Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org)
Plenary session: Evaluating nutrition and health outcomes of agriculture
Matin Qaim, University of Gottingen, main presentation
The case of reducing food losses and waste; Engaging Consumers for ChangeFrancois Stepman
The case of reducing food losses and waste; Engaging Consumers for
Change by Toine Timmermans, WUR
11 October 2016. Brussels. The role of consumers in the sustainable consumption and production in Europe and in developing countries
Dr Jason Clay, Senior Vice President Food and Markets, WWF-US visited New Zealand in September 2016 with support from the AgriBusiness Group/NZ Sustainability Dashboard and WWF-NZ.
The Sustainable Business Council hosted Jason at events for BusinessNZ members and guests in Wellington and Auckland. He made a powerful and sobering case for why we need to get it right with food if we're going to protect our biodiversity; how businesses need to lead from the front; and how Government policy will support food reliability and the value chain in the countries they govern.
Are local food systems more sustainable than global food systems?Francois Stepman
Are local food systems more sustainable than global food systems? by Gianluca Brunori, Glamor project
11 October 2016. Brussels. The role of consumers in the sustainable consumption and production in Europe and in developing countries
In this presentation, a vision of transformed food systems and key steps to transforming the system are developed. The presentation was hold by Ana Maria Loboguerrero, Head of Global Policy Research, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at the opening of the Agriculture Advantage 2.0 series at COP24.
Foresight Report on food systems and diets: Facing the challenges of the 21st...Glo_PAN
At the launch of the Global Panel's Foresight Report "Food systems and diets: Facing the challenges of the 21st century", which was held at FAO in Rome on 23 September 2016, Dr Lawrence Haddad, Chair of the Foresight Lead Expert Group, and Director of GAIN, presents the report.
Christophe Béné
POLICY SEMINAR
UNFSS Science Days Side Event: COVID-19, food systems, and One Health in an urbanizing world: Research responses at a national level
Co-Organized by CGIAR and RUAF
JUL 6, 2021 - 09:30 AM TO 11:00 AM EDT
The case of reducing food losses and waste; Engaging Consumers for ChangeFrancois Stepman
The case of reducing food losses and waste; Engaging Consumers for
Change by Toine Timmermans, WUR
11 October 2016. Brussels. The role of consumers in the sustainable consumption and production in Europe and in developing countries
Dr Jason Clay, Senior Vice President Food and Markets, WWF-US visited New Zealand in September 2016 with support from the AgriBusiness Group/NZ Sustainability Dashboard and WWF-NZ.
The Sustainable Business Council hosted Jason at events for BusinessNZ members and guests in Wellington and Auckland. He made a powerful and sobering case for why we need to get it right with food if we're going to protect our biodiversity; how businesses need to lead from the front; and how Government policy will support food reliability and the value chain in the countries they govern.
Are local food systems more sustainable than global food systems?Francois Stepman
Are local food systems more sustainable than global food systems? by Gianluca Brunori, Glamor project
11 October 2016. Brussels. The role of consumers in the sustainable consumption and production in Europe and in developing countries
In this presentation, a vision of transformed food systems and key steps to transforming the system are developed. The presentation was hold by Ana Maria Loboguerrero, Head of Global Policy Research, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at the opening of the Agriculture Advantage 2.0 series at COP24.
Foresight Report on food systems and diets: Facing the challenges of the 21st...Glo_PAN
At the launch of the Global Panel's Foresight Report "Food systems and diets: Facing the challenges of the 21st century", which was held at FAO in Rome on 23 September 2016, Dr Lawrence Haddad, Chair of the Foresight Lead Expert Group, and Director of GAIN, presents the report.
