This document summarizes two studies on the relationship between rural market access and nutritional outcomes in farm households. The global study found that subnational regions with a longer history of urbanization had children with better heights and weights, indicating market access can improve nutrition. The DRC study found proximity to towns protected against negative impacts of seasonal shocks on child nutrition, demonstrating market access enhances resilience. Overall, the results suggest facilitating market access for farm households can raise nutritional status and improve resilience to shocks.
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IFPRI Malawi brown bag research seminar presentation by Christopher Chikowi, MSc student at the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics at the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, March 18, 2020
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Presentation by Dr Mitulo Silengo from Mulungushi University, Zambia, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Do cash + interventions enable greater resilience and dietary diversity than ...IFPRIMaSSP
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Presentation by Dr Mitulo Silengo from Mulungushi University, Zambia, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Reshaping the Food System for Food Security & NutritionExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
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GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT
VIRTUAL LAUNCH EVENT - 2020 Global Food Policy Report: Building Inclusive Food Systems
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The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is organizing a hybrid launch event for its 2023 Global Food Policy Report in Nairobi, Kenya, in collaboration with University of Nairobi and as part of the CGIAR Initiative on National Policies and Strategies (NPS) seminar series on May 19, 2023, at 2.00pm.
The 2023 Global Food Policy Report, IFPRI’s flagship report, provides a broad set of evidence-based recommendations for better predicting and preparing for crises, addressing crises when they occur and building equity and resilience of food systems.
The recent overlapping, complex shocks to food systems, including the COVID-19 pandemic, higher food prices, conflicts, and natural disasters have increased the risk of food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition, thus disrupting livelihoods, increasing poverty, and further diminishing prospects for the world’s most vulnerable people. As crises become more frequent, complex, and prolonged, the report calls for reconsideration of food crisis responses, and building more long-term response solutions guided by solid evidence on the impacts of policies, programming, tools, and governance approaches. There is an urgent need for renewed and broader efforts to prevent, mitigate, and recover from crises in ways that build food system resilience, protect the livelihoods of women and marginal groups, ensure their inclusion in crisis response, and address the impacts of conflict and migration.
The Kenya discussion of IFPRI’s 2023 GFPR will present key findings and recommendations of the report at global and regional levels. A distinguished set of discussants will then present their reflections on the report and provide insights on crisis response and resilience building in Kenya.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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1. Rural market access and nutritional outcomes in farm households
William A. Masters
http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters
Amelia F. Darrouzet-Nardi
http://sites.tufts.edu/ameliadarrouzetnardi
Friedman School of Nutrition, Tufts University
Joint A4NH/ISPC workshop on agriculture-nutrition linkages
22-23 September 2014
2. How do rural markets influence nutrition outcomes in farm households?
1.Could improve or worsen nutrition, by various direct channels
a)Household income, wealth and purchasing power
b)Time allocation especially for women and children
c)Relative cost of access to safe and nutritious foods
2.Could alter the ag-nutrition relationship, by effect modifiers
a)Separates decision-making between farm and household
b)Alters resilience and consumption smoothing
3.Here we add to the long and old literature on #1
and introduce new work on #2b
4.Will present empirical results then implications
and start with a hypothesized causal model
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
3. A causal model of farm household decision-making
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
Qty. of nutritious foods
(kg/yr)
Qty. of farm household’s labor time (hrs/yr)
Qty. of farm household’s other goods (kg/yr)
Other employment
(allows sale of labor to buy food)
Rural markets give households additional options, allowing them to overcome diminishing returns in working their own land
Qty. of nutritious foods
(kg/yr)
Once farmers are actively trading, production decisions are “separable” from consumption choices,
linked only through purchasing power
Rural food markets
(allows sale of other goods to buy food)
In self-sufficiency, production =consumption
Consumption
Production
Consumption
Production
That same separability applies whether households are buying or selling,
and allows consumption smoothing over time
4. Empirical identification of causal effects is difficult
•Market access tends to be closely correlated with productivity and purchasing power, but relationship may not be causal
–Markets may arise and grow where people can use them
–People who can use them may move towards markets
•Here, we report on two ways to identify potentially causal links between rural market access and farm household nutrition
–Globally, do subnational administrative regions with an earlier history of urbanization have healthier maternal and child heights and weights?
