Rising Film Evaporator, Liquid-Liquid Extractor, Cooling Tower, Fixed & Fluidized Bed, Ion-Exchange Equipment & Solid-Liquid Extraction...

3. INTRODUCTION:
A Rising Film Evaporator (RFE) is combination of vertical shell &
tube heat exchanger and vapor- liquid separator mounted on top.
The feed is given at bottom of shell & tube type heat exchanger
and rises in tubes. Heat is given on the shell side by heating
medium. As feed receives heat, vapor generated pushes the liquid
on the wall as a film and lifts the liquid upwards. The mixture of
liquid & vapor are separated at top in vapor- liquid separator.
Good thermal performance is achieved because of high velocity
generated by vapor lift.
This upward movement against the gravity has the direct effect of
creating high degree turbulence in the liquid. This is one of its
biggest advantages for viscous products which have a tendency to
foul against the heating surfaces.

4. FEATURES:
 Circulation pump is not needed because of thermo siphon action
in tubes due to boiling.
 Multiple effect arrangement can be provided to reduce steam
consumption.
 Can handle small quantities of suspended particles.
 Effective for concentration of liquids which are moderately heat
sensitive.

5. Applications:
 Concentration of dilute solutions of plant extract in water
or organic solvent.
 Re-boiler to distillation Column
 Used as a pre -concentration before final drying up to
saturation point for recovery of solvent from product or
waste stream.

7. INTRODUCTION:
Liquid – Liquid Extractor (LLE) is having shell with eccentric
agitator giving a series of mixers and settlers. It is a mass
transfer equipment where desirable component from liquid
feed is get extracted in immiscible solvent which has greater
affinity towards desirable component in feed.
After extraction we get, solvent with desirable component as
extract and feed with very little of desired component as
raffinate. Continuous and dispersed phase is decided based on
properties of two phases.

8. Features:
 Continuous operation as compared to batch operation in kettle.
 Reduction in solvent consumption, power and space as compared to
batch operation.
 Consistent results.
 High Extraction Efficiency.
Applications:
 Extraction of desired product or impurities from reaction mass.
 Removal of acidity by washing.
 Separation of close boiling components.
 Waste water treatment for reduction in COD (Chemical Oxygen
Demand) & BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand).

10. INTRODUCTION:
The cooling tower is one of the most important device in chemical
industries for example when the hot water come from heat exchanger
we use the cooling tower to cool it.
The purpose of cooling tower is to cool relatively warm water by
contacting with unsaturated air. The evaporation of water mainly
provides cooling.
In a typical water cooling water tower, warm water flows
countercurrent to an air stream. Typically, the warm water enters the
top of packed tower and cascades down through the packing, leaving
at the bottom.
Air enters at the bottom of the tower and flows upward through the
descending water. The tower packing often consists of slats of plastic
or of packed bed. The water is distributed by troughs and overflows to
cascade over slat gratings or packing that provides large interfacial
areas of contact between the water and air in the form of droplets
and films of water.

11. The flow of air upward through the tower can be induced by
the buoyancy of the warm air in the tower (natural draft) or by
the action of a fan.
The water cannot be cooled below the wet bulb temperature.
The driving force for the evaporation of the water is
approximately the vapor pressure of the water less the vapor
pressure it would have at the wet bulb temperature.
Cooling Towers are used to transfer heat from cooling water to
the atmosphere.
– Promotes efficient water usage
– Prevents environmental damage

12. APPLICATIONS:
Used in power stations, oil refineries, petrochemical plants and
natural gas plants. Cooling water is continuously circulated
through heat exchangers to absorb heat from process material
and machinery. Because it's cost efficient to reuse water and
plants can't dump excessive amounts of hot water into rivers
and lakes, cooling towers are used to remove the heat from the
water, so it can be recirculated.
The cooling tower system is common in many industries, chief
among them being power, commercial, HVAC and industrial. In
the industrial setup, the system rejects heat from machinery,
heated process material among other sources. Specifically,
industrial cooling towers are common in food processing
plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas plants and
petrochemical plants.

13. Other industrial applications:
 Water cooled air compressors
 Plastic Injection & Blow Moulding Machine
 Die casting machine
 Refrigeration and chilling plant
 Cold storage
 Anodizing processes plant
 Electrical power generation plant
 Water cooled air conditioning systems and VAM machines

15. INTRODUCTION:
The flow of a fluid through a particles bed is a phenomenon
that normally takes place in many situations in the nature; as
for example, the flow of water through the ground.
The Fixed and Fluidized Bed Unit, "LFF", allows a full study
about everything concerning the flow of a fluid through a
particles bed, both fixed and fluidized. The unit is composed of
two transparent removable columns for the simultaneous
study of the air and water flow through the bed. In the Fixed
and Fluidized Bed Unit, "LFF", each column is connected to a
manometers panel, which indicates at all times the pressure
drop caused by the bed. Water is pumped from a tank, located
at the back side of the unit, to the bottom of the first column,
passing through a flow control valve and a flow meter.

16. Air is supplied to the second column through a compressor located at
the back of the unit. The air flow is measured by a flow meter. There
are glass beads of two different sizes for the bed.
Applications of Fluidized Beds:
Chemical Processes:
Reaction (on catalyst particles), combustion (e.g. coal), absorption…
Physical Processes:
Drying, coating, granulation, absorption, mixing, heating/cooling…
As far as industrial applications are concerned, fluidization is a
process that takes part in ion exchange processes, extraction of
soluble compounds from raw materials and other chemical processes.

