This document provides information about varnishes, including what they are, their components and manufacturing process. It can be summarized as follows: Varnish is a transparent protective coating made of a drying oil, resin, and solvent. Common components include linseed oil, resins like amber and copal, and solvents like turpentine. The manufacturing process involves heating materials in a mixing tank to form a resin, then filtering and packaging the varnish. Varnishes enhance wood grain while protecting surfaces from damage by water, abrasion and other environmental factors.

1. D.Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE,
AMBI, PUNE.
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2. V A R N I S H E S
TOPIC:
MATERIAL STUDY
 Varnish is a clear transparent hard protective coating or film. It is not a stain. It usually has a yellowish shade from
the manufacturing process and materials used, but it also may be pigmented as desired, and is sold commercially
in various shades.
 It enhances and gives warmth to the grain of the wood and is resistant to impact, heat, abrasion, water, and
alcohol. It can be used as a topcoat over worn finishes.
What is Varnish…?
 Varnish is a solution of resin or resinous substances (such as common resin, amber, copal, shellac etc.) in alcohol,
turpentine or oil.
 Drying Oil
 Resin
 Solvent
Components of Varnish…?

3. Manufacturing process.
• Materials are Poured into the
mixing tank from the material
tank and the injection valve.
The Mixing Tank and
heats the materials to
form a resin.
After filtration, the varnish is
loaded into drums or cans for
Shipping.
Materials added:
Linseed Oil
Tung oil
Walnut oil.

4. WhatIs VarnishMadeof…?
> The characteristic varnishesare created by warming the saps, addingregular oils,for example,linseedoil,cookingthe
blendto the ideal thickness,and afterwardweakeningit with turpentine.
> Theresultant covering tookthree to fourdaysto solidify,had a yellowcolor, and at last created breaksas it matured.
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Drying oil: Around there are numerous kinds of drying oils. All These comprise high levels of polyunsaturated fatty
acids.
>Linseed oil
>Tung oil
>Walnut oil
Resins: Resins used with varnishes involve amber, kauri gum, dammar, copal, rosin (pine resin), sandalwood,
balsam, elemi, mastic, and many others. Shellac is a resin, too.
Solvent: Historically, regular (natural) turpentine was being used as thinner or solvent, and was substituted by
many mineral-based turpentine alternatives, including such white spirit or “paint thinner,” also recognized as
“mineral spirit.”
Drying Oil Resins Solvent

5. Characteristics of a good varnish ?
• It should dry rapidly
• It should form a hard film on drying.
• It should not crack on drying.
• It should have sufficient elasticity.
• It should be durable and weather resistant.
• It should give uniform and pleasing appearance.
• It should not hide the natural grain of the inner surface of
timber.
• The colour of Varnish should not fade away with time.

6. 1) Transparent
2) Hard
3) Protective finish
4) It is combinationof a dryingoil, a resin,and a thinner or solvent.
5) Glossybut may be designedto producesatin or semi-glosssheensby the additionof
"flatting" agents.
6) It dries on the surface by oxidation,Evaporation and Polymerization.
7) Its durationtime is law.
8) It reflets light.
9)Extendersare not usedin Varnish.
10) Applidon WoodenSurface.
11) Dilutes are not Used.
Properties Of A Good Varnish…

7. Process Of Varnishing
Application of varnish on wood work is carried out in the following steps:
Preparation of surface: The wood surface is made smooth by thoroughly rubbing it by means of sand paper or pumice stone.
Knotting: The process of knotting is carried out exactly in the same way as adopted for painting wood work.
Stopping: Stopping is done by means of hot weak glue size so that pores on the surface are filled up. Alternately, boiled linseed oil
can be applied in two coats. The dry surface then be rubbed down with sand paper.
Coat of varnish: On the cleaned surface, two or more coats of varnish are applied. Next coat is applied only when the previous coat
has dried up thoroughly

