Measles
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Measles is caused by a highly contagious RNA virus from the paramyxoviridae family. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact. Despite an effective vaccine, measles causes 350,000 childhood deaths annually in developing countries due to poor immunization coverage. The virus infects respiratory epithelium and spreads to reticuloendothelial cells, causing systemic symptoms over three phases - prodromal, enanthematous with pathognomonic Koplik's spots, and exanthematous with a maculopapular rash. Complications include pneumonia, encephalitis and death. Diagnosis is clinical but can be confirmed with IgM antibodies or virus isolation. Treatment is supportive and prevention is through universal
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This document summarizes a presentation on measles. It discusses the history, causes, signs and symptoms, transmission, complications, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of measles. Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that presents with a fever and rash. It spreads through direct or indirect contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. Complications can include pneumonia or encephalitis. Prevention is through the MMR vaccine. Treatment focuses on relief of symptoms and potential complications.
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Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that spreads through the air. It begins with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and small white spots inside the mouth. A rash develops 3-7 days later that spreads from the face to the rest of the body. While most people recover without complications, measles can sometimes cause pneumonia, brain swelling, or even death. The measles virus is preventable through vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Measles
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This document discusses measles, an acute viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash. It covers the etiology (measles virus), epidemiology (endemic worldwide, peak incidence in children 5-10 years old), transmission (highly contagious via respiratory droplets), clinical features (incubation 10-12 days, prodrome of fever and cough, pathognomonic Koplik's spots, spreading rash), diagnosis (clinical features or measles IgM antibodies), and differential diagnosis (must be differentiated from other rashes). Measles is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries.
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Measles is a highly infectious disease of childhood caused by Measles virus. It is characterized by fever, catarrhal symptoms of the upper respiratory tract infections followed by typical rash.
Measles is defined as an acute and highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes and a spreading skin rash.
Causative agent: Rubeola virus, a RNA virus of paramyxoviridae family
Reservoir: Human
Source: Infected Human
Period of Communicability: Approximately 4 days prior and 4 days after the appearance of the rash
Mode of Transmission:
Airborne transmission(virus remains active and contagious in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours)
Droplet transmission i.e. it is spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions
Portal of entry: Respiratory tract and Conjunctiva
Incubation Period: 10-15 days
Host:
Children between age of 1 and 5 years
Older children
Malnourished children
Environment: Winter and spring month ,Low socio-economic status .
Clinical manifestations of measles are in three stages:
STAGE 1: Prodromal/ Catarrhal Stage:
starts after 10 days of infection and lasts up to 3-5 days-
- Fever
- Malaise
- Coryza
- Sneezing
- Nasal Discharge
- Brassy Cough
- Redness of eye
- Lacrimation
- Photophobia
- Lymphadenopathy
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Koplik spot – grayish or bluish white spots, fine tiny grain like papules on a faint red base, smaller than the head of pin.
- Spots appear before the appearance of rash
- Found on buccal mucosa opposite to first and second molar
- Usually disappear after the rash, appears a day
Stage 2: Eruptive Stage:
- Typical irregular dusky red macular or maculopapular rash found behind the ears and face first, usually 3-5 days after the onset of disease
- Then it spread to neck, trunk, limbs, palms and soles in the next 3-4 days.
- Anorexia
-Malaise
-Cervical lymphadenopathy
-Fever and rash usually disappear in 4-5 days in the same order of appearance
- Fine shedding of superficial skin of face, trunk and limbs leaving brownish discoloration that persists 2 months or more
Stage 3: Convalescent or Post- Measles Stage:
-Fever and rash disappear
-Child remains sick for number of days and lose weight
- Gradual deterioration into chronic illnesses due to bacterial or viral infections, nutritional and metabolic disturbances or other complications.
prevention- Active Immunization with live attenuated vaccines 0.5 ml subcutaneously in single dose at 9-12 months of age.
management,nursing management, nursing diagnosis
Share_smallpoxchickenpoxrizwan-160925004343.pdf
This document provides information on smallpox and chickenpox. It discusses the history, transmission, clinical presentation, treatment and vaccination of smallpox. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980 due to mass vaccination campaigns, surveillance of cases, and isolation of infected individuals. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and presents with a rash that is usually mild but can be severe in adults. It has a shorter incubation period than smallpox and presents with a rash that affects the trunk first before spreading. Vaccination against chickenpox is available and provides protection.