18. INTRODUCTION:
Ion Exchange Systems separate ionic contaminants from
solution through a physical-chemical process where
undesirable ions are replaced by other ions of the same
electrical charge. This reaction occurs in an ion exchange
column or vessel where a process or waste stream is
passed through a specialized resin that facilitates the
exchange of ions. A common example is a water
softening ion exchange system, where the goal is to
remove scale-forming calcium or magnesium ions from
solution. When the solution is passed through an ion
exchange resin composed of concentrated sodium ions,
the calcium and magnesium ions are effectively captured
from solution and held by the resin, while the sodium
ions are released from the resin into the effluent stream.

19. APPLICATIONS:
Ion exchange (IX) systems are used across a variety of industries for
water softening, purification, and separation purposes. While the
chemistry of individual ion exchange reactions varies from one
application to the next, IX is a treatment process where dissolved ions
are replaced by other, more desirable, ions of a similar electrical
charge.
Ion exchange is widely used in the food and beverage industry,
hydrometallurgy, metals finishing, chemical, petrochemical and
pharmaceutical technology, sugar and sweetener production, ground-
and potable-water treatment, nuclear, softening and industrial water
treatment, semiconductor, power, and many other industries…
A typical example of application is preparation of high-purity water
for power engineering, electronic and nuclear industries;
i.e. polymeric or mineralic insoluble ion exchangers are widely used
for water softening, water purification, water decontamination, etc.

20. OTHER APPLICATIONS:
 In soil science, cation-exchange capacity is the ion-exchange
capacity of soil for positively charged ions. Soils can be considered
as natural weak cation exchangers.
 In pollution remediation and geotechnical engineering, ion-
exchange capacity determines the swelling capacity of swelling
or expansive clay such as montmorillonite, which can be used to
"capture" pollutants and charged ions.
 In planar waveguide manufacturing, ion exchange is used to
create the guiding layer of higher index of refraction.
 Dealkalization, removal of alkali ions from a glass surface.
 Chemically strengthened glass, produced by exchanging K+ for
Na+ in soda glass surfaces using KNO3 melts.

22. INTRODUCTION:
• Extraction, a solute is separated between two liquid phases,
typically an aqueous and an organic phase. In the simplest case,
three components are involved: the solute, the carrier liquid,
and the solvent. The initial mixture, containing the solute
dissolved in the carrier liquid, is mixed with the solvent. Upon
mixing, the solute is transferred from the carrier liquid to the
solvent. The denser solution settles to the bottom. The location
of the solute will depend on the properties of both liquids and
the solute.
• Solid-liquid extraction is similar to liquid-liquid extraction,
except that the solute is dispersed in a solid matrix, rather than
in a carrier liquid. The solid phase, containing the solute, is
dispersed in the solvent and mixed. The solute is extracted from
the solid phase to the solvent, and the solid phase is then
removed by filtration.

23. • Solid-liquid extraction allows soluble components to be removed from
solids using a solvent. Applications of this unit operation include
obtaining oil from oil seeds or leaching of metal salts from ores.
• Solid/Liquid extraction process is a very common process in the
pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry to obtain natural
ingredients as e.g. flavors and fragrances from natural raw material.
• The extraction can be carried out with cold or hot solvents.
• The solid raw material is packed in a container with a retainer on the
bottom called extractor B2 and extracted batch wise.
• The solvent is guided through the extractor in different ways
1.Continuous trickle bed extraction
2.Continuous overflow extraction
3.Soxhlet extraction (periodically filled and drained container)
Using solvents with a lower density than the raw material avoids
floating of the raw material and eases the process.

24. Very often the solvent is evaporated in B1 from the extract directly after
leaving the extractor, then condensed in W2 and guided back into the
extractor B2.

25. APPLICATIONS:
Solid-liquid extraction is an operation with many applications: laboratory
applications (sample preparation), industrial applications (extraction
from vegetable matrices) and practical applications (cleaning). It is of
fundamental importance, since the successful outcome of the process
depends on it.
For example, in the herbal and various other food preparation industries,
when a vegetable matrix necessitates extraction for further processing, it
is obviously of fundamental importance to ensure that a high degree of
extraction efficiency is reached, that the extract is not oxidized, and so
on.
Many laboratory procedures require solid-liquid extraction as a
preliminary phase of the preparation of a sample, for example as
happens in the analysis of environmental contaminants in vegetables.
The operation of solid-liquid extraction must guarantee that all the
analytes are retrieved completely and that they are in no way degraded
during the extraction process.

26. Currently, in the food industry there are essentially three different
solid-liquid extraction techniques in use:
maceration;
percolation;
supercritical fluid extraction.
OTHER APPLICATIONS:
1.Lycopene extractions from industrial tomato skin waste:
The tomato skins are treated in water using a Naviglio extractor® and
the organic content is retrieved containing, amongst other substances,
lycopene; it is separated by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) and eluted
with a minimum quantity of solvent. The resulting skins are dried until
all traces of water contained in them is removed; the dry material is
ground and used in animal feed.

27. 2.Retrieval of essential oil from industrial tomato skin
waste:
The tomato skins are treated in water using a Naviglio extractor®
and the organic content is retrieved containing, amongst other
substances, lycopene; it is separated by SPE (Solid Phase
Extraction) and eluted with a minimum quantity of solvent. The
resulting skins are dried until all traces of water contained in
them is removed; the dry material is ground and used in animal
feed.