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Remoteness, welfare and nutrition
- 1. Remoteness, Welfare andNutrition: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia David Stifel Lafayette College 15 June 2015 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 2. How does remoteness(accessibility to markets) affect… • Household well-being? • Nutrition? • Outcomes – mother & child anthropometrics • Dietary diversity • Food security
- 3. Data – EthiopiaRural Transport Survey 2011 • Survey of 851 households in northwestern Amhara • Sample area selected purposefully • Without a passable road • Land quality similar throughout • Households use the same major market • Remoteness defined relative to this market town • Households’ circumstances differ because of differences in transport costs… …not because of land characteristics. • Technical purpose: Quasi-experimental setting addresses issue of endogeneity and facilitates a causal interpretation of results
- 4. Ethiopia Rural TransportSurvey 2011
- 5. HOUSEHOLD WELFARE &REMOTENESS
- 6. Household Per CapitaConsumption & Transport Costs 0 500 1000150020002500 Birr/person 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Cost (Birr/kg) Per Capita Household Consumption Food Non-Food
- 7. Household Food Consumption& Transport Costs 0 500 1000150020002500 Birr/person 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Cost (Birr/kg) Per Capita Food Consumption Purchased Own-Consumption
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- 9. Outcomes: Mothers’ BMI •Mean BMI = 19.2 • Percent underweight = 34.2 • Statistically not different by remoteness 1015202530 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Cost (Birr/Quintal bandwidth = .8 Note: Underweight is BMI < 18.5
- 10. Outcomes: Child Stunting •36 percent stunted • Statistically not different by remoteness -6-2 026 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Costs (Birr/Quintal) bandwidth = .8 Stunting: HAZ < -2
- 11. Outcomes: Child Wasting •17 percent wasted • Statistically not different by remoteness -6-2 026 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Costs (Birr/Quintal) bandwidth = .8 Wasting: WHZ < -2
- 12. Dietary Diversity 0 20406080 100 Percent Least RemoteQuintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote Percent of Households Consuming Particular Food Items Oil Milk Meat Fruit 0123456 0 20 40 60 80 Transport Cost (Birr/kg) All Household Members Chldren under age 5 Average Number of Food Groups in Household Diet
- 13. Food Security 0 .1.2.3 PercentofHouseholds Least RemoteQuintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote Worry Not Enough Food in Past 30 Days 1-2 Times 3-10 Times 10+ Times
- 14. Food Security 0 .1.2.3 PercentofHouseholds Least RemoteQuintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote Ate Smaller Meals in Past 30 Days 1-2 Times 3-10 Times 10+ Times 0 .1.2.3 Least Remote Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Most Remote Ate Fewer Meals in Past 30 Days 1-2 Times 3-10 Times 10+ Times
- 15.
- 16. Remoteness in oursurvey area… • Negatively affects household consumption • Lower production – less own consumption • Lower marketed surplus – less purchased • Has no discernable effect on nutrition outcomes • Mothers’ BMI • Child stunting and wasting • Negatively affects… • Dietary diversity • Food security
- 17. Tension in theresults… • Remoteness • Negatively affects • Food consumption • Dietary diversity • Food securty • No discernable effect on nutrition outcomes • Why no effect on nutrition outcomes? • Low access to sanitation & healthcare throughout the survey area? • Threshold effects – Food consumption & dietary diversity levels too low? • Your thoughts?