This document provides a summary of 19 different building materials:
1. Building materials can be natural like rocks and wood, or artificial like bricks, cement, steel and glass. Common materials include wood, cement, aggregates, metals, bricks and concrete.
2. Specific materials discussed include stones, bricks, steel, timber, glass, sand, aggregates, cement, paints, tiles, clay, plastic, foam concrete, fabric, thatch, gypcrete, blocks, lime, and bitumen.
3. Each material is described in terms of its types, properties, and common uses in construction. The document serves as an overview of the main building materials used for structures.
The document discusses various construction materials including stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, bricks, and the phases of constructing a house. Stone, cement, and bricks are described as common building materials that have been used for centuries. Mortar is used to bind construction blocks together. Concrete is reinforced with steel to increase its tensile strength. Plaster, ceramics, and other materials have various architectural and industrial uses. House construction involves five phases from initial paperwork to finishing touches.
This document discusses various building materials including mud and clay, rock, wood, brick and block, concrete, metal, glass, onyx, shera board/plank, and corian. It provides details on the composition and properties of each material as well as how they have been used historically and in modern construction. The materials discussed range from natural substances like mud, rock, and wood to modern manufactured materials like concrete, metal, glass, and corian.
The document provides information about stone, including its availability, uses, common types used in construction, construction techniques, and advantages and disadvantages as a building material. Some key points:
- India has abundant availability of stone resources like granite, marble, limestone, and sandstone across states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
- Stone is used widely in construction for walls, columns, dams, bridges, and for decorative purposes. Common types used include granite, marble, basalt, limestone, and sandstone.
- Traditional construction techniques using stone include kath-kunni, dhajji-diwari, dry stack, and tak
This document provides an overview of common construction materials. It begins by defining building materials as materials used for structures like buildings, dams, roads, and bridges. It then discusses the historical evolution of materials from the Stone Age to the Iron Age to modern times. The document primarily focuses on natural materials like stone, sand, wood, clay and their uses in construction. It provides classifications, properties, and examples of how these materials are used.
This document provides an overview of common construction materials. It begins by defining construction materials as any materials used in building structures. Construction materials are generally classified as natural or synthetic. The document then discusses various rock materials like stone, aggregate, and disintegrated rocks. It also covers binder materials like cement and lime as well as concrete, ceramic, metal, wood, glass, plastic, and asphalt materials. The final sections discuss the stages of construction and common construction equipment.
Trabajo de tecnologia construction materialscnuevog
This document discusses various construction materials and their properties and uses. It describes how stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, and other materials are used in building construction. For example, it notes that stone, ceramics and concrete are used for columns and walls due to their compressive strength, while wood and metal work well for beams which experience tension and compression. It also outlines the production processes for cement and ceramics and summarizes the typical phases of building construction.
The document discusses different types of building materials used in construction. It describes materials like stone, concrete, ceramics, metals, wood, plastics, and glass. Stone materials are very dense but hard to heat. Concrete is made from aggregates and a cement binder. Ceramics are inorganic materials formed by heat. Metals discussed include steel, aluminum and copper. Wood is strong but compressible. The document also outlines the typical steps of building construction, including site preparation, foundations, structure, water coverage, cladding, flooring and adding other facilities. Machinery used includes bulldozers, cranes and concrete mixers.
The document discusses various construction materials including stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, bricks, and the phases of constructing a house. Stone, cement, and bricks are described as common building materials that have been used for centuries. Mortar is used to bind construction blocks together. Concrete is reinforced with steel to increase its tensile strength. Plaster, ceramics, and other materials have various architectural and industrial uses. House construction involves five phases from initial paperwork to finishing touches.
This document discusses various building materials including mud and clay, rock, wood, brick and block, concrete, metal, glass, onyx, shera board/plank, and corian. It provides details on the composition and properties of each material as well as how they have been used historically and in modern construction. The materials discussed range from natural substances like mud, rock, and wood to modern manufactured materials like concrete, metal, glass, and corian.
The document provides information about stone, including its availability, uses, common types used in construction, construction techniques, and advantages and disadvantages as a building material. Some key points:
- India has abundant availability of stone resources like granite, marble, limestone, and sandstone across states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
- Stone is used widely in construction for walls, columns, dams, bridges, and for decorative purposes. Common types used include granite, marble, basalt, limestone, and sandstone.