Christophe Béné
POLICY SEMINAR
UNFSS Science Days Side Event: COVID-19, food systems, and One Health in an urbanizing world: Research responses at a national level
Co-Organized by CGIAR and RUAF
JUL 6, 2021 - 09:30 AM TO 11:00 AM EDT
Samoa Agritourism Policy Setting Worskhop 2016
Linking Agriculture and Tourism through Policy setting:
Strengthening the local agrifood sector and promoting agritourism
Workshop organised by the Government of Samoa and CTA
in collaboration with PIPSO
Apia, Samoa, 13-16 December 2016
UNFSS 2021: Deep Dives into the Nexus of Food Systems, Climate Change and Nut...Francois Stepman
28 July 2021. Deep Dives into the Nexus of Food Systems, Climate Change and Nutrition in Malawi, Ethiopia and Nigeria
• UNFSS 2021 Pre-Summit Affiliated Session
• This session explained how we can influence consumption patterns through policy interventions that will lead to better environmental and nutritional outcomes in three countries—Malawi, Ethiopia, and Nigeria.
• Included as speaker: Willem Olthof, Deputy Head of Unit, DEVCO C1 - Rural Development, Food Security, Nutrition, European Commission
Máximo Torero
POLICY SEMINAR
Making agrifood systems more resilient to shocks and stresses
Co-Organized by IFPRI and FAO North America
JAN 19, 2022 - 9:30 TO 11:00AM EST
Shaping Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition: Im...ExternalEvents
Shaping Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition: Implementing the ICN2 Framework for Action Recommendations
Patrick Webb
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy
Tufts University
Food Security Measurement in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals...FAO
FIRST Webinar #3 - Food Security Measurement in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals Monitoring Framework
This presentation was prepared for a webinar is organized jointly with the European Commission Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, in the framework of the FAO-EU Partnership Programme: Food and Nutrition Security Impact, Resilience, Sustainability and Transformation (FIRST).
SPEAKER:
Mr Carlo Cafiero, Senior Statistician and Economist, FAO Statistics Division
MODERATOR:
Ms Terri Ballard, Food and Nutrition Security Measurement Specialist, FAO Statistics Division
Find out more about FIRST, FAO-EU Partnership Programme: http://www.fao.org/europeanunion/eu-projects/first/en/
Measuring Food Insecurity in the Sustainable Development GoalsFrancois Stepman
15 September 2021. In 2013, FAO launched the “Voices of the Hungry” project, establishing a new globally valid tool called the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). The latter provides an approach for measuring the severity of people’s food insecurity condition by looking at their own experiences, allowing to hear the voices of the people who struggle daily to have access to safe and nutritious food.
The objective of this RUFORUM webinar was to introduce FIES as a tool for measuring food insecurity at different levels and raise awareness among the participants on FAO’s work linked to food security data and the SDGs.
Making sustainable food choices easier for consumersFrancois Stepman
Making sustainable food choices easier for consumers by Camille Perrin, European Consumer Organisation
11 October 2016. Brussels. The role of consumers in the sustainable consumption and production in Europe and in developing countries
Marie Ruel
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - No backsliding: How can we re-orient food systems and health systems to protect nutrition and healthy diets in the context of COVID-19?
Co-Organized by IFPRI and the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)
MAY 28, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 11:00 AM EDT
"Maintaining and Improving Nutritional Value and Food Safety along the Value ...ExternalEvents
"www.fao.org/about/meetings/sustainable-food-systems-nutrition-symposium
The International Symposium on Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition was jointly held by FAO and WHO in December 2016 to explore policies and programme options for shaping the food systems in ways that deliver foods for a healthy diet, focusing on concrete country experiences and challenges. This Symposium waas the first large-scale contribution under the UN Decade of Action for Nutrition 2016-2025. This presentation was part of Parallel session 1.2: Maintaining and improving nutritional value and food safety along the value chain"
Presentation of BFN activities to SADC countries - Feb 2015Teresa Borelli
The presentations was delivered to a meeting of SADC countries showing how traditional crops can provide useful food alternatives when nutrition and food security is poor and when climate events can cause other crops to fail.