8. PROCESS OF VARNISHING

9. 1.The varnish is introduced on unpainted furnishings as well as
other wood carvings to beautify the layer by covering the exquisite grain of
the wood and also to preserve the surface from the harmful effects of the
environment.
2.The painted surface is decorated to improve the quality of the paint also
maximize the longevity of the paint film.
3.More molecular stability.
4.A higher concentration of resin.
5.Thicker finishing.
6.Simple application.
7.Cheap to buy.
8.Enabled at one degree of brightness (glossy).
9.Bright finishing.
10.Simple to identify.
ADVANTAGES

10. 1.It’s not robust so it shouldn’t be flood-resistant.
2.More resistant than urethane varnish.
3.Clear and bad scent.
4.Turns yellow in time.
5.Dry painfully.
6.Enabled to contain up to 450 g of VOC/L.
7.Needs to wear a mask.
8.Masks the grain of the trees.
9.Toxic and detrimental to your wellbeing Needs the move of citizens
DISADVANTAGES

11. Classification of varnishes
 Natural resin varnishes
 Modified natural resin varnishes
 Synthetic resin varnish
NATURAL RESIN VARNISHES:
>Body consisting of natural resin derived from certain trees. Natural resin from live trees
or fossils[which are superior].
>Resins soluble in an oil mixture warmed to temperature [500-600f] based on the
quantity of gloss needed.
> Oil and mineral resin lacquer
> Dryers used in varnish are organic salts of iron , zinc to accelerate the oxidation and
hardenening of vehicle.
NATURAL RESIN VARNISHES

12. MODIFIED NATURAL RESIN VARNISHES :
> Crafted from natural resin that has been altered by chemical intervention.
>The traditional resin is heat-treated with glycerin to produce gum.
>This gum is treated as a varnish body . Less costly lacquer than oleo resinous
lacquer
SYNTHETIC RESIN VARNISH (Rs. 140/ltr):
>Synthetic varnish developed by the plastic industry.
>Chemicals include certain nitrocellulose , amino resins, silicon, respectively
>Automobiles most commonly the same as with most types of varnishes.
>Dryer is also the same as for other types of varnishes

13. Types of varnishes
Varnishes may be divided into the following four categories based on the type of solvent used:
1. OIL VARNISHES(150/ltr): these varnishes use linseed oil as
solvent in which hard resins such as amber and copal are dissolved
by heating. These varnishes dry slowly, but form hard and durable
surface. Recommended for all external wood work and for joinery,
fittings.
2. SPIRIT VARNISHES OR LAQUERS(130/ltr): These
varnishes have methylated spirit of wine as solvent in which
soft resins such as shellac are dissolved. They dry quickly
but are not durable. French polish is a variety of this type of
varnish. it is commonly used on furniture.

14. 3. TERPENTINE VARNISHES(130/ltr): These varnishes use
turpentine as solvent in which soft resins such as gum dammar, mastic
and rosin are dissolved. They dry quickly but not so durable. These
are cheaper than oil varnishes.
4. WATER VARNISHES (65/ltr) : These varnishes are formed by
dissolving shellac in hot water, using enough quantity of either
ammonia, borax, potash or soda. They are used for varnishing
wall papers, maps, pictures, book jackets etc .

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5) Spar varnish :This derives its name from its utility on spars
and other exposed surfaces like rail road coaches,exterior
wood work or metal surfaces. Spar varnish should not be used
indoors as it gives a stickily effect in warm weather.
6)Flat varnish :It is sometimes desired that the varnished
surface should present dull appearance. To attain this,
manufacturers make varnishes which dry with a reduced
gloss by adding such material as wax, metallic soap and
finely divided silica.

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7)Asphalt varnish : This is made by dissolving melted hard
asphalt in linseed oil and thinned with turpentine or petroleum
spirit. This varnish is cheifly used to give a black shop coat to
fabricated iron and steel products.

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Types and The Rates

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