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Remoteness, Welfare and Nutrition:
Evidence from Rural Ethiopia
David Stifel
Lafayette College
15 June 2015
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
How does remoteness (accessibility to markets) affect…
• Household well-being?
• Nutrition?
• Outcomes – mother & child anthropometrics
• Dietary diversity
• Food security
Data – Ethiopia Rural Transport Survey 2011
• Survey of 851 households in northwestern Amhara
• Sample area selected purposefully
• Without a passable road
• Land quality similar throughout
• Households use the same major market
• Remoteness defined relative to this market town
• Households’ circumstances differ because of differences in transport costs…
…not because of land characteristics.
• Technical purpose: Quasi-experimental setting addresses issue of endogeneity
and facilitates a causal interpretation of results
Ethiopia Rural Transport Survey 2011
HOUSEHOLD WELFARE & REMOTENESS
Household Per Capita Consumption & Transport Costs
0
500
1000150020002500
Birr/person
0 20 40 60 80
Transport Cost (Birr/kg)
Per Capita Household Consumption Food
Non-Food
Household Food Consumption & Transport Costs
0
500
1000150020002500
Birr/person
0 20 40 60 80
Transport Cost (Birr/kg)
Per Capita Food Consumption Purchased
Own-Consumption
NUTRITION & REMOTENESS
Outcomes: Mothers’ BMI
• Mean BMI = 19.2
• Percent underweight = 34.2
• Statistically not different by
remoteness
1015202530
0 20 40 60 80
Transport Cost (Birr/Quintal
bandwidth = .8
Note: Underweight is BMI < 18.5
Outcomes: Child Stunting
• 36 percent stunted
• Statistically not different by
remoteness
-6-2
026
0 20 40 60 80
Transport Costs (Birr/Quintal)
bandwidth = .8
Stunting: HAZ < -2
Outcomes: Child Wasting
• 17 percent wasted
• Statistically not different by
remoteness
-6-2
026
0 20 40 60 80
Transport Costs (Birr/Quintal)
bandwidth = .8
Wasting: WHZ < -2
Dietary Diversity
0
20406080
100
Percent
Least Remote Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote
Percent of Households Consuming Particular Food Items
Oil Milk
Meat Fruit
0123456
0 20 40 60 80
Transport Cost (Birr/kg)
All Household Members Chldren under age 5
Average Number of Food Groups in Household Diet
Food Security
0
.1.2.3
PercentofHouseholds
Least Remote Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote
Worry Not Enough Food in Past 30 Days
1-2 Times 3-10 Times
10+ Times
Food Security
0
.1.2.3
PercentofHouseholds
Least Remote Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote
Ate Smaller Meals in Past 30 Days
1-2 Times 3-10 Times
10+ Times
0
.1.2.3
Least Remote Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote
Ate Fewer Meals in Past 30 Days
1-2 Times 3-10 Times
10+ Times
IN SUMMARY
Remoteness in our survey area…
• Negatively affects household consumption
• Lower production – less own consumption
• Lower marketed surplus – less purchased
• Has no discernable effect on nutrition outcomes
• Mothers’ BMI
• Child stunting and wasting
• Negatively affects…
• Dietary diversity
• Food security
Tension in the results…
• Remoteness
• Negatively affects
• Food consumption
• Dietary diversity
• Food securty
• No discernable effect on nutrition outcomes
• Why no effect on nutrition outcomes?
• Low access to sanitation & healthcare throughout the survey area?
• Threshold effects – Food consumption & dietary diversity levels too low?
• Your thoughts?

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Remoteness, welfare and nutrition

  • 1. Remoteness, Welfare and Nutrition: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia David Stifel Lafayette College 15 June 2015 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 2. How does remoteness (accessibility to markets) affect… • Household well-being? • Nutrition? • Outcomes – mother & child anthropometrics • Dietary diversity • Food security
  • 3. Data – Ethiopia Rural Transport Survey 2011 • Survey of 851 households in northwestern Amhara • Sample area selected purposefully • Without a passable road • Land quality similar throughout • Households use the same major market • Remoteness defined relative to this market town • Households’ circumstances differ because of differences in transport costs… …not because of land characteristics. • Technical purpose: Quasi-experimental setting addresses issue of endogeneity and facilitates a causal interpretation of results
  • 5. HOUSEHOLD WELFARE & REMOTENESS
  • 6. Household Per Capita Consumption & Transport Costs 0 500 1000150020002500 Birr/person 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Cost (Birr/kg) Per Capita Household Consumption Food Non-Food
  • 7. Household Food Consumption & Transport Costs 0 500 1000150020002500 Birr/person 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Cost (Birr/kg) Per Capita Food Consumption Purchased Own-Consumption
  • 9. Outcomes: Mothers’ BMI • Mean BMI = 19.2 • Percent underweight = 34.2 • Statistically not different by remoteness 1015202530 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Cost (Birr/Quintal bandwidth = .8 Note: Underweight is BMI < 18.5
  • 10. Outcomes: Child Stunting • 36 percent stunted • Statistically not different by remoteness -6-2 026 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Costs (Birr/Quintal) bandwidth = .8 Stunting: HAZ < -2
  • 11. Outcomes: Child Wasting • 17 percent wasted • Statistically not different by remoteness -6-2 026 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Costs (Birr/Quintal) bandwidth = .8 Wasting: WHZ < -2
  • 12. Dietary Diversity 0 20406080 100 Percent Least Remote Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote Percent of Households Consuming Particular Food Items Oil Milk Meat Fruit 0123456 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Cost (Birr/kg) All Household Members Chldren under age 5 Average Number of Food Groups in Household Diet
  • 13. Food Security 0 .1.2.3 PercentofHouseholds Least Remote Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote Worry Not Enough Food in Past 30 Days 1-2 Times 3-10 Times 10+ Times
  • 14. Food Security 0 .1.2.3 PercentofHouseholds Least Remote Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote Ate Smaller Meals in Past 30 Days 1-2 Times 3-10 Times 10+ Times 0 .1.2.3 Least Remote Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote Ate Fewer Meals in Past 30 Days 1-2 Times 3-10 Times 10+ Times
  • 16. Remoteness in our survey area… • Negatively affects household consumption • Lower production – less own consumption • Lower marketed surplus – less purchased • Has no discernable effect on nutrition outcomes • Mothers’ BMI • Child stunting and wasting • Negatively affects… • Dietary diversity • Food security
  • 17. Tension in the results… • Remoteness • Negatively affects • Food consumption • Dietary diversity • Food securty • No discernable effect on nutrition outcomes • Why no effect on nutrition outcomes? • Low access to sanitation & healthcare throughout the survey area? • Threshold effects – Food consumption & dietary diversity levels too low? • Your thoughts?