Geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity through binary cycle power plants. These plants utilize a secondary working fluid with a low boiling point, such as an organic fluid, that is heated by hot geothermal water or steam in a heat exchanger. The working fluid evaporates and drives a turbine that generates electricity. Binary cycle plants produce less emissions than traditional steam plants and can operate at lower geothermal reservoir temperatures. The selection of the working fluid considers factors like temperature range, density, viscosity, and environmental impact.
This document discusses waste heat recovery through the use of a reverse refrigeration cycle or organic Rankine cycle (ORC). It begins by outlining the problem of inefficient production processes that lose a significant amount of heat. The document then provides an overview of how a reverse refrigeration cycle works using a lower boiling point fluid to convert low-temperature waste heat into electricity. It discusses some key components of the cycle like the evaporator, turbine, condenser and pump. The document outlines the methodology that will be used to analyze implementing a reverse refrigeration cycle for waste heat recovery, including specifying the problem, evaluating heat sources, selecting a working fluid, calculating the ideal cycle, sizing heat exchangers, and calculating the real cycle
This PowerPoint presentation discusses electricity production in thermal power plants using the Rankine cycle. It explains the basic processes involved in the Rankine cycle, including isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection. Modifications to the Rankine cycle like reheat cycles and regenerative cycles are also presented. The document then discusses the organic Rankine cycle, which uses organic working fluids to recover heat from lower temperature sources. Key advantages of the organic Rankine cycle include higher efficiency and the ability to generate electricity from renewable sources like biomass, geothermal, and waste heat. Specific applications of organic Rankine cycle units in solar, biomass, geothermal, and waste heat
Fossil fuel consumption in the recent years has been increasing and the burning of fossil fuel is said to be a major contributor towards global warming, acid rains, air, water and soil pollution, forest devastation and radioactive substances emissions. Besides the environment, the fossil fuel prices fluctuate considerably, usually going up and being very expensive in many countries.
Most importantly, the quantity of fossil fuels, like petroleum,natural gas, and coal can only decrease since they are non-renewable resources.
As a result many countries have been investing billions of dollars in new technologies and demand for sophisticated power supply options is greatly increased.
In a typical developed country as much as 40% of total fuel consumption is used for industrial and domestic space heating and process heating. Of this around one third is wasted.
Currently recovering low temperature heat which includes Industrial waste heat, geothermal energy, solar heat, biomass and so on could be a very critical and sustainable way to solve energy crisis. Utilising waste heats along with attempts for the use of renewable sources as low grade thermal heat has motivated us to develop a project based on ORC.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater to produce electricity via a Rankine cycle. OTEC systems can generate electricity, desalinate water, support aquaculture, and provide refrigeration. While OTEC is a promising renewable energy source that does not emit carbon, its high capital costs and untested commercial scale have prevented widespread adoption.
1. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a process that generates electricity using the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep sea water.
2. OTEC utilizes this temperature difference to power a turbine and generate electricity via a closed-loop or open-loop system. In a closed-loop system, warm water heats a fluid that powers a turbine, while in an open-loop system the warm water itself powers the turbine.
3. OTEC has potential applications for electricity generation, desalination, refrigeration, and mineral extraction. It is a renewable source of energy but high capital costs have prevented widespread commercial use.
Thermal power plants use different fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and oil to heat water and produce steam. This steam powers turbines that generate electricity. They also provide heat for industrial processes and desalination. Coal and gas thermal plants are sometimes called conventional power plants. Thermal power plants use a Rankine cycle where steam is produced by boiling water and expanded through turbines to produce power before being condensed and returned to liquid water to repeat the cycle. They require cooling towers to reject waste heat to the atmosphere and have systems to handle pollution from fossil fuel combustion like electrostatic precipitators. However, thermal plants have disadvantages like pollution, high water usage, difficult fuel and ash handling, long construction times, and lower efficiency compared
The paper is about utilizing the exhaust heat energy which is produced from the internal combustion engine of the vehicle to generate electricity by means turbine rotation. This system also helps to improve the performance, efficiency and emissions of the internal combustion engine.
