The Training and Visit (T&V) system was a world Bank assisted program for conducting regular periodical pieces of training and visit to Farmers' field by extension workers. It helped farmers to receive problem-oriented guidance from extension staff.
This professional system of extension is based on frequent training of extension workers and regular field visits for onward guiding the farmers in agricultural production and raising their income by providing appropriate plans for country development.
Farmer Led Extension is a promising approach wherein farmer leaders were utilized as extensionists to transfer the technologies they learned with a view to boosting up production.
The FLE approach gives farmers the opportunity to share their experiences and practices through a method demonstration with fellow farmers in the area.
Reasons for Group Led Extension
1. Efficiency
2. Effectiveness
3. Collective action
4. Equity
Farm school :
“Farm school is a field where latest technology was demonstrated to progressive and interested farmers who undergo training for a certain period of time. Farm schools help in speedy dissemination and adoption of technologies through training of progressive farmers on the latest production technology.”
The Training and Visit (T&V) system was a world Bank assisted program for conducting regular periodical pieces of training and visit to Farmers' field by extension workers. It helped farmers to receive problem-oriented guidance from extension staff.
This professional system of extension is based on frequent training of extension workers and regular field visits for onward guiding the farmers in agricultural production and raising their income by providing appropriate plans for country development.
Farmer Led Extension is a promising approach wherein farmer leaders were utilized as extensionists to transfer the technologies they learned with a view to boosting up production.
The FLE approach gives farmers the opportunity to share their experiences and practices through a method demonstration with fellow farmers in the area.
Reasons for Group Led Extension
1. Efficiency
2. Effectiveness
3. Collective action
4. Equity
Farm school :
“Farm school is a field where latest technology was demonstrated to progressive and interested farmers who undergo training for a certain period of time. Farm schools help in speedy dissemination and adoption of technologies through training of progressive farmers on the latest production technology.”
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
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For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Lecture 12 economic principles applicable to farm managementB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
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Andrea Bohn
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Modern trends in agriculture extension in pakistan A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
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**needs updates and improvement
this slides are made with excerpts from other sources like, books,publication, journals, magazines and on-line sources.No plagiarism intended.
intended for the review in the upcoming may 2015 agriculture major admission test of Cavite State University.
for inquiries email me at: darkspot0713@gmail.com
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Recent trends and challenges of agriculture extension A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province At Peshawar
1.
2.
3. Recent Trends and Challenges of
Agriculture Extension in Khyber
PakhtunKhwa
By
Allah Dad Khan
4. Present Agriculture Situation in
Agriculture is the mainstay of the country's economy
Contributing 24% towards GDP ( in 1947 per capita income $100 and Population
30 million in 2010 per capita income 1000 $ and Population 170 million)
Back bone for the economy( Livelihood for 68.5 % rural population of country
Providing employment to 47% 0f total work force )
Base for foreign trade ( Earning 35% of the country total export earning )
Ranks 7th in Wheat production in World 1st one is China .(2009)
Ranks 11th in Rice production in World 1st one is China . (2009)
Ranks 4th in Cotton production in World 1st one is China . ( 2009)
Ranks 7th in Date Palm production in World 1st one is Iraq. (2009)
Ranks 5th in Sugarcane production in World 1st one is Brazil (2009)
Ranks 4th in Onion dry production in World 1st one is China . ( 2009)
Ranks 7th in fresh vegetables production in World 1st one is China. (2009)
5. Brief History
The Agriculture Extension IN Khyber PakhtunKhwa
This Agriculture Extension system was started in 1902
when the canal irrigation system was introduced in the
Indo Pak sub continent. In NWFP in 1910 for the first
time in Agriculture section was established at Tarnab
Peshawar. In 1935 this section developed into a full
fledged department of Agriculture under the Director of
Agriculture, who was responsible for both the Research
and Extension in the Province. There was a great need
to develop and organize the Agriculture services on new
lines and with the passage of time the concept of
Agriculture Extension took into general shape both in the
Public as well as Private sector. The Department of
Agriculture was reorganized into extension and research
wings in 1962.
