for our lives, we need new principles and practices to design with greater humanity.
228 Chapter 8 • Measurementto collect more validation data mor.docxeugeniadean34240
228 Chapter 8 • Measurement
to collect more validation data more quickly. For example, insurance companies can share data to obtain large amounts of validation data on specific positions. Another alternative is that it can be advantageous to use professionally developed assessment tools and procedures for which documentation on validity already exists. However, you must ensure that the validity evidence obtained from an "outside" study can be suitably "transported" to your particular situation. In fact, the Uniform Guidelines require as much. To determine if a particular measure is valid for your intended use, consult the manual and available independent reviews such as those in Buros Institute's Mental Measurements Yearbook29 and Test Critiques.*0
When evaluating validity information purchased from a vendor, you should consider the following:
· Available validation evidence supporting the use of the measure for specific purposes. The manual should include a thorough description of the procedures used in the validation studies and the results of those studies. Also consider the definition of job success used in the validation study.
· The possible valid uses of the measure. The purposes for which the measure can legitimately be used should be described, as well as the performance criteria that can validly be predicted.
· The similarity of the sample group(s) on which the measure was developed with the group(s) with which you would like to use the measure. For example, was the measure developed on a sample of high school graduates, managers, or clerical workers? What was the racial, ethnic, age, and gender mix of the sample?
· Job similarity. A job analysis should be performed to verify that your job and the original job are substantially similar in terms of ability requirements and work behavior.
· Adverse impact evidence. Consider the adverse impact reports from outside studies for each protected group that is part of your labor market. If this information is not available for an otherwise qualified measure, conduct your own study of adverse impact, if feasible.
In addition, if an organization would like to use a vendor's assessment or other tool globally, it is important to thoroughly evaluate this capability. Many vendors that claim to be global are actually not capable of delivering a product globally.31
This chapter's Develop Your Skills feature provides some advice on measuring the characteristics of job applicants.
DEVELOP YOUR SKILLS
Chapter 8 • Measurement 225
226 Chapter 8 • Measurement
Assessment Tips3
To effectively assess job candidates, employers must be aware of the inherent limitations of any assessment procedure as well as how to properly use their chosen assessment methods. Here are 10 tips on conducting an effective assessment program:
1. The measures should be used in a purposeful manner— have a clear understanding of what you want to measure and why you want to measure it.
2. Use a variety of tools—because no single m.
Function Points for Estimation - Getting Developers on BoardDCG Software Value
in this report, David Herron discusses management approaches to implementing improved estimating practices using function points. All too often, such initiatives encounter resistance from the development teams – David considers how this resistance can be overcome.
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440 Part Four Organizational Processesare in a completely .docxalinainglis
440 Part Four Organizational Processes
are in a completely different functional area. For instance, accounting department employ-
ees won’t easily recognize how they can adopt quality improvement practices developed by
employees in the production department. The challenge here is for change agents to provide
guidance that is not too specific (not too narrowly defined around the pilot project environ-
ment), because it might not seem relevant to other areas of the organization. At the same
time, the pilot project intervention should not be described too broadly or abstractly to
other employees, because this makes the information and role model too vague. Finally,
employees require supportive situational factors, including the resources and time necessary
to adopt the practices demonstrated in the pilot project.
Four Approaches to Organizational Change
So far, this chapter has examined the dynamics of change that occur every day in organiza-
tions. However, organizational change agents and consultants also apply various structured
approaches to organizational change. This section introduces four of the leading ap-
proaches: action research, appreciative inquiry, large group interventions, and parallel
learning structures.
LO 15-5
Visit connect.mcgrawhill.com for activities and test questions to help
you learn about the four main approaches to organizational change.
ACTION RESEARCH APPROACH
Along with introducing the force field model, Kurt Lewin recommended an action research
approach to the change process. The philosophy of action research is that meaningful change
is a combination of action orientation (changing attitudes and behavior) and research orien-
tation (testing theory).64 On the one hand, the change process needs to be action-oriented
because the ultimate goal is to change the workplace. An action orientation involves
diagnosing current problems and applying interventions that resolve those problems. On
the other hand, the change process is a research study, because change agents apply a
conceptual framework (such as team dynamics or organizational culture) to a real situation.
As with any good research, the change process involves collecting data to diagnose problems
more effectively and to systematically evaluate how well the theory works in practice.65
Within this dual framework of action and research, the action research approach adopts
an open-systems view. It recognizes that organizations have many interdependent parts, so
change agents need to anticipate both the intended and the unintended consequences of their
interventions. Action research is also a highly participative process, because open-systems
change requires both the knowledge and the commitment of members within that system.
Indeed, employees are essentially co-researchers as well as participants in the intervention.
Overall, action research is a data-based, problem-oriented process that diagnoses the need for
change, introduces the.
Criminal Justice Research 6216Application Measuring Variables.docxcrystal5fqula
Criminal Justice Research 6216
Application: Measuring Variables
Measurement is one of the foundational aspects of science and knowledge. It allows researchers, once they have defined and conceptualized their variables, to measure (not just observe) them in order to conduct analysis. How well variables (i.e., phenomena) are defined and measured affects what can be known about them and the overall validity of that research as a whole. Judgments about evidence to support a particular intervention are not just about the demonstration of successful outcomes but also entail considerations about the quality of the measures of these outcomes.
