Moving up the livestock ladder: Gender and equityILRI
Presented by Nicoline de Haan (ILRI), Annet Mulema (ILRI) and Livestock Livelihoods and Agri‐Food Systems Flagship Gender Team (ILRI and ICARDA) at A Stakeholder Consultative Workshop, ILRI Addis, 16 October 2018
Sustainable milk and beef production in Nicaragua: Actions and opportunities ...ILRI
Poster prepared by Rein van der Hoek, Martin Mena, Roldan Corrales, Alejandra Mora, Jeanne Boekhorst and Julie Ojango for the Tropentag 2016 Conference on Solidarity in a Competing World—Fair Use of Resources, Vienna, Austria, 19–21 September 2016
Presented by Froukje Kruijssen (WorldFish) at the Livestock and Fish Expert Workshop on Systems Analysis for Value Chain Transformation, Amsterdam, 19 November 2014
Caribbean Experiences in developing family farmingFAO
Regional Dialogue on Family Farming. Towards the International Year of Family Farming.
Santiago, Chile
October 30-31 2013
D.R.A.F. - Mesa 2 - Vernet James
Moving up the livestock ladder: Gender and equityILRI
Presented by Nicoline de Haan (ILRI), Annet Mulema (ILRI) and Livestock Livelihoods and Agri‐Food Systems Flagship Gender Team (ILRI and ICARDA) at A Stakeholder Consultative Workshop, ILRI Addis, 16 October 2018
Sustainable milk and beef production in Nicaragua: Actions and opportunities ...ILRI
Poster prepared by Rein van der Hoek, Martin Mena, Roldan Corrales, Alejandra Mora, Jeanne Boekhorst and Julie Ojango for the Tropentag 2016 Conference on Solidarity in a Competing World—Fair Use of Resources, Vienna, Austria, 19–21 September 2016
Presented by Froukje Kruijssen (WorldFish) at the Livestock and Fish Expert Workshop on Systems Analysis for Value Chain Transformation, Amsterdam, 19 November 2014
Caribbean Experiences in developing family farmingFAO
Regional Dialogue on Family Farming. Towards the International Year of Family Farming.
Santiago, Chile
October 30-31 2013
D.R.A.F. - Mesa 2 - Vernet James
Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org)
Plenary session: Evaluating nutrition and health outcomes of agriculture
Shibani Ghosh, Tufts University: case study presentation
Refocusing livestock agricultural research for development to address food an...ILRI
Presentation by Tom Randolph, Michael Kidoido, Isabelle Baltenweck, Steve Staal and Delia Grace at the Tropentag 2014 conference on 'Bridging the gap between increasing knowledge and decreasing resources', Prague, Czech Republic, 17−19 September 2014.
Presented by Delia Grace at the Joint CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)/CGIAR Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC) Workshop on Nutrition, Washington, D.C., 22-23 September 2014.
Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org)
Plenary session: Evaluating nutrition and health outcomes of agriculture
Shibani Ghosh, Tufts University: case study presentation
Refocusing livestock agricultural research for development to address food an...ILRI
Presentation by Tom Randolph, Michael Kidoido, Isabelle Baltenweck, Steve Staal and Delia Grace at the Tropentag 2014 conference on 'Bridging the gap between increasing knowledge and decreasing resources', Prague, Czech Republic, 17−19 September 2014.
Presented by Delia Grace at the Joint CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)/CGIAR Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC) Workshop on Nutrition, Washington, D.C., 22-23 September 2014.
WorldFish, an international nonprofit research organization, harnesses the potential of fisheries and aquaculture to reduce poverty and hunger. WorldFish is one of the 15 member organizations of CGIAR, a global agriculture research partnership for a food secure future.
More meat, milk and fish by and for the poor: Solution-driven research with d...ILRI
Poster prepared at the Tropentag 2014: Bridging the Gap between Increasing Knowledge and Decreasing Resources Workshop, Prague, Czech Republic, 17-19 September 2014
Meat, milk and fish are critical to poor people as food and income. They provide critical inputs in the diets of the poor, especially those who are malnourished.
The Challenge: to ensure the poor can have better access to enough and affordable animal-source foods as populations increase, resources for producing them become more constrained and demand for these foods rises. Part of the solution will come from increased productivity in the small-scale production and marketing systems that many poor rely on for their animal-source foods. We identify opportunities to improve and transform these systems to better meet the needs of the poor.
Presentation by Dr Sikhalazo Dube from ILRI, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
Livestock research for Africa’s food security and poverty reductionILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Shirley Tarawali, Iain Wright, Suzanne Bertrand, Polly Ericksen, Delia Grace and Ethel Makila at a side event at the 6th Africa Agriculture Science Week, Accra, Ghana, 15-20 July 2013
Animal feed production, processing and marketing: A case for public-private p...ILRI
Poster prepared by Bruck Yemane, Yacob Aklilu, Tekeba Eshete, M. Bezabih, Abera Adie and Michael Blummel for 2018 Global Nutrition Symposium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 24-25 January 2018
This is the key note address that Professor Nitish Chandra Debnath gave on the 10th of February in Ahmedabad, India, during the first annual One Health Poultry Hub conference.
Review of small ruminants value chain impact pathways developed for EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Barbara Rischkowsky (ICARDA) at the Livestock and Fish Small Ruminant Change Pathway Validation Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3-4 March 2015
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
1. More Trade-offs
Tom Randolph
Joint A4NH/ISPC Workshop on Nutrition
Washington DC
22-23 September 2014
2. More meat, milk and fish
by and for the poor
•‘For the poor’ food & nutritional security objective raising new issues
•Typical mindset: ‘by the poor’ needs to target high-value markets for income
–Exporting best nutrients from communities and reducing diet diversity?
–Targeting low-value market ‘for the poor’ reduces poverty reduction benefits?
•New strategies needed that intentionally
–Smartly exploit segmented markets
–Re-design for profitable targeting of the poor: e.g. ‘samaki kidogo’
•Need to synthesize available evidence and generate more
3. CGIAR is a global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a food secure future. The CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish aims to increase the productivity of small-scale livestock and fish systems in sustainable ways, making meat, milk and fish more available and affordable across the developing world.
CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish livestockfish.cgiar.org