Food system resilience in economic/food price crisis in Uganda, by Stephen Bi...ExternalEvents
"www.fao.org/about/meetings/sustainable-food-systems-nutrition-symposium
The International Symposium on Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition was jointly held by FAO and WHO in December 2016 to explore policies and programme options for shaping the food systems in ways that deliver foods for a healthy diet, focusing on concrete country experiences and challenges. This Symposium waas the first large-scale contribution under the UN Decade of Action for Nutrition 2016-2025. This presentation was part of Parallel session 3.2: Enhancing food system resilience in areas affected by climate change and other crisis"
Samoa Agritourism Policy Setting Worskhop 2016
Linking Agriculture and Tourism through Policy setting:
Strengthening the local agrifood sector and promoting agritourism
Workshop organised by the Government of Samoa and CTA
in collaboration with PIPSO
Apia, Samoa, 13-16 December 2016
UNFSS 2021: Deep Dives into the Nexus of Food Systems, Climate Change and Nut...Francois Stepman
28 July 2021. Deep Dives into the Nexus of Food Systems, Climate Change and Nutrition in Malawi, Ethiopia and Nigeria
• UNFSS 2021 Pre-Summit Affiliated Session
• This session explained how we can influence consumption patterns through policy interventions that will lead to better environmental and nutritional outcomes in three countries—Malawi, Ethiopia, and Nigeria.
• Included as speaker: Willem Olthof, Deputy Head of Unit, DEVCO C1 - Rural Development, Food Security, Nutrition, European Commission
Máximo Torero
POLICY SEMINAR
Making agrifood systems more resilient to shocks and stresses
Co-Organized by IFPRI and FAO North America
JAN 19, 2022 - 9:30 TO 11:00AM EST
Shaping Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition: Im...ExternalEvents
Shaping Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition: Implementing the ICN2 Framework for Action Recommendations
Patrick Webb
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy
Tufts University
Food Security Measurement in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals...FAO
FIRST Webinar #3 - Food Security Measurement in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals Monitoring Framework
This presentation was prepared for a webinar is organized jointly with the European Commission Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, in the framework of the FAO-EU Partnership Programme: Food and Nutrition Security Impact, Resilience, Sustainability and Transformation (FIRST).
SPEAKER:
Mr Carlo Cafiero, Senior Statistician and Economist, FAO Statistics Division
MODERATOR:
Ms Terri Ballard, Food and Nutrition Security Measurement Specialist, FAO Statistics Division
Find out more about FIRST, FAO-EU Partnership Programme: http://www.fao.org/europeanunion/eu-projects/first/en/
Measuring Food Insecurity in the Sustainable Development GoalsFrancois Stepman
15 September 2021. In 2013, FAO launched the “Voices of the Hungry” project, establishing a new globally valid tool called the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). The latter provides an approach for measuring the severity of people’s food insecurity condition by looking at their own experiences, allowing to hear the voices of the people who struggle daily to have access to safe and nutritious food.
The objective of this RUFORUM webinar was to introduce FIES as a tool for measuring food insecurity at different levels and raise awareness among the participants on FAO’s work linked to food security data and the SDGs.
Making sustainable food choices easier for consumersFrancois Stepman
Making sustainable food choices easier for consumers by Camille Perrin, European Consumer Organisation
11 October 2016. Brussels. The role of consumers in the sustainable consumption and production in Europe and in developing countries
Marie Ruel
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - No backsliding: How can we re-orient food systems and health systems to protect nutrition and healthy diets in the context of COVID-19?
Co-Organized by IFPRI and the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)
MAY 28, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 11:00 AM EDT
"Maintaining and Improving Nutritional Value and Food Safety along the Value ...ExternalEvents
"www.fao.org/about/meetings/sustainable-food-systems-nutrition-symposium
The International Symposium on Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition was jointly held by FAO and WHO in December 2016 to explore policies and programme options for shaping the food systems in ways that deliver foods for a healthy diet, focusing on concrete country experiences and challenges. This Symposium waas the first large-scale contribution under the UN Decade of Action for Nutrition 2016-2025. This presentation was part of Parallel session 1.2: Maintaining and improving nutritional value and food safety along the value chain"
Presentation of BFN activities to SADC countries - Feb 2015Teresa Borelli
The presentations was delivered to a meeting of SADC countries showing how traditional crops can provide useful food alternatives when nutrition and food security is poor and when climate events can cause other crops to fail.