This document discusses waste heat recovery through the use of a reverse refrigeration cycle or organic Rankine cycle (ORC). It begins by outlining the problem of inefficient production processes that lose a significant amount of heat. The document then provides an overview of how a reverse refrigeration cycle works using a lower boiling point fluid to convert low-temperature waste heat into electricity. It discusses some key components of the cycle like the evaporator, turbine, condenser and pump. The document outlines the methodology that will be used to analyze implementing a reverse refrigeration cycle for waste heat recovery, including specifying the problem, evaluating heat sources, selecting a working fluid, calculating the ideal cycle, sizing heat exchangers, and calculating the real cycle
This PowerPoint presentation discusses electricity production in thermal power plants using the Rankine cycle. It explains the basic processes involved in the Rankine cycle, including isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection. Modifications to the Rankine cycle like reheat cycles and regenerative cycles are also presented. The document then discusses the organic Rankine cycle, which uses organic working fluids to recover heat from lower temperature sources. Key advantages of the organic Rankine cycle include higher efficiency and the ability to generate electricity from renewable sources like biomass, geothermal, and waste heat. Specific applications of organic Rankine cycle units in solar, biomass, geothermal, and waste heat
Fossil fuel consumption in the recent years has been increasing and the burning of fossil fuel is said to be a major contributor towards global warming, acid rains, air, water and soil pollution, forest devastation and radioactive substances emissions. Besides the environment, the fossil fuel prices fluctuate considerably, usually going up and being very expensive in many countries.
Most importantly, the quantity of fossil fuels, like petroleum,natural gas, and coal can only decrease since they are non-renewable resources.
As a result many countries have been investing billions of dollars in new technologies and demand for sophisticated power supply options is greatly increased.
In a typical developed country as much as 40% of total fuel consumption is used for industrial and domestic space heating and process heating. Of this around one third is wasted.
Currently recovering low temperature heat which includes Industrial waste heat, geothermal energy, solar heat, biomass and so on could be a very critical and sustainable way to solve energy crisis. Utilising waste heats along with attempts for the use of renewable sources as low grade thermal heat has motivated us to develop a project based on ORC.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater to produce electricity via a Rankine cycle. OTEC systems can generate electricity, desalinate water, support aquaculture, and provide refrigeration. While OTEC is a promising renewable energy source that does not emit carbon, its high capital costs and untested commercial scale have prevented widespread adoption.
1. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a process that generates electricity using the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep sea water.
2. OTEC utilizes this temperature difference to power a turbine and generate electricity via a closed-loop or open-loop system. In a closed-loop system, warm water heats a fluid that powers a turbine, while in an open-loop system the warm water itself powers the turbine.
3. OTEC has potential applications for electricity generation, desalination, refrigeration, and mineral extraction. It is a renewable source of energy but high capital costs have prevented widespread commercial use.
Thermal power plants use different fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and oil to heat water and produce steam. This steam powers turbines that generate electricity. They also provide heat for industrial processes and desalination. Coal and gas thermal plants are sometimes called conventional power plants. Thermal power plants use a Rankine cycle where steam is produced by boiling water and expanded through turbines to produce power before being condensed and returned to liquid water to repeat the cycle. They require cooling towers to reject waste heat to the atmosphere and have systems to handle pollution from fossil fuel combustion like electrostatic precipitators. However, thermal plants have disadvantages like pollution, high water usage, difficult fuel and ash handling, long construction times, and lower efficiency compared
The paper is about utilizing the exhaust heat energy which is produced from the internal combustion engine of the vehicle to generate electricity by means turbine rotation. This system also helps to improve the performance, efficiency and emissions of the internal combustion engine.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater to operate a heat engine and produce electricity via a closed-cycle system. OTEC systems pump warm surface water through an evaporator which powers a turbine, while nearly freezing water from 1000 meters below is used to condense the working fluid in a condenser. In addition to power generation, OTEC can support desalination, mariculture, refrigeration, and chemical production. The vast solar energy stored in tropical ocean temperature differences has potential to provide clean electricity while promoting fisheries and producing fresh water.