Measurement scales are distinguished by their level: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. A variable can have any of these levels. For example, a variable that has a nominal-level measurement scale is commonly referred to as a nominal-level variable or, simply, a nominal variable. There are many factors to consider when choosing a particular level of measurement and so it is important to make sure you are using the correct level of measurement when conducting a research study. The measurement chosen can support whether your study is valid and reliable.
For this Application Assignment, consider the differences between measurement and observation. Then think about the differences between and among nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio levels of measurement and why it is important to know the level(s) of measurement in a study. Finally, consider how you might improve the validity and reliability of variable conceptualization and measurement.
The assignment (2
–
3 pages):
Explain differences between measurement and observation.
Explain differences between the four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Explain why it is important to know the level(s) of measurement for variables in a study.
Describe two techniques that may be used to improve the validity and reliability of variable measurement.
.
The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
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3. INTRODUCTION
Assessing OD Interventions involves judgments about
whether an intervention has been implemented as
intended & if so, whether it is having desired results.
Managers investing resources in OD efforts increasingly
are being held accountable for results being asked to
justify in terms of bottom-line outcomes. Measurement
of Organizational Interventions provides development of
useful implementation & evaluation feedback.
4. MEASUREMENT OF OD INTERVENTIONS
Selecting Appropriate
Variable.
Designing
good measure.
5. Selecting Appropriate Variable
Ideally, the variables measured in OD evaluation should derive from
the theory or conceptual model underlying the intervention. The
model should incorporate the key features of the intervention as well
as its expected results.
For example, the joblevel diagnostic model proposes several major
features of work: task variety, feedback, and autonomy. The theory
argues that high levels of these elements can be expected to result
in high levels of work quality and satisfaction.
Whether the intervention is being implemented could be assessed
by determining how many job descriptions have been rewritten to
include more responsibility or how many organization members
have received cross-training in other job skills. Again, these
measures would likely be included in the initial diagnosis, when the
company‟s problems or areas for improvement are discovered.
6. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION FOR DESIGNING GOOD
MEASURE
A good measure is operationally defined; that
is, it specifies the empirical data needed how
they will be collected and, most
important, how they will be converted from
data to information. These measures consist of
specific computational rules that can be used to
construct measures for each of the behaviour.
They provide precise guidelines about what
characteristics of the situation are to be
observed and how they are to be used.
7. RELIABILITY
Reliability concerns the extent to which a measure represents the “true” value of a variable; that
is, how accurately the operational definition translates data into information. The 1st source of
reliability is by or through measurement, rigorously & operationally defining the chosen variables.
Clearly specified operational definitions contribute to reliability by explicitly describing how
collected data will be converted into information about a variable. Second, use multiple methods to
measure a particular variable through use of questionnaire, interviews, observation.Third, use
multiple items to measure the same variable on a questionnaire.Fourth, use of standard
questionnaire.
8. Validity
Validity concerns the extent to which, a measure actually reflects the variable it is
intended to reflect.On a measure of happiness of employees, for e.g., the test would be
said to have face validity if it appeared to actually measure levels of happiness.In other
words, a test can be said to have face validity if it „looks like ‟ it measures what it is
supposed to measure. If the experts agree that the measure appears valid it is called
Content Validity.If measures of similar variables correlate highly with each other, it is
called Criterion/Convergent validity. If measures of non similar variables show no
association, it is called Discriminant Validity
9. RESEARCH DESIGN
In assessing OD Interventions, practitioners have turned to quasi-
experimental Research design with the following features:
Longitudinal measurement:
This involves measuring results repeatedly over relatively
long time periods. Ideally, the data collection should start before the change
program is implemented and continue for a period considered reasonable for
producing expected results.
Comparison unit:
It is always desirable to compare results in the intervention
situation with those in another situation where no such change has taken place.
Although it is never possible to get a matching group identical to tile
intervention group, most organizations include a number of similar work units
that can be used for comparison purposes.
Statistical analysis
Whenever possible, statistical methods should be used to rule
out the possibility that the results are caused by random error or chance. Various
statistical techniques are applicable to quasi experimental designs, and OD
practitioners should apply these methods or seek help from those who can apply
them.
10. Assessing OD Changes
The use of multiple measures also is important in
assessing perceptual changes resulting from
intervention. Considerable research has identified
three types of change
Alpha,
Beta, and
Gamma change.
11. OD CHANGES
Alpha Change:
It concerns a difference that occurs along some relatively stable
dimension of reality. . For example, comparative measures of
perceived employee discretion might show an increase after a job
enrichment program. If this increase represents alpha change, it
can be assumed that the job enrichment program actually increased
employee perceptions of discretion.
Beta Change:
It refers to recalibration of units of measure in a
stable dimension.
Gamma change:
It involves fundamental redefinition of dimension.