Food system resilience in economic/food price crisis in Uganda, by Stephen Bi...ExternalEvents
"www.fao.org/about/meetings/sustainable-food-systems-nutrition-symposium
The International Symposium on Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition was jointly held by FAO and WHO in December 2016 to explore policies and programme options for shaping the food systems in ways that deliver foods for a healthy diet, focusing on concrete country experiences and challenges. This Symposium waas the first large-scale contribution under the UN Decade of Action for Nutrition 2016-2025. This presentation was part of Parallel session 3.2: Enhancing food system resilience in areas affected by climate change and other crisis"
Study of Lifestyle Trends on Changing Food Habits of Indian Consumersiosrjce
Global markets have increased the plethora of options available to Indian consumers. With the clear
shift in consumer tastes and preferences, food companies have also capitalized on the same. While Indian
consumers are still not as heavily impacted by the obesity epidemic like some other developed nations – there is
a clear shift; one which does not augur well for the health of the average citizen. The objective of this paper was
to identify these key lifestyle trends that have emerged over the dozen years or so – and understand the way they
are changing food habits. For this purpose, we talked to 600 respondents across 6 cities in India. The research
was conducted using a questionnaire administered online and through CATI. The results overwhelmingly show
that there is a shift from opting to eat at home to opting to eat out. Also interestingly awareness about harmful
effects of processed foods was high but the reason for consumption was attributed primarily to ease of purchase.
The implications of the research are an attempt to ensure that key steps are taken by public officials: such as a
tax on unhealthy foods, subsidies for healthy food, and promotion of healthy norms. Also FSSAI guidelines need
to strengthen to ensure that customer awareness increase and food companies opt for a more transparent
communication platform.
This presentation is all about highlighting present scenario of food security in India and the Issues and challenges it is facing. Furthermore, some of the pragmatic measures have been given so as to make India a food secure nation.
Consumer Knowledge Of Food Labels Of Low Income Female Workers In Michael Okp...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Attaining sustainable agricultural development in any economy indubitably points towards ensuring improved quality of life and enough food for both present and future generations. The need to understand the links between agricultural output and health outcomes necessitates an inquiry to ascertain the extent the changes in health outcomes can influence agricultural output. This study using the dynamic error correction built an econometric model such that mortality rate and life expectancy are proxies for health outcomes while agricultural output is the dependent variable; HIV/AIDS is the dummy. Results showed that HIV/AIDS has lethal effects on health outcomes and aggregate output. It revealed that health outcomes also have significant impact on agricultural output potentials; and there is a causal relationship between health outcomes and agricultural output in Nigeria. This implies that if the healthcare system in Nigeria can be taken as a policy priority, a tremendous increase in the agricultural sector is unarguably expected. A simultaneous front involving both the public and private sectors in extending the healthcare services is necessary to enable workers and prospective workers access to healthcare delivery; this will invariably boost the agricultural output.
Similar to Matin Qaim, University of Gottingen "How to Evaluate Nutrition and Health Impacts of Agricultural Innovations" (20)
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
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Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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Topics covered:
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UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
Matin Qaim, University of Gottingen "How to Evaluate Nutrition and Health Impacts of Agricultural Innovations"
1. How to evaluate nutrition and
health impacts of agricultural
innovations
Matin Qaim
Agricultural Economics and Rural Development
CGIAR Science Forum, 23-25 September 2013, Bonn
“Nutrition and Health Outcomes: Targets for Agricultural Research”
2. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Introduction…
Many undernourished people depend on agriculture as a
source of food, income, and employment
Agriculture is an important entry point to improve these
people’s nutrition and health
Agricultural innovations can have important impacts on
nutrition and health, but relatively little is known about the
types and magnitudes of these effects at the micro level
Impact studies primarily look at productivity; some look at
income, very few explicitly at nutrition and health
(surprising in a CGIAR context)
PAS Study Week 2009 2
3. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
…Introduction
Can we always conclude that higher yields lead to
better nutrition? What exactly and how much?
