This document discusses the classification and properties of matter. It defines matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter is classified based on physical properties as solids, liquids, and gases, and based on chemical properties as elements, compounds, and mixtures. The key properties of particles of matter are that they are very small, have space between them, and are constantly moving. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but not shape, and gases have neither a fixed shape nor volume. Diffusion demonstrates the movement of particles in liquids and gases. The particles attract one another, with stronger attraction in solids than liquids or gases.

1. Introduction
• Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. Air, water and sugar
• On the basis of physical properties, matter is classified as solids, liquids and gases.
• On the basis of chemical properties, matter is classified as elements, compounds and
mixtures

2. Characteristics of particles of Matter:
The important characteristics of particles of matter
are the following:
• The particles of matter are very, very small.
• The particles of matter have space between
them.
• particles of matter are constantly moving.
• The particles of matter attract each other

4. S.No. Solids Liquids Gases
1. Solids have a fixed shape and fixed
volume
Liquids have fixed volume but they
have no fixed shape
Gases have neither a fixed
shape nor a fixed volume
2. Solids cannot be compressed Liquids cannot be compressed Gases can be compressed
easily
3. Solids have high densities Liquids have moderate to high
densities
Gases have very low
densities
4. Solids do not fill their container
completely
Liquids do not fill their container
completely
Gases fill their container
completely
5. Solids do not flow Liquids generally flow easily Gases flow easily
6. For example: Ice, coal, wood, stone,
iron, etc.
Water, milk, fruit juice, ink, petrol, etc. Air, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, steam, etc.

5. LPG AND CNG
• LPG=liquefied petroleum gas.
It uses for cooking
• CNG=compressed natural gas
It uses for vehicle

6. • Difference between CNG and LPG
CNG LPG
It’s primary use is as an alternative for fuel in automobiles.
It has various uses such as heating and cooking in homes. They also have many other
uses such as industrial and agricultural uses as well.
The primary component in CNG is methane. The primary component in LPG is propane and Butane.
It produces very little greenhouse gases.
It produces carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas and is much cleaner compared to
gasoline.
It is very safe as it disperses rapidly into the air. It is highly flammable as it is much heavier than air.
The primary source of obtaining CNG is from oil wells, bed methane wells, coal wells
and even natural gas wells.
The main source of obtaining LPG is from the process of extracting natural gas from
the reservoir

7. Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from one place to another
place. Diffusion happens in liquids and gases because their particles move
randomly from place to place.

8. Diffusion in liquids
• Diffusion in liquids is slower than that in gases. This is because the particles
in liquids move slowly as compared to the particles in gases.
• Example: The spreading of purple color of potassium permanganate into
water, on its own, is due to the diffusion of potassium permanganate
particles into water.

9. Diffusion between two gases
• A soak a ball of cotton wool in aqueous ammonia and insert a few centimeters
into the glass tube. Rinse the tweezers in water, and dispose of excess ammonia.
Close the end with the rubber bung. At the same time, insert a cotton wool ball
soaked in hydrochloric acid at the other end. Rinse the tweezers again in water to
avoid corrosion.
• b Watch carefully. Where the two vapors meet a ring of thick 'mist' will form. The
position of the ring will suggest which vapors diffuses more quickly.

10. The particles of matter are very, very small:
•The very, very small size of particles of matter can be shown by performing the following experiment by using potassium permanganate
and water. Take 2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate and dissolve them in 100 ml of water in a beaker. We will get a deep purple
colored solution of potassium permanganate in water.
•Take out approximately 10 ml of this solution and put it into 90 ml of clear water in second beaker. Due to this dilution, the color of
potassium permanganate solution in the second beaker becomes a bit lighter.
•Take out 10 ml of this solution and put it into another 90 ml of clear water in third beaker. The color of solution will become still
lighter.
•Keep diluting the solution like this 5 to 8 times.
•In this way, we get a very dilute solution of potassium permanganate in water but the water is still colored.
•This experiment shows that just a few crystals of potassium permanganate can color a large volume of water.
•So we conclude that there must be millions of tiny particles in just one crystal of potassium permanganate, which keep on dividing
themselves into smaller and smaller particles

12. The particles of matter have space between them
The spaces between the particles of matter can be shown by performing the following experiment by using
water and sugar.
•Take a 100 ml beaker.
•Fill half the beaker with water and mark the level of water.
•Dissolve some sugar (50gm) with the help of a glass rod.
•We will find that the level of sugar solution in the beaker is at the same mark where water level was initially in
the beaker.
•When sugar is dissolved in water, its crystals separate into very fine particles. These particles of sugar go into
the spaces between the various particles of water due to which there is no change in the volume of water on
dissolving sugar in it.
•The fact that there is no change in volume on dissolving sugar in water tells us that there are spaces between
the particles of water.

13. The particles of matter attract each other:
•There are some forces of attraction between the particles of matter which bind them
together.
•The force of attraction between the particles of the same substance is known as
cohesion.
•If we take a piece of chalk, a cube of ice and an iron nail, and beat them with a hammer,
we will find that it is very easy to break the piece of chalk into smaller particles, it
requires more force to break a cube of ice, whereas the iron nail does not break at all
even with a large force.
•This shows that the force of attraction between the particles of chalk is quite weak; the
force of attraction between the particles of ice is a bit stronger whereas the force of
attraction between the particles of iron nail is very, very strong

14. Test Your Knowledge
Fill in the blanks
1) On the basis of physical properties, matter is classified as _____, _______ and _____
2) On the basis of chemical properties, matter is classified as _____, _______ and _____.
3) The particles which make up matter are ____ and ____.
4) The zigzag movement of the small particles suspended in a liquid (or gas) is called _______
5) The particles of matter have __________________ between them.
6) The particles of matter are constantly _____
7) The best demonstration that particles of matter are constantly moving comes from the experiments on
__________________ and ______.
8) The __________________ of attraction between the particles of the same substance is known as cohesion.
9) The force of __________________ between the particles of chalk is quite weak, the force of
__________________ between the particles of ice is a bit stronger whereas the force of __________________
between the particles of iron nail is very, very strong.
10)The force of attraction is maximum in the particles of __________________ and minimum in the particles of a
_____
11) Solids have a fixed shape and fixed __________________ Liquids have fixed __________________ but they
have no fixed shape .Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed __________________
12) According to the kinetic theory of matter, the particles of matter are in continuous motion and possess
_______.
13)The forces of __________________ tend to hold the particles together and control their movements.
14) The spaces between the particles are the __________________ in solids, a little more in liquids, and the
maximum in gases.
15) The forces of __________________ between the particles are the strongest in solids, less strong in liquids
and negligible in gases.

15. ANSWERS
1)Solid ,liquid and Gases
2)elements, compounds and mixtures.
3) atom and molecules
4)Brownian motion.
5)space
6)moving
7) diffusion and Brownian motion
8)force
9)attraction
10)solid and gaseous
11) volume
12) Kinetic energy
13) attraction
14) minimum
15)attraction