1. The document describes NTPC Sipat power plant which has a total installed capacity of 2980 MW from 3 units of 660 MW and 2 units of 500 MW.
2. The 500 MW units use supercritical boiler technology which allows higher efficiencies between 40-42% compared to subcritical plants.
3. The plant sources coal from Dipika mines and water from Hasdeo barrage to operate its steam cycle.
OTEC, or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, is a technology that generates electricity by exploiting the temperature differences between warm surface waters and colder deep waters in tropical oceans. There are three main types of OTEC systems - floating, land-based, and self-mounted. OTEC plants use the ocean's thermal gradient to evaporate a working fluid like ammonia in a heat exchanger, which then drives a turbine that generates electricity. While OTEC is not yet economically viable at scale, it has advantages of being renewable, low maintenance, and producing fresh water and minerals as byproducts while emitting very little carbon. Further development is needed to minimize environmental impacts and reduce costs to compete with other power sources.
This document discusses geothermal energy resources and technologies for harnessing them. It begins by defining geothermal resources as reservoirs of hot water or steam below the Earth's surface at varying depths and temperatures. It then describes the three main technologies used to convert geothermal fluids into electricity: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle power plants. The document provides details on how each technology functions and the types of geothermal reservoirs they can utilize. It also discusses hydrothermal resources, geothermal system types, and advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy use.
This document discusses geothermal energy resources and technologies for harnessing geothermal power. It begins by defining geothermal resources as reservoirs of hot water or steam found below the Earth's surface at varying depths and temperatures. There are three main technologies used to convert geothermal fluids into electricity: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants. Hydrothermal resources specifically refer to heated water and steam resources found underground due to circulating groundwater interacting with hot rocks. These resources can be harnessed without combustion by using the heat to drive turbines that generate electricity.
This document provides information about geothermal energy sources and technologies. It begins by defining geothermal energy as heat present within the Earth's crust. It then describes the main types of geothermal resources: hydrothermal systems (vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated, hot water), geopressured resources, hot dry rocks, magma resources, and volcanoes. Details are given about extraction methods like flashed steam and binary cycle systems. Applications discussed include power generation, industrial process heat, space heating, desalination, and using geothermal fluids in chemical industries. Advantages of geothermal include being renewable and less polluting, while disadvantages are lower efficiency and potential for subsidence from fluid withdrawal
This Presentation mainly focuses on Thermal Energy Generation in Sri Lanka and Energy conservation techniques which are using for effective and efficient thermal energy generation.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Cogeneration Cycle, Driven by Ocean Thermal E...theijes
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a technology by which thermal energy from the ocean is harnessed and converted into electricity. It is one of the renewable energy technologies being researched into, as part of solutions to the challenge of global warming and climate change. A major setback of this technology, however, is that it has a very low cycle efficiency. In this work a cogeneration cycle is proposed which is driven by the temperature difference between the warm surface layer and the cold bottom layer of the ocean. The work is aimed at improving the overall cycle efficiency of OTEC systems by reducing the depth at which cold water is captured from the ocean. To achieve this, the cycle employs a binary mixture of ammonia and water as the working fluid and uses the mechanism of absorption to obtain the liquid phase of the working fluid after expansion through the turbine. The effects of varying cycle parameters such as the depth of cold-water capture, heat source temperature and mixture composition of the working fluid were investigated. With a basic solution mixture concentration of 0.40 kg/kg NH3/H2O, and under operating conditions of 30oC as the warm surface water temperature and a cold water temperature of 10oC, captured at a depth of 600m the proposed cycle produced a net power output of 42 kW, and a refrigeration capacity of 370 kW. The thermal efficiency computed was 1.94% and the exergy efficiency was 13.78%, both higher than the case where the depth of cold water capture was 1000m.