PAS Study Week 2009 3
Future impact analysis of agricultural innovations
should look at nutrition and health outcomes
more explicitly.
How can we do this? Are standard approaches
available?
No, this is the focus of this presentation.
Intention not to provide blueprint, but discuss possible
approaches and issues that need to be considered.
4. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Overview
Conceptual framework of impact pathways
Metrics of nutrition
Metrics of health
Design of impact studies
Selected empirical examples
PAS Study Week 2009 4
5. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Conceptual framework
(impact pathways for farm households)
5
Agricultural innovation
Food quantity
produced
Food consumption/
nutrition
Food quality
produced
Food diversity
produced
Household
income
Health
Intra-household
distribution
6. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Metrics of nutrition
1. Subjective food security assessment
2. Food consumption based measures
3. Anthropometric measures
4. Clinical assessment (e.g., blood)
PAS Study Week 2009 6
If we want to evaluate nutrition
impacts of agricultural innovations,
we need to measure nutrition.
7. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Criteria to choose most suitable
nutrition metric
Type of agricultural innovation
Expected impact pathways
Target group (children, women, or more general)
Intended sample size and regional coverage
Financial and human resources available
Etc.
PAS Study Week 2009 7
8. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Metrics of health
Incidence rates of adverse health outcomes
(diseases and premature deaths)
PAS Study Week 2009 8
How to measure health outcomes?
For better comparison and economic evaluation:
Cost-of-illness (value of lost work days, physician
treatment, travel cost to physician etc.)
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost
9. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Design of impact studies
Basic idea:
Collect data on nutrition/health variables for adopters and
non-adopters of innovation and compare.
PAS Study Week 2009 9
Attribution problem:
Are observed differences only due to the innovation?
Possible solutions:
Assign innovation randomly (RCT)
Differencing techniques with panel data
Instrumental variable (IV) approaches or propensity
score matching (PSM), possible with cross-section data
10. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Selected empirical examples
Tissue culture (TC) bananas in Kenya
In Kenya, banana is grown for home
consumption and local markets
TC is a technology where clean
planting material produced in the lab
is used instead of suckers from old
plantations
Together with improved management
techniques, TC technology can
increase banana yields significantly
PAS Study Week 2009 10
We collected data from 385 farms in 2009 to assess
impacts on household income and food security
11. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Impacts of TC bananas in Kenya
11
TC adoption by social network was used as instrument.
Other covariates not shown for brevity. *** p<0.01.
Source: Kabunga, Dubois, Qaim (2013)
-0,2
-0,1
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
Non-adopters Adopters
Index
Food insecurity (FI)
Severe food insecurity
(SFI)
We find large positive income effects of TC adoption
Food security was captured with HFIAS tool (9 questions)
Factor analysis used to construct two food insecurity indices
Food insecurity for TC adopters and
non-adopters
FI index SFI index
TC
adoption
-0.437*** -0.316***
Net treatment effects of TC
adoption on food insecurity
(IV models)
12. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development 12
Host plant resistance to major
cotton pest (bollworms).
In India, cotton is grown by
smallholder farmers.
Bt cotton was commercialized in
2002; by 2012, over 7 million
farmers had adopted (93%)
Bt cotton in India
We have collected panel data of over 500 farmers in four
rounds between 2002 and 2008 (in four states).
Panel fixed effects estimates show that Bt adoption entails:
Chemical pesticide reductions of 40-50%
Yield increases of 20-30%
Profit increases of 50%
13. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Nutrition effects of Bt cotton adoption
Household food consumption data through 30-day recall
Converted to calorie consumption per adult equivalent (AE)
PAS Study Week 2009 13
0
0,0001
0,0002
0,0003
0,0004
0,0005
0,0006
0,0007
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Density
kcal per AE and day
Non-adopters of Bt
Adopters of Bt
Source: Qaim and
Kouser (2013)
Calorie consumption of Bt adopters and non-
adopters
14. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Nutrition effects of Bt cotton adoption
Treatment effects per AE (fixed-effects panel models)
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Calories
(kcal)
Bt (per ha) 73.71***
Bt (average
household)
145.19***
Increase +5.1%
Non-
staple
calories
23.17**
45.70**
+7.2%
Iron
(mg)
Zinc
(mg)
Vitamin A
(µµµµg)
0.57*** 0.30*** 15.54**
1.12*** 0.59*** 30.61**
+4.6% +4.5% +9.6%
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05. Source: Qaim and Kouser (2013).