6.
7. North West Frontier Province
Category Area
Total Area 8.345
Cultivable Area 1.848
Non-Cultivable Area 6.497
Forest Area 1.360
Cultivable Waste 1.212
Barani Area 0.924
Area Million Hec
8. Present Status of Agriculture in NWFP
Rural; areas comprised of 83 % of total NWFP
population.
44% of rural population Lives below poverty line.
More than 92% land owners are characterized as
small farmers
Out of 10.177 m. hectares only 1.69m hectares
area is cultivated.
14.5% land area is cultivable waste.
About 50% of cultivated area is rainfed.
9. Present Status of Agriculture in NWFP
NWFP is wheat deficit and domestic requirement is met through import
from other provinces or abroad.
NWFP possesses comparative advantage in the production of fruits and
vegetables.
Large number of Livestock population but low productivity.
Frequent droughts and floods.
Wide yield gap between progressive and average farmers.
Ineffecient Research and Extension Services
Lack of capital and financial resources and poor e4conomic conditions of
farmers.
Lack of competitiveness of some agriculture commodities grown by farmers.
Marketing
Soil problems ( Water logging,erosion salinity etc)
10. Present Status of Agriculture in KPK
NWFP is wheat deficit and domestic requirement is met through import
from other provinces or abroad.
NWFP possesses comparative advantage in the production of fruits and
vegetables.
Large number of Livestock population but low productivity.
Frequent droughts and floods.
Wide yield gap between progressive and average farmers.
Ineffecient Research and Extension Services
Lack of capital and financial resources and poor e4conomic conditions of
farmers.
Lack of competitiveness of some agriculture commodities grown by farmers.
Marketing
Soil problems ( Water logging,erosion salinity etc)
11. Flat yield and productivity of water
Under performance of rural sector markets and extension services.
Under investment in agriculture research and technology development.
Unreliability of water services
Improved rural infrastructure and education provision.
Scaling up of diversification into new, higher value crops and use of new land
more efficient irrigation technology .
Farm to market road
High Cost of Agriculture Inputs
Shortage of water and water reservoirs
SpecialCalamity
13. Abundant Food Supply InThe DevelopedWorld
Fresh Fruits AndVegetables AvailableYear-round
CHEAP FOOD
Luxury foods such as coffee, tea, chocolate, and spices
easily available around the world
Effective food preservation technologies (refrigeration,
freezing, canning, packaging)
Convenience Foods
Mechanization Produces High Labor Efficiency
Improvements In Soil Conservation
Availability Of Agricultural Inputs For Quick SolutionsTo
Production Problems
May 16 Toward a SustainableAgriculture 13
14. Continuing soil loss
Food safety concerns (mad cow disease, food poisoning
outbreaks, antibiotic resistance, toxins and pesticides)
Water pollution, air pollution (& odors), habitat loss,
water depletion
Continuing hunger – and rise of obesity
Failing farms, economic uncertainty and stress
Declining communities
Farm accidents, chronic diseases linked to agricultural
chemicals
Reliance on fossil fuels, global warming
Farmland loss to development, ugly countryside
Difficulty of starting in farming
May 16 Toward a SustainableAgriculture 14
15. Flat yield and productivity of water
Under performance of rural sector markets and extension services.
Under investment in agriculture research and technology development.
Unreliability of water services
Improved rural infrastructure and education provision.
Scaling up of diversification into new, higher value crops and use of new land
more efficient irrigation technology .
Farm to market road
High Cost of Agriculture Inputs
Shortage of water and water reservoirs
SpecialCalamity
16. No rural based horticultural cottage industry for boosting growth
and creating off farm employment opportunities ,ensuring
sustainable markets and social benefits
NO road and rail infrastructure for efficient transportation of
agricultural produce to main markets/ports.
Non Established organic farming zones.
Weak accredited quality related infrastructure recognized internationally
under WTO rules.
Less Storage Facilities at Air Ports.
Less vegetables seed producing farms.
No hill farming research and development centers exist .