The document provides information about geothermal power plants. It discusses that geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the earth from radioactive decay and the planet's formation. Geothermal power plants use steam from hot water underground to generate electricity without raw materials and with little environmental impact. Locations suitable for geothermal energy have active volcanoes or thin earth crust allowing heat to escape. Electricity is produced through direct use of steam or using steam to power turbines connected to generators. Geothermal energy can also be used directly for heating and in applications like greenhouses, agriculture and industry.
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) harnesses the temperature difference between shallow and deep ocean waters to generate electricity. It uses a heat engine placed between the warm surface waters and cold deep waters to convert thermal energy into kinetic energy. OTEC has the potential to generate large amounts of renewable energy from the ocean but faces challenges from its low efficiency and high costs. Different cycles have been proposed including open, closed, and hybrid cycles to optimize the design and performance of OTEC plants.
Geothermal Energy Resources or Geothermal power plantTesfaye Birara
Energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy into another, a fundamental capability that enables modern civilization to function. It can occur in various ways, from converting the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical power through windmills to transforming solar energy into electrical energy in solar panels. This transformation is essential not just for daily usage but also for harnessing and utilizing natural resources more efficiently. In the context of rural electrification, this process plays a critical role. By converting available local energy resources into electricity, rural communities can access a stable and reliable power supply. This not only improves the quality of life but also supports economic development by powering homes, schools, businesses, and healthcare facilities. Consequently, energy conversion facilitates the broader goal of rural electrification, demonstrating the interconnection between technological innovation and societal advancement.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
This document discusses heat transfer fluids used in concentrated solar power plants. It describes the main types of concentrated solar power plants including parabolic troughs, power towers, linear Fresnel technology, and dish Sterling systems. It then discusses ideal properties, types, and applications of commonly used heat transfer fluids. The main fluids discussed are water, hydrocarbons (oils), molten salts, glycol/water mixtures, and silicones. Ongoing research aims to develop heat transfer fluids with improved thermal stability at higher temperatures and lower freezing points.
Solar thermal systems harness solar energy to produce heat that can then be used for applications like generating electricity or providing hot water. They have several advantages over photovoltaic solar cells, as they can absorb nearly the entire solar spectrum and are more efficient. There are different types of solar collectors classified by their concentrating temperature as low-temperature flat plate collectors, medium-temperature line focusing collectors like parabolic troughs, and high-temperature point focusing collectors including central towers. Solar thermal technology has been developed over centuries and is now used commercially around the world to provide electricity, heating, cooling, and hot water in a renewable way with low emissions, though the initial costs are high and they require significant amounts of land and water.
This document discusses the organic rankine cycle (ORC), which focuses on low-temperature waste heat recovery. The ORC uses organic fluids with low boiling points to harness energy from sources like biomass, industrial waste heat, geothermal, and solar power. It functions similarly to a steam cycle but replaces water with organic fluids. The major components of an ORC system are a boiler, turbine, regenerator, transformer, condenser, and cooling tower. The document examines the efficiency and applications of ORC systems.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater to produce electricity via a Rankine cycle. It can also desalinate water and support mariculture. OTEC uses the sun's heating of the ocean's top layers and input of cold water from polar regions to create a heat source and sink. While offering clean energy, OTEC is limited to tropical ocean sites and has high capital costs, with no systems yet demonstrated at full scale long-term.
This slide is about some new green cooling system (refrigeration system) and green refrigerant. For the Ozone layer depletion and green house effect, it is high time to find new refrigerant and refrigeration system.