–Within DRC, do farm households located closer to rural towns have more resilience against seasonal shocks to child heights and weights?
•Both studies construct natural experiments, using time lags and spatial variation in risk exposure to identify effects
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
5. The global study:
Does past urbanization help rural farmers today?
Market access and farm household nutrition
motivation | the global study | the DRC study
0
20 40 60 80
number of regions
-2 0 2 4 6
log(years before 2000 that the average cell in a region reached 25% urbanization)
(with normal distribution superimposed, N=756 region-year observations, of regions that had reached 25% urbanization by 2000)
Log duration of urbanization around rural farm households
Note: Data shown are for 756 subnational regions in 53 countries with DHS
surveys, using urbanization data from Motamed, Florax & Masters (2014)
(Mean year is 1988, earliest quartile is 1970)
Markets take time to develop,
and farmers’ regions vary widely
in how long they’ve had access
to towns and cities
6. Regions with earlier urbanization have taller children now
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
-1.6-1.55-1.5-1.45-1.4-1.35Child mean HAZ 66.577.588.59Log of World Bank GNI at PPP prices(N=1171 observations from 143 DHS surveys in 57 countries with 520 subnational regions; dashed line shows subnational regions that reached 25% urbanization before 1995Mean HAZ for rural farm children at each level of national income, by timing of urbanization
7. Regions with earlier urbanization
have heavier children now
Market access and farm household nutrition
motivation | the global study | the DRC study
-.6 -.4 -.2
0
Child mean WHZ
6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
Log of World Bank GNI at PPP prices
(N=1171 observations from 143 DHS surveys in 57 countries with 520 subnational regions;
dashed line shows subnational regions that reached 25% urbanization before 1995
Mean WHZ for rural farm children at each level of national income, by timing of urbanization
For rural farm children, being in a region with more
established towns and cities is associated with
a very large weight advantage, and
a small significant height advantage
8. The DRC study: Does proximity to town confer resilience against seasonal shocks?
•At each farm location, the timing of a child’s birth exposes them differently to agroclimatic risk factors for malnutrition and disease
•The DRC is distinctive in that households vary widely in distance to towns and also in exposure to seasonal risks
–We ask whether birth during and after wet seasons is harmful,
•For more remote households with less access to markets and services,
•In regions with more seasonal variation in rainfall
–Birth timing in “placebo” regions without seasons should have no effect
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
9. Birth timing creates a natural experiment
•The “treatment” is having a distinct wet season (if there is one) occur during late pregnancy and early infancy
–This is a particularly sensitive time for child development
–Wet seasons are a hungry period with poorer diets
–Wet seasons facilitate water- and vector-borne disease
•Market access may be protective
–Households can trade to smooth consumption
–Households can access health and other services
•We expect no effect of birth timing, and no protection from market access, in regions with uniform rainfall
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
10. Analytical design: Spatial difference-in-difference
Household location and child birth timing
Region has a distinct wet season?
(= farther from the equator)
Yes
No
(“placebo”)
Child was born in or after wet season?
(=Jan.-Jun. if lat.<0, Jul.-Dec. otherwise)
Yes
(at risk)
No
Yes
No
Household is closer to town?
(=closer to major town)
Yes
(protected?)
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Hypothesized effect of birth timing:
Neg.
None
Note: To test our hypothesis that market access protects against seasonality, the identifying assumptions are that birth timing occurs randomly between seasons (tested), and that seasonal risk factors would have been similar in the absence of towns (untestable).
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
11. Darker cells (100m2) have better market access.
Market access is measured by travel cost weighted distance to the nearest major town
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
12. Seasons depend on rainfall and temperature
equator
At the equator, average monthly rainfall fluctuates from 100 to 200 mm, and average monthly temperature fluctuates from 24 to 26 degrees Celsius.
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
13. “Winter” is a drier period, farther from the equator
equator
Away from the equator, there is a drier, colder winter, here May through August.
Latitude -6
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
14. In the other hemisphere, winter is 6 months later
equator
Here in the Northern Hemisphere, the drier season occurs from November through February.
Latitude +4
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
15. All Children
N=2806
Jan.-June
No Seasons
N=650
Jan.-June
Seasons
N=903
July-Dec.
No Seasons
N=563
July-Dec.