Developing Pocket Area Approach (one area one product).
Weak Agriculture Research and Agriculture Extension Departments.
Marketing system non existence in PVT sector
17. Future Priorities/Directions
Well developed AE and ARS through establishment of FVDC in
Public/PVT partnership ( Vision 2020)
Capacity buiding of farmers through FSC.
Priority fruit and vegetables to be encouraged.
To establish agriculture marketing system , regulated and non
regulated markets , cooperative marketing , market driven services,
collection points and cool chain development.
WTO and its awareness and production of crops.
18. Future Priorities/Directions contd
Declaration of horticulture as industry.
Strengthening of MFSC and IPM activities through FFS/PTD.
Floriculture awareness
Promotion of plastic tunnel technology for off season vegetables,
hybrid seed production of vegetables, exploiting microclimatic
zones for high value fruit and vegetables
Expanding Area under Irrigation: small dams, water
harvesting, new canals, high efficiency irrigation
19. Transition to Future Extension
Future
Extension
Conventional
Extension
• Centralized
• Government-led
• Technology centered
• Self-reliant
• Farmer-led
• Learning centered
• Fewer staff
• More professional
Transition
Through
Farmer Field School
20. Paradigm Shift: Research - Extension – Farmer
Relationship
Research
Extension
Farmer
.....
FFS
Farmer Field School
21. Principles
Grow Healthy Crop
Observe Crop Regularly
Conserve Natural Ecosystem
Farmer Becomes Expert
Objectives
Capacity Building
Empowerment
Confidence Development
Decision Making
Farmer Field School
22. Farmer Field School Activities
.
.
.
.
.
Cucumber Cropping Calendar
Ismailia, Winter Season
October November December January February
Preplant Seedling Growth Flower Fruit-Set Harvest
Climate protect young plants
from strong winds
preferred temperature: day 24o
/night19o
rH should not sink below40-50%
preferred temperature: day 20o
/night16o
rH should not sink below40-50%
preferred temperature:
day 27o
/night27°
keep tunnels closed for
germination only
ventilate tunnels, particularly after sunrise to avoid water on the leaves at any time
keep tunnels closed at night
Soil use fine-structured, well
aerated organic soils
use 20-40m3
manure to
increase organic matter
add 50-100 kg sulfur to
lower alkalinity
plant 2-3 cm deep
keep soil warm to assist
germination
remove weeds
Water use well drained soils
with high water holding
capacity
irrigate lightly and regularly, preferably in the morning hours
avoid water logging and periods of water stress
Nutrients
N 50 kg Ammon. Sulfate
P 100 kg Super Phosphate
K
Ca 50 kg Calcium Nitrate
Microelements
Protection Favorable Conditions: Control Measures:
Downy Mildew 20-25o
C
90-95% rH
Protective:Cu-oxichloride
Curative: systemic
Powd. Mildew 20-25o
C
75-85% rH Micronized Sulfur/water
Spider Mites warm and dry
Micronized Sulfur
Aphids
K-soap
Cultural
Practices
do not growcucumber
repeatedly in the same
field to avoid nematodes
use 1.5 kg seeds/fd
6-8000plants/fd
1-2 plants/m2
clip tips to encourage
side shoots
cut out old, diseased
leaves
50 kg Potassium Sulfate 50 kg Potassium Sulfate
50-100 kg Super Phosphate
Use TX6 Nozzles for best coverage
Crop CalendarManagement Skills
•Observation and analysis skills
•Experimentation skills
•Complex decision making skills
•Social skills
•Organizational skills
Farmer Education
• Self-Discovery
• Learning Exercises
• Ecological Principles
Field Analysis
Field Analysis
25. Future Priorities/Directions contd
Strengthening of plant protection quarntine services
Pesticides residual testing labs.
Utilization of culturable waste
Export of crops, fruits and vegetables.
Arrangement of shows and melas.
Linkages of GPU with fruit nurseries.
Establishment of help line through TV and radio programmes and
other information materials.
Establishment of cool chain and collection centers and processing
units.