- Traditional construction techniques using stone include kath-kunni, dhajji-diwari, dry stack, and tak
This document provides an overview of common construction materials. It begins by defining building materials as materials used for structures like buildings, dams, roads, and bridges. It then discusses the historical evolution of materials from the Stone Age to the Iron Age to modern times. The document primarily focuses on natural materials like stone, sand, wood, clay and their uses in construction. It provides classifications, properties, and examples of how these materials are used.
This document provides an overview of common construction materials. It begins by defining construction materials as any materials used in building structures. Construction materials are generally classified as natural or synthetic. The document then discusses various rock materials like stone, aggregate, and disintegrated rocks. It also covers binder materials like cement and lime as well as concrete, ceramic, metal, wood, glass, plastic, and asphalt materials. The final sections discuss the stages of construction and common construction equipment.
Trabajo de tecnologia construction materialscnuevog
This document discusses various construction materials and their properties and uses. It describes how stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, and other materials are used in building construction. For example, it notes that stone, ceramics and concrete are used for columns and walls due to their compressive strength, while wood and metal work well for beams which experience tension and compression. It also outlines the production processes for cement and ceramics and summarizes the typical phases of building construction.
The document discusses different types of building materials used in construction. It describes materials like stone, concrete, ceramics, metals, wood, plastics, and glass. Stone materials are very dense but hard to heat. Concrete is made from aggregates and a cement binder. Ceramics are inorganic materials formed by heat. Metals discussed include steel, aluminum and copper. Wood is strong but compressible. The document also outlines the typical steps of building construction, including site preparation, foundations, structure, water coverage, cladding, flooring and adding other facilities. Machinery used includes bulldozers, cranes and concrete mixers.
*contents
Ceramics (classification)
Clay products employed in building industry.
Tiles
Terracotta
Earthenware
Stoneware
Porcelain
Bricks
Manufacturing process of common tiles.
Types of common tiles used in building industries.
Characteristics of good tiles
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
A presentation on various types of tile rooifing materials and techniques for the course Appropriate Techniques from students of 4th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2015)
A small hard block of backed clay that is used to build structure
such as houses and sometimes to make streets ,paths ,etc
Another definition
Molded rectangular block of clay backed by sun or in a kiln until hard and use as a buildings and paving material.
Artificial Construction Materials- A beginners presentationPrashant P
Artificial Construction Materials- Materials including commonly used ones as well as new in the industry. Basic Presentation for beginners in the civil engineering field. I had prepared this in the first year of my diploma course.
The document discusses different types of materials used in construction including their properties and applications. It describes natural materials that are unchanged from their original state like wood, processed materials made by altering natural substances like brick and concrete, and synthetic materials that do not exist in nature such as glass and plastics. Specific materials covered include wood, masonry, metals, synthetics and their uses for structural and interior construction purposes. Hardwoods and softwoods are discussed as well as other wood products. Common masonry materials of stone, brick, concrete block and tile are also outlined.
Bricks are rectangular blocks used in masonry construction that are produced in various classes and types depending on the region. There are several types of bricks including sun-dried clay bricks, burnt clay bricks, fly ash bricks, concrete bricks, and engineering bricks. Burnt clay bricks are further classified into four classes based on their quality. Identification of good bricks at construction sites involves checking for uniform color, smooth surfaces, and strength. Bricks provide hardness, compressive strength, and limited water absorption for use in buildings, foundations, and other construction.
Clay tiles are manufactured by mixing clay and other raw materials, pressing them into molds, and firing them at high temperatures. They have been used for thousands of years in structures around the world. Common tile types include roof tiles, floor tiles, wall tiles, and ceiling tiles. Tiles are used widely in construction for their durability and ability to cover floors, walls, countertops, backsplashes, and other surfaces in places like kitchens and bathrooms.
This document provides an overview of common building materials used in construction such as stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, and describes the manufacturing processes for some of these materials. It then outlines the typical phases of constructing a building, from digging the foundation to completing the walls, floors, and exterior facade.
Hi everyone,
In this presentation is shown the construction materials: how we manufacture and use them, and how we build a building.
I hope you will enjoy it.
