Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It can be classified based on physical and chemical properties. Physical properties describe matter without changing its composition, and include intensive properties like density and color, as well as extensive properties like mass and volume. Chemical properties allow matter to undergo changes that alter its composition through chemical reactions. Matter can also exist as pure substances or mixtures. Homogeneous mixtures like solutions are uniform mixtures, while heterogeneous mixtures like suspensions may separate over time due to differences in phase or particle size.

1. MATTER

2. Definition of matter
• Matter is the Stuff Around You. Matter is
everything around you. Atoms and molecules
are all composed of matter. Matter is
anything that has mass and takes up space. If
you are new to the idea of mass, it is the
amount of stuff in an object.

3. Properties of matter
• Physical Property: A physical property is one that is displayed without any change
in composition. (Intensive or Extensive)
• Intensive properties: A physical property that will be the same regardless of the
amount of matter.
• density: ρ=mv
• color: The pigment or shade
• conductivity: electricity to flow through the substance
• malleability: if a substance can be flattened
• luster: how shiny the substance looks
• Extensive Properties: A physical property that will change if the amount of matter
changes.
• mass: how much matter in the sample
• volume: How much space the sample takes up
• length: How long the sample is
• Physical Change: Change in which the matter's physical appearance is altered, but
composition remains unchanged. (Change in state of matter)

4. Properties of matter
• Chemical Property: Any characteristic that
gives a sample of matter the ability/inability
to undergo a change that alters its
composition. Examples: Alkali metals react
with water; Paper's ability to burn.
• Chemical Change: Change in which one or
more kinds of matter are transformed to new
kinds of matter with altered compositions (or
Chemical Reaction).

9. Type of Mixture Example
gas in gas
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases,
mostly nitrogen and oxygen.
liquid in liquid
Wine is a mixture of mostly ethanol and
water.
solid in solid
Alloys, such as brass, are made up of a
mixture of metals.
gas in liquid
Soft drinks, such as cola, are mixtures of
mainly carbon dioxide gas and water.
solid in liquid
Sea Water is a mixture of salts dissolved
in water.
solid in gas
Smoke is mixture of tiny solid particles
in atmospheric gases.

10. Heterogeneous• Suspensions[edit]
• When sand gets kicked up in a pond, it clouds the water. Since it has a greater
mass than water hence it sinks to the bottom and settles down, and is no
longer mixed into the water. This is an example of a suspension. Suspensions
are heterogeneous mixtures that will eventually settle. They are usually, but
not necessarily, composed of phases in different states of matter. Italian salad
dressing has three phases: the water, the oil, and the small pieces of
seasoning. The seasonings are solids that will sink to the bottom, and the oil
and water are liquids that will separate.
• Colloids[edit]
• What exactly is toothpaste? We can't exactly classify it by its state of matter.
It has a definite shape and volume, like a solid. But then you squeeze the
tube, and it flows almost like a liquid. And then there's jelly, shaving cream,
smoke, dough, and Silly Putty...
• These are examples of colloids. A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture of two
substances of different phases. Shaving cream and other foams are gas
dispersed in liquid. Jello, toothpaste, and other gels are liquid dispersed in
solid. Dough is a solid dispersed in a liquid. Smoke is a solid dispersed in a
gas.

11. • The Tyndall Effect[edit]
• The Tyndall effect distinguishes colloids from solutions.
In a solution, the particles are so fine that they will not
scatter light. This is not true for a colloid. If you shine
light through a solution, the beam of light will not be
visible. It will be visible in a colloid. For instance, if you
have ever played with a laser pointer, you have seen
the Tyndall effect. You cannot see the laser beam in air
(a solution), but if you shine it into a mist, the beam is
visible. Clouds look white (or gray), as opposed to blue,
because of the Tyndall effect - the light is scattered by
the small droplets of suspended water.

12. HOMOGENEOUS
• An example for a homogeneous mixture is a solution.
The substance that gets dissolved is the solute. The
substance that does the dissolving is the solvent.
Together they make a solution. If you stir a spoonful of
salt into a glass of water, salt is the solute that gets
dissolved. Water is the solvent. The salty water is now
a solution, or homogeneous mixture, of salt and water.
• When different gases are mixed, they always form a
solution. The gas molecules quickly spread out into a
uniform composition.

13. separation technique property used for separation example
Sifting (sieving) particle size
alluvial gold is separating from smaller
soil particles using a sieve
Visual Sorting colour, shape or size
gold nuggets can be separated from
crushed rock on the basis of colour
Magnetic Attraction magnestism
magnetic iron can be separated from
non-magnetic sulfur using a magnet
Decanting density or solubility
liquid water can be poured off
(decanted) insoluble sand sediment
less dense oil can be poured off
(decanted) more dense water
Separating Funnel density of liquids
in a separating funnel, less dense oil
floats on top of more dense water, when
the valve is open the water can be
poured out from under the oil
Filtration solubility
insoluble calcium carbonate can be
separated from soluble sodium chloride
in water by filtration
Evaporation solubility and boiling point
soluble sodium chloride can be
separated from water by evaporation
Crystallization solubility
slightly soluble copper sulfate can be
separated from water by crystallization
Distillation boiling point
ethanol (ethyl alcohol) can be separated
from water by distillation because
ethanol has a lower boiling point than
water

14. • Physical Changes such as melting, freezing and dissolving do
not involve any change in the chemical composition of a
substance so you can get back what you started with by
reversing the process, e.g. freezing and melting or dissolving
and evaporating.
• Chemical Changes involve a change in chemical composition
in the substances which are being investigated so you cannot
easily get back your original substances as something new has
been formed. (Ever try to unfry an egg?)
• Some signs (or evidence) of chemical change are:
• a gas is produced,
• the temperature changes,
• a substance disappears,
• a solid is formed
• a colour change occurs,
• a new odour is produced.