24. mumps, measels, rubella
This document provides information on several viral diseases including mumps, measles, rubella, flaviviruses, yellow fever, Kyasanur forest disease, and dengue fever. It describes the causative viruses, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and prophylaxis of each disease. The key points are:
- Mumps, measles, and rubella are viral diseases typically affecting children. They are transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Common symptoms include fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serological tests. Prophylaxis is through MMR vaccination.
- Flaviviruses cause mosquito-borne encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers
Genus morbillivirus
Measles virus is an enveloped virus that causes the highly contagious disease measles. It enters the body through respiratory secretions and multiplies locally before spreading systemically. This causes a characteristic rash and other symptoms. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting viral antigens, isolating the virus, or detecting antibodies. Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines provides effective long-term protection against measles.
Para.ppt
This document discusses several paramyxoviruses including parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), mumps virus, measles virus, and rubella virus. It describes their pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. Parainfluenza and RSV are important causes of respiratory infections in infants and children. Mumps causes swelling of the parotid glands while measles causes a rash. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause birth defects. Vaccines exist for mumps, measles and rubella to provide protection.
Communicable diseases
This document defines communicable diseases and provides information on several specific diseases including chickenpox, measles, mumps, polio, pertussis, AIDS, dengue, tetanus, typhoid fever, cholera, and rabies. It describes the causative agents, signs and symptoms, treatment, nursing management, and prevention for each disease.
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Measles
- 1. MEASLES
- 2. Etiology • Highly contagious disease • Caused by RNA virus belonging to paramyxoviridae family. • Measles is the leading killer among the vaccine preventable diseases. • Humans are the only host
- 3. Global Burden • Despite of a effective vaccine…….. • Measles still causes 350000 childhood deaths annually in developing countries • 80000 per year in India alone. • Due to poor coverage of routine immunization
- 4. PATHOGENESIS • Mainly through droplet infection (secretion from nose and throat) • By direct person to person contact also • Period of communicability is 4 days before and 5 days after the appearance of rash. • Highly contagious with a secondary attack rate of more than 90 % .
- 5. • The portal of entry is respiratory epithelium where the virus multiplies. • Primary viremia - infection of the reticuloendothelial cells. • Secondary viremia – results in systemic symptom. • Two types of giant cells seen in measles - Epithelial giant cells in respiratory epithelium - Warthin- Finkeldey giant cells in reticuloendothelial system.
- 6. Clinical features • Incubation period is 8-12 days ( avg 10 days) 3 phases are seen Prodromal phase - Acute onset of fever with cough, coryza, rhinitis, conjunctivitis ,malaise , anorexia . - Fever is mostly continuous and usually lasts for 1 week.
- 7. Enanthematous phase - on 2nd or 3rd of fever kopliks spots appear on the buccal mucosa opposite of lower 2nd molars. -Pathognomonic of measles - Gray or white lesions like grains of sand with surrounding edema. - may also be seen in palate , lips , gums .
- 9. Exanthematous phase - Rash appear on the 4th day - Begins on the face and neck typically behind the ear , along the posterior hairline and on the posterior aspect of the cheek. - Then it spreads to trunk , extremities, palms and soles.
- 10. - Rash is erythematous and maculopapular - Lasts for 5 days. - It fades in the same manner as appearance. - Heals with a browny pigmentation which fades with in 10 days.
- 13. Modified measles seen in persons who are partially immune milder and shorter illness. Hemorrhagic measles - Purpuric rash with bleeding from mouth,nose or bowels ,altered sensorium, seizures , coma - High fatality rate
- 14. DIAGNOSIS • Primarily clinical • Serological – IgM antibodies in serum present 3 days after the rash and persists for 1 month. • The virus can also be isolated from the respiratory secretions , blood , urine during illness.
- 15. Complications • Due to widespread mucosal damage and immunosupression. • More in young infants , malnourished , immunocompromised . • Common complications are - Bronchopneumonia - Otitis media - Bronchitis - Laryngitis - Bronchiectasis
- 16. - Persistent diarrhea - hepatitis - Ileocolitis - Appendicitis - myocarditis - AGN - Acute encephalitis - Post measles encephalitis - SSPE ( subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)
- 17. Treatment • Supportive • Antipyretics • Maintain hygiene • Adequate fluid and calorie intake • Vitamin a reduces the morbidity and mortality of measles dose – 1 lakh units below 1 year 2 lakh units above 1 year Two doses 24 hours apart
- 18. Prevention • By universal immunization • Strain is Edmonston - Zagreb strain
- 19. THANK U