Jesús ZB and my friend Daniel, Spain.
Stone slab roofing, jack arch roofing, Madras roofing, and deck roofing are alternative roofing materials that can replace conventional reinforced concrete roofing. Stone slab roofs used large flat stones laid without mortar traditionally, while jack arch roofs used a flat structural element to provide support. Madras roofing involved wooden beams with bricks and plaster to create a sloped roof. Deck roofing consisted of flat open roof areas made of materials like steel, wood, or concrete to support vertical loads and weather barriers. These alternative roofing methods are historically appropriate, cost effective, and suitable for various climates.
The document discusses different types of wall panelling materials and their uses. It describes various panelling materials like wood, metal, acoustic and structural panels. Wood panelling provides insulation and decorative appearance. Panelling is used to cover walls for aesthetic purposes and can provide insulation, soundproofing and reduce construction costs. Common panelling materials mentioned include wood, metal, laminate and tileboard panels.
This document discusses different types of civil engineering materials used in construction. It describes various rock materials like compact rocks, coarse aggregates, and fine aggregates that are used. It also discusses binders like lime and cement that are mixed with water and solidify to form rigid materials. Concrete is described as a composite of cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and water. Reinforced concrete and glass concrete are also mentioned. Pottery materials discussed include bricks, stoneware, and their uses. Finally, the document lists various properties of building materials that civil engineers consider like density, water absorption, fire resistance, chemical resistance, and durability.
a good building must be capable of absorbing the traces of human life and taking on a specific richness... I think of the patina of age on materials, of innumerable small scratches on surfaces, of varnish that has grown dull and brittle, and of edges polished by use.
Building is about getting around the obstacles that are presented to you.” – Jeremy Renner
The document provides an overview of building materials and concrete. It classifies building materials based on their source, composition, sustainability, and use. Natural materials like stone and wood require little processing, while synthetic materials like concrete undergo chemical changes. Inorganic materials are processed by adding components to improve performance. Concrete provides strength but also has limitations like low tensile strength. It discusses the history of concrete and how ancient cements evolved into modern concrete using Portland cement, aggregates, and water.
Traditional building materials like wood, stone, clay, and thatch allow moisture to pass through and evaporate freely, keeping structures dry. Modern materials discussed include fired bricks, concrete blocks, stone, wood, fabric, paper, ceramics, metals, insulation, and polymers. Traditional materials were chosen based on local availability and function, and allowed buildings to "breathe".
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
*contents
Ceramics (classification)
Clay products employed in building industry.
Tiles
Terracotta
Earthenware
Stoneware
Porcelain
Bricks
Manufacturing process of common tiles.
Types of common tiles used in building industries.
Characteristics of good tiles
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
A presentation on various types of tile rooifing materials and techniques for the course Appropriate Techniques from students of 4th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2015)
A small hard block of backed clay that is used to build structure
such as houses and sometimes to make streets ,paths ,etc
Another definition
Molded rectangular block of clay backed by sun or in a kiln until hard and use as a buildings and paving material.
Artificial Construction Materials- A beginners presentationPrashant P
Artificial Construction Materials- Materials including commonly used ones as well as new in the industry. Basic Presentation for beginners in the civil engineering field. I had prepared this in the first year of my diploma course.
The document discusses different types of materials used in construction including their properties and applications. It describes natural materials that are unchanged from their original state like wood, processed materials made by altering natural substances like brick and concrete, and synthetic materials that do not exist in nature such as glass and plastics. Specific materials covered include wood, masonry, metals, synthetics and their uses for structural and interior construction purposes. Hardwoods and softwoods are discussed as well as other wood products. Common masonry materials of stone, brick, concrete block and tile are also outlined.
Bricks are rectangular blocks used in masonry construction that are produced in various classes and types depending on the region. There are several types of bricks including sun-dried clay bricks, burnt clay bricks, fly ash bricks, concrete bricks, and engineering bricks. Burnt clay bricks are further classified into four classes based on their quality. Identification of good bricks at construction sites involves checking for uniform color, smooth surfaces, and strength. Bricks provide hardness, compressive strength, and limited water absorption for use in buildings, foundations, and other construction.