Simulation analysis with these results suggests that Bt cotton
has reduced food insecurity among Indian cotton growers by
15-20%.
15. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Health effects of Bt cotton adoption
We have analyzed health effects of Bt
adoption related to reduced exposure of
farmers to chemical pesticides.
Manual application of toxic pesticides
regularly leads to poisoning symptoms
(skin, eye, breathing, stomach etc.).
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Poisoning incidence
Bt (per ha) -0.26**
Treatment effect of Bt adoption
** p<0.05. Poisson fixed effects panel regression. Other covariates not shown for
space reasons. Source: Kouser and Qaim (2011).
For total area under Bt cotton in India (per year):
2.6 million fewer cases of pesticide poisoning
US$ 15 million lower cost-of-illness
16. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Impact pathways
16
Agricultural innovation
Food quantity
produced
Food consumption/
nutrition
Food quality
produced
Food diversity
produced
Household
income
Health
Intra-household
distribution
17. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development EPSO Conference 2008 17
Assessing nutrition related health effects
Malnutrition (nutrient deficiencies) entails adverse health
outcomes, causing a health burden for individuals & society.
The DALYs approach (disability-adjusted life years)
can measure health burden by combining mortality and morbidity
within a single index (Murray/Lopez 1996, Stein/Qaim 2007):
DALYsLost =
Years lost to mortality
+ Years with disability
x Disability weight
Without
innovation
With
innovation
Health benefit of
innovation
DALYs
Lost
18. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Potential health benefits of biofortification
(Ex ante analysis for India)
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Wheat/rice
(iron)
Wheat/rice
(zinc)
Golden Rice
(vitamin A)
DALYs lost w/o
biofortification
4.0 million 2.8 million 2.3 million
DALYs saved
through
biofortification
2.3 million 1.6 million 1.4 million
Reduction in
health burden
58% 55% 59%
Internal rate of
return
168% 153% 77%
Source: Qaim, Stein, Meenakshi (2007).
Results refer to “optimistic” scenario assumptions.
19. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Conclusion
1. Most studies on impacts of agricultural innovations
only look at productivity and/or income.
2. Nutrition and health effects should be analyzed more
explicitly in future impact studies.
3. This is important to better understand what works.
4. Interesting methodological approaches are available,
but more work is required:
What type of data and metrics for what questions?
Issues of intra-household distribution and gender
Efficient survey design
Etc.
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21. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Subjective food security assessment
Food security self-assessment
questions covering certain recall
period (e.g., HFIAS tool)
Construct subjective food
security indices
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Advantages
Relatively easy to collect with standardized questionnaire
Various aspects of diet quantity and quality captured
Disadvantages
How reliable and comparable are subjective measures?
Intra-household distribution cannot be captured
22. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Food consumption based measures
Collect detailed data on food consumption for specified
recall period (e.g. 24 hours, 7 days, 30 days)
Convert to calorie and nutrient consumption per capita
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Advantages
Relatively easy to collect as part of living standard
module in survey questionnaire
Diet quantity, quality, and diversity can be assessed
Disadvantages
Measurement error (e.g., food waste)
Intra-household food distribution difficult to capture
23. Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development
Anthropometric measures
Data on age, weight, height etc. from
individual household members
Calculate Z-scores (or BMI)
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Advantages
More precise measures of nutrition status
Individual based (no distribution assumptions required)
Disadvantages
Not easy to cover all household members in one visit
(potential bias if only those at home covered)
Diet quantity, quality, and diversity cannot be assessed
More difficult to control for confounding factors