Seasons
N=690
Child status
HAZ
-1.47 (1.86)
-1.51 (2.02)
-1.51 (1.75)
-1.61 (1.92)
-1.26 (1.80)
WAZ
-1.20 (1.38)
-1.09 (1.42)
-1.34 (1.31)
-1.17 (1.46)
-1.13 (1.34)
WHZ
-0.38 (1.33)
-0.22 (1.39)
-0.53 (1.21)
-0.24 (1.41)
-0.45 (1.31)
Age (mos.)
29.16 (16.53)
28.81 (16.82)
28.53 (15.80)
29.70 (17.10)
29.88 (16.69)
Sex (% boys)
49.4%
47.8%
49.8%
47.9%
51.4%
Household
Wealth quint.
2.9 (1.42)
2.61 (1.25)
3.02 (1.48)
2.67 (1.26)
3.19 (1.51)
Dist. to town (km)
64.8 (52.1)
70.1 (47.9)
59.6 (51.9)
71.6 (45.3)
60.8 (59.8)
Environment
Conflicts
31.28 (66.9)
66.53 (97.82)
9.29 (19.47)
48.57 (84.24)
12.74 (22.99)
Lat. (abs val.)
4.31 (2.64)
1.99 (1.16)
6.14 (2.01)
1.98 (1.17)
5.99 (2.02)
Note: Mean (standard deviation). Jan-June births are actually Jul.-Dec. births if the child was born in the Northern Hemisphere (N=418). Conflicts are total number of incidents between 2001 and 2007 in the respondent’s grid-cell of residence.
We split the data into groups by risk exposure..
16. Note: Age controls suppressed; Jan-June births are actually Jul.-Dec. births if the child was born in the Northern Hemisphere (N=418); robust pval in parentheses; errors clustered by region (N=11); *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
VARIABLES
Units/type
HAZ
Seasons
HAZ
No Seasons
WHZ
Seasons
WHZ
No Seasons
Conflicts
Cumulative days
0.005**
0.000
0.002
-0.000
Wealth quintile
Categorical
0.152**
0.165**
0.102***
-0.010
Remote
Binary
-0.434**
0.338
0.010
0.353
Born Jan.-June
Binary
-0.363***
0.141
-0.0534
0.297*
Born Jan.-June*Remote
Interaction
-0.407**
0.407*
-0.144**
0.075
Child is male
Binary
-0.192*
-0.192**
-0.097
-0.195**
Constant
Constant
-0.149
0.043
0.520*
0.490
Observations
N
1,593
1,213
1,593
1,213
R-squared
R2
0.154
0.155
0.082
0.035
Number of regions
N
10
7
10
7
We see a strong and significant “treatment effect” of household remoteness in areas with seasons.
17. Note: Data shown are coefficient estimates and 95% confidence intervals for average treatment effects in our preferred specification (Table 5), for our two dependent variables of interest followed by seven placebo variables for which no effect is expected, due to the absence of any plausible mechanism of action.
Among our robustness checks, we do placebo tests for desirable outcomes that could not be caused by birth timing
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
HAZ
WHZ
mother's
education (yrs)
mother
currently
working?
(binary)
mother's
weight (kg)
father's
education (yrs)
years lived in
interview
location
size of
household (#
of people)
altitude (m)
No effects and large variances where no effect is expected
18. Conclusions
•From these data,
–Globally, farm households in subnational regions with a longer history of urbanization have better nutritional status
–Within DRC, farm households that are closer to towns are more protected from seasonal shocks to nutritional status
•These results add to the large and diverse literature on farmers’ use of markets
–New data will permit many new tests to refine results
–But the importance of market access has strong implications for agriculture-nutrition actions
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study
19. Implications for policies and programs
•At a given level of household and community resources, facilitating market access can
–Raise levels of nutritional status
–Improve resilience to shocks
•Farm households can use markets in many different ways
–Specialization and trade, to overcome diminishing returns on the farm
–Consumption smoothing, via separability of production & consumption
–Access to public services
•Future work may be able to distinguish among uses
–But various uses are naturally bundled together in related transactions
–And in any case policies and programs to ease market access cannot prescribe what households do, just allow them to do it more easily!
Market access and farm household nutrition motivation | the global study | the DRC study