Clay tiles are manufactured by mixing clay and other raw materials, pressing them into molds, and firing them at high temperatures. They have been used for thousands of years in structures around the world. Common tile types include roof tiles, floor tiles, wall tiles, and ceiling tiles. Tiles are used widely in construction for their durability and ability to cover floors, walls, countertops, backsplashes, and other surfaces in places like kitchens and bathrooms.
This document provides an overview of common building materials used in construction such as stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, and describes the manufacturing processes for some of these materials. It then outlines the typical phases of constructing a building, from digging the foundation to completing the walls, floors, and exterior facade.
Hi everyone,
In this presentation is shown the construction materials: how we manufacture and use them, and how we build a building.
I hope you will enjoy it.
Jesús ZB and my friend Daniel, Spain.
Stone slab roofing, jack arch roofing, Madras roofing, and deck roofing are alternative roofing materials that can replace conventional reinforced concrete roofing. Stone slab roofs used large flat stones laid without mortar traditionally, while jack arch roofs used a flat structural element to provide support. Madras roofing involved wooden beams with bricks and plaster to create a sloped roof. Deck roofing consisted of flat open roof areas made of materials like steel, wood, or concrete to support vertical loads and weather barriers. These alternative roofing methods are historically appropriate, cost effective, and suitable for various climates.
The document discusses different types of wall panelling materials and their uses. It describes various panelling materials like wood, metal, acoustic and structural panels. Wood panelling provides insulation and decorative appearance. Panelling is used to cover walls for aesthetic purposes and can provide insulation, soundproofing and reduce construction costs. Common panelling materials mentioned include wood, metal, laminate and tileboard panels.
This document discusses different types of civil engineering materials used in construction. It describes various rock materials like compact rocks, coarse aggregates, and fine aggregates that are used. It also discusses binders like lime and cement that are mixed with water and solidify to form rigid materials. Concrete is described as a composite of cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and water. Reinforced concrete and glass concrete are also mentioned. Pottery materials discussed include bricks, stoneware, and their uses. Finally, the document lists various properties of building materials that civil engineers consider like density, water absorption, fire resistance, chemical resistance, and durability.
a good building must be capable of absorbing the traces of human life and taking on a specific richness... I think of the patina of age on materials, of innumerable small scratches on surfaces, of varnish that has grown dull and brittle, and of edges polished by use.
Building is about getting around the obstacles that are presented to you.” – Jeremy Renner
The document provides an overview of building materials and concrete. It classifies building materials based on their source, composition, sustainability, and use. Natural materials like stone and wood require little processing, while synthetic materials like concrete undergo chemical changes. Inorganic materials are processed by adding components to improve performance. Concrete provides strength but also has limitations like low tensile strength. It discusses the history of concrete and how ancient cements evolved into modern concrete using Portland cement, aggregates, and water.
Traditional building materials like wood, stone, clay, and thatch allow moisture to pass through and evaporate freely, keeping structures dry. Modern materials discussed include fired bricks, concrete blocks, stone, wood, fabric, paper, ceramics, metals, insulation, and polymers. Traditional materials were chosen based on local availability and function, and allowed buildings to "breathe".
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
2. BUILDING MATERIALS
➢BUILDING MATERIAL IS ANY MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION PURPOSE
SUCH AS MATERIALS FOR HOUSE BUILDING. WOOD, CEMENT, AGGREGATES,
METALS, BRICKS, CONCRETE, CLAY ARE THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF
BUILDING MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRUCTION.
❑ TYPES
1. NATURAL BUILDING MATERIALS : THE MATERIALS THAT OCCUR NATURALLY AND
ARE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ARE KNOWN AS NATURAL
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. NATURAL BUILDING MATERIALS INCLUDE ROCKS,
WOOD, ETC.
2. ARTIFICIAL BUILDING MATERIALS : THE MATERIALS MANUFACTURED
ARTIFICIALLY AND USED IN THE DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ARE
KNOWN AS ARTIFICIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. EXAMPLES OF ARTIFICIAL
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ARE BRICKS, CEMENT, STEEL, GLASS, AND
PLASTICS, ETC.
3. 1.STONES
❑ TYPES OF STONES
IGNEOUS ROCKS,SEDIMENTRY ROCKS, METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE FORMED AS A RESULT OF COOLING MOLTEN
ROCK TO SOLID STATE.
• SEDMENTRY ROCKS ARE FORMED FROM DEPOSITS OF PRE-EXSISTING
ROCKS OR PIECES OF LIVING ORGANISM.
• METAMORPHIC ROCKS ARE FORMED WHEN ROCKS ARE SUBJECTED
TO HIGH HEAT AND HIGH PRESSURE.
❑ PROPERTIES
STRENGTH&DURABILITY,PERMEABILITY,HARDNESS ETC.
❑ USES
• FOR CONS.TRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL & PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
• CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS,COLUMS,DAMS ETC.
4. 2.BRICKS
➢A BRICK IS A TYPE OF BLOCK USED TO BUILD WALLS,PAVEMENTS
AND OTHER ELEMENTS IN MASONARY.
❑ TYPES
BURNT CLAY BRICKS,ENGINEERING BRICKS,CONCRETE BRICKS
❑ STANDARD DIMENSION OF BRICK
THE NORMAL SIZE OF BRICK IS 8.75”X4.25”X2.75” WITHOUT CEMENT.
THE BRICK SIZE WITH CEMENT MORTAR IS 9”X4.5”X3”.
❑ USES
• BRICKS ARE USED IN WALL MASONARY CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING.
• USED IN BRICK LINTEL CONSTRUCTION.
• BROKEN BRICKS ARE USED AS A BALLAST MATERIAL FOR RAILWAY
TRACKS AND ALSO AS A ROAD METAL.
• BRICKS ARE EXTENSIVELY USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF LOAD-BEARING
WALLS AND PARTITION-WALLS.
• BRICKS ARE ALSO USED FOR FACE-WORK WHEN ARTISTIC
EFFECT IS REQUIRED.
5. 3.STEEL
➢STEEL IS AN ALLOY OF IRON AND NUMBER OF OTHER
ELEMENTS,MAINLY CARBON.
❑ TYPES
• STAINLESS STEEL: STEEL COMBINED WITH CHROMIUM AND
SOMETIMES NICKEL. STAINLESS STEEL GENERALLY DO
NOT FORM RUSTON THEIR SURFACES.
• GALVANIZED STEEL:A ZINC CIATED STEEL THAT IS RESISTANT TO
CORROSION.
• WEATHERING STEEL:HAS A RUST LIKE APPEARANCE THAT CAN RESIST
CORROSION,BY FORMING A PROTACTIVE SURFACE LAYER.
❑ USES
• STEEL IS USED IN RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION.
• STEEL IS ALSO USED ON BENCH TOPS,IN BATHROOMS.
❑ PROPERTIES
• DUCTILE
• TOUGH
• CORROSION RESISTANT
6. 4.TIMBER/WOOD
➢ANY WOOD CAPABLE OF YIELDING A MINIMUM
DIMENSIONAL SIZE CAN BE TERMED AS TIMBER.
❑ TYPES
• BAMBOO TIMBER:A BAMBOO TREE IS A NATURAL ORGANIC
TREE.BAMBOOS ARE FAST GROWING AND HIGH-YIELDING.
• BIRCH TIMBER:BIRCH IS ONE OF SUPERIOR CRAFT-WOOD.IT IS A MAJOR
SOURCE FOR GETTING HARDWOOD.
• CEDAR TIMBER:CEDAR IS ONE OF HIGH QUALITY TYPES OF WOOD.IT IS
MANUFACTURED FROMDIFFERENT TREES KNOWN AS CEDARS.
• MAHOGANY TIMBER:IT HAS HIGH QUALITY.MAHOGANY IS MAJORLY
USED FOR THE FURNITURE AND CABINET BUILDING INDUSTRY.
❑ USES
• TIMBER FLOORING.
• ROOFS,PARTITION WALLS,FURNITURE ETC.
❑ PROPERTIES
• FLEXIBILITY&STRENGTH
• TOUGHNESS&DURABILITY
7. 5.GLASS
➢ GLASS IS AN INORGANIC SOLID MATERIAL THAT IS
USUALLY TRANS PARENT OR TRANSLUCENT AS WELL
AS HARD&BRITTLE.
❑ TYPES
• ANNEALED GLASS
• TEMPERED GLASS
• INSULATED GLASS
• LAMINATED GLASS
• COATED GLASS
❑ USES
• USED IN WINDOWS AND DOORS
• AS INSULATION MATERIAL
• FACADES
• REINFORCEMENT STRUCTURES
8. 6.SAND
➢SAND IS A NATURALLY
OCCURING GRANULAR MATERIAL MADE
UP OF FINE ROCK PARTICLES. THE MOST
COMMON CONSTITUENT OF SAND IS
SILICA.
❑ TYPES
• PIT SAND
• RIVER SAND
• SEA SAND
❑ USES
• SAND IS OFTEN A PRINCIPAL COMPONENT OF THE
AGGREGATE USED IN THE PREPARATION OF CONCRETE.
• BRICK MANUFACTURING PLANTS USE SAND AS AN
ADDITIVE WITH A MIXTURE OF CLAY AND OTHER
MATERIALS FOR MANUFACTURING BRICKS.
• IT IS THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENT
IN GLASS MANUFACTURING.
9. 7. AGGREGATES
➢AGGREGATES REFER TO IRREGULAR AND GRANULAR
MATERIALS SUCH AS SAND, GRAVEL, OR CRUSHED
STONE, AND ARE USED FOR MAKING CONCRETE .
❑ TYPES
• COARSE AGGREGATE
• FINE AGGREGATE
❑ USES
• AGGREGATES ARE USED IN CONSTRUCTION TO PROVIDE
DRAINAGE, FILL VOIDS, PROTECT PIPES, AND TO PROVIDE
HARD SURFACES.
• THEY ARE ALSO USED IN WATER FILTRATION AND SEWAGE
TREATMENT PROCESSES.
10. 8. CEMENT
➢A CEMENT IS A BINDER, A SUBSTANCE USED FOR
CONSTRUCTION THAT SETS, HARDENS, AND
ADHERES TO OTHER MATERIALS TO BIND THEM
TOGETHER.
❑ TYPES
• Ordinary Portland Cement.
• Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC).
• Rapid Hardening Cement.
❑ USES
1.IT IS USED IN MORTAR FOR PLASTERING, MASONRY
WORK, POINTING, ETC.
2.IT IS USED FOR MAKING JOINTS FOR DRAINS AND
PIPES.
3.IT IS USED FOR WATER TIGHTNESS OF STRUCTURE.
11. 9.PAINTS
➢A SUBSTANCE COMPOSED OF SOLID COLORING
MATTER SUSPENDED IN A LIQUID MEDIUM AND
APPLIED AS A PROTECTIVE OR DECORATIVE
COATING TO VARIOUS SURFACES.
❑ TYPES
• ENAMEL PAINT
• EMULSION PAINT
• CEMENT PAINT
• BITUMINOUS PAINT
• MATTPAINT
❑ USES
• PROTECTING SURFACES FROM INSECTS, RAIN, SOLAR
RADIATION AND OTHER EXTERNAL FACTORS.
• SIMPLER MAINTENANCE: WELL PAINTED SURFACES ARE
EASIER TO KEEP CLEAN AND SAFE.
• INCREASING THE VISUAL APPEAL OF A SURFACE.
12. 10.TILES
➢TILES ARE MANUFACTURED FURNISHING
MATERIALS COMMONLY USED TO COVER
INTERNAL WALLS, CEILINGS AND FLOORS. THEY
CAN BE SIMPLE AND FUNCTIONAL OR
DECORATIVE AND ELABORATE.
❑ TYPES
• CERAMIC TILE
• PORCELAIN TILE
• GLASS TILE
• MARBLE TILE
• GRANITE TILE
❑ USES
• THEY ARE USED IN HOUSES RESTAURANTS, OFFICES, SHOPS,
AND SO ON, AS KITCHEN, AND BATHROOM SURFACES.
• ARE USED FOR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FLOORING
13. 11.CLAY/MUD
➢Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material
that, along with other materials such as stone and
wood, has been used as for construction.
❑ TYPES
• Brick clay
• Stoneware clay
• Bentonite clay
• Potter's clay
❑ USES
• Clay IS used for making pottery, both utilitarian and
decorative.
• CLAY IS USED IN construction products, such as bricks, walls,
and floor tiles.
14. 12.PLASTIC
➢PLASTICS ARE A WIDE RANGE OF
SYNTHETIC OR SEMI-SYNTHETIC
MATERIALS THAT USE POLYMERS AS A
MAIN INGREDIENT.
❑ TYPES
• Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE)
• High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or Vinyl)
• Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
• Polypropylene (PP)
❑USES
• Plastic is used across almost every sector, including to produce
packaging, in building and construction, in textiles, consumer
products, transportation, electrical and electronics and industrial
machinery.
15. 13.FOAM CONCRETE
➢Foam concrete is a type of lightweight
concrete that has many advantages
compared to conventional building
materials, for example low density and
thermal insulation characteristics.
❑ TYPES
• Gap Filling Foams.
• Foam Adhesives.
• Low Isocyanate and Isocyanate-Free Foams.
• Rigid Foams.
• Fire Resistant Foams.
• SPRAY FOAM
16. 14.FABRIC
➢FABRIC STRUCTURES ARE FORMS OF
CONSTRUCTED FIBERS THAT PROVIDE END
USERS A VARIETY OF AESTHETIC FREE-FORM
BUILDING DESIGNS.
• Fabric structures are flame retardant, weather-
resistant, and natural forces such as earthquakes.
• Fabric structure is basically acts as a tensile
structure.
• In the fabric structure, the fabric is used is coated
and laminated with synthetic materials in order to
increase its strength, durability, and environmental
resistance.
17. 15.TATCH
➢ WITH THE HELP OF DRY VEGETATION
SUCH AS STRAW, WATER REED, SEDGE,
RUSHES, HEATHER, OR PALM
BRANCHES ROOF OF THE BUILDING IS
CRAFTED IS KNOWN AS THE THATCHING.
❑ USES
• DUE TO THATCHING, THE SHADED WATER DOES
NOT COME TO THE INNER ROOF.
• DUE TO DENSELY PACKED VEGETATION IS USED
FOR THE THATCHING IT WORKS AS INSULATION.
• THATCHED IS ALSO USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF MODERN ROOFS THAT ARE KNOWN AS
THATCHED ROOFS.
18. 16.GYPCRETE
➢As a new building material, gypcrete
or gypsum concrete is a mixture
of gypsum plaster and fiberglass roving.
❑ USES
• It is used as a floor underpayment.
• Gypcrete is generally used in
the building in a wood frame and
concrete construction with properties
of fire ratings, sound
reduction, radiant heating,
and floor leveling.
19. 17.BLOCKS
➢CONCRETE BLOCKS ARE A PREFABRICATED
MATERIAL MAINLY USED TO BUILD WALLS.
LIKE BRICKS, THE BLOCKS ARE STACKED
TOGETHER AND JOINED WITH A MORTAR,
USUALLY CONSISTING OF CEMENT, SAND,
AND WATER. THE BLOCKS ARE HOLLOW
INSIDE TO ALLOW FOR STEEL BARS AND
MORTAR FILLING.
❑ USES
• USED FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES SUCH AS THE
CONSTRUCTION OF LOAD-BEARING WALLS,
RETAINING WALLS, PARTITIONS, AND
FOUNDATIONS.
20. 18.LIME
➢LIME IS A CALCIUM-CONTAINING
INORGANIC MATERIAL COMPOSED
PRIMARILY OF OXIDES, AND
HYDROXIDE, USUALLY CALCIUM
OXIDE AND/OR CALCIUM
HYDROXIDE.
❑ USES
• USED FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES SUCH AS THE
CONSTRUCTION OF LOAD-BEARING WALLS,
RETAINING WALLS, PARTITIONS, AND
FOUNDATIONS.
21. 19.BITUMEN
➢BITUMEN IS A MATERIAL OBTAINED BY
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF CRUDE
PETROLEUM AS AN END PRODUCT.
BITUMEN IS A NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLID
OR VISCOUS MATERIAL HAVING
ADHESIVE PROPERTIES DERIVED FROM
OIL EITHER BY NATURAL OR REFINERY
PROCESS.
❑ USES
• BITUMINOUS MATERIALS ARE USED FOR
ROAD CONSTRUCTION, ROOFING, AND OTHER
APPLICATIONS.