This document summarizes an assignment on absorption refrigeration technology. It discusses the history of absorption cycles dating back to the 1700s. It then covers the key principles of operation, including that absorption refrigeration systems use a binary solution of refrigerant and absorbent. Common working fluid combinations of water/NH3 and LiBr/water are described. Absorption refrigeration provides advantages over vapor compression, being able to use low-grade heat and reducing environmental impacts. While absorption systems have benefits, vapor compression still dominates due to performance and cost issues. Further development is needed to improve absorption refrigeration.
This document summarizes an assignment on absorption refrigeration technology. It discusses the history of absorption cycles dating back to the 1700s. It then covers the key concepts of absorption refrigeration including the principal of operation using a binary working fluid, desirable properties of working fluids, common working fluid pairs of water/NH3 and LiBr/water, and advantages over vapor compression systems. The conclusion discusses potential improvements like multi-effect cycles and combined ejector-absorption systems to promote greater use of absorption refrigeration.
The European Union imposed sanctions on Russia in response to its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. This caused a major gas crisis as Russia was a key supplier of gas to Europe. In response, Russia cut gas flows to Europe which increased energy costs. Germany approved a $200 billion fund to subsidize higher energy bills, causing protests and raising concerns about inflation and challenges within the EU if countries act alone. The situation exposed weaknesses in the EU's energy independence and coordination during the crisis.
The document summarizes information about the Muppandal wind farm in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the largest onshore wind farm in India in terms of installed capacity, hosting wind turbines since 1986. The wind farm is located in Kanniyakumari district and has a total installed capacity of 1500MW from turbines ranging between 225KW to 750KW. It benefits from wind speeds between 3.44-18m/s with power densities of 193.3-558.4 W/m2, leading to high capacity factors and annual energy output.
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Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater to operate a heat engine and produce electricity via a closed-cycle system. OTEC systems pump warm surface water through an evaporator which powers a turbine, while nearly freezing water from 1000 meters below is used to condense the working fluid in a condenser. In addition to power generation, OTEC can support desalination, mariculture, refrigeration, and chemical production. The vast solar energy stored in tropical ocean temperature differences has potential to provide clean electricity while promoting fisheries and producing fresh water.
1. The document describes NTPC Sipat power plant which has a total installed capacity of 2980 MW from 3 units of 660 MW and 2 units of 500 MW.
2. The 500 MW units use supercritical boiler technology which allows higher efficiencies between 40-42% compared to subcritical plants.
3. The plant sources coal from Dipika mines and water from Hasdeo barrage to operate its steam cycle.
OTEC, or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, is a technology that generates electricity by exploiting the temperature differences between warm surface waters and colder deep waters in tropical oceans. There are three main types of OTEC systems - floating, land-based, and self-mounted. OTEC plants use the ocean's thermal gradient to evaporate a working fluid like ammonia in a heat exchanger, which then drives a turbine that generates electricity. While OTEC is not yet economically viable at scale, it has advantages of being renewable, low maintenance, and producing fresh water and minerals as byproducts while emitting very little carbon. Further development is needed to minimize environmental impacts and reduce costs to compete with other power sources.
This document discusses geothermal energy resources and technologies for harnessing them. It begins by defining geothermal resources as reservoirs of hot water or steam below the Earth's surface at varying depths and temperatures. It then describes the three main technologies used to convert geothermal fluids into electricity: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle power plants. The document provides details on how each technology functions and the types of geothermal reservoirs they can utilize. It also discusses hydrothermal resources, geothermal system types, and advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy use.
This document discusses geothermal energy resources and technologies for harnessing geothermal power. It begins by defining geothermal resources as reservoirs of hot water or steam found below the Earth's surface at varying depths and temperatures. There are three main technologies used to convert geothermal fluids into electricity: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants. Hydrothermal resources specifically refer to heated water and steam resources found underground due to circulating groundwater interacting with hot rocks. These resources can be harnessed without combustion by using the heat to drive turbines that generate electricity.
This document provides information about geothermal energy sources and technologies. It begins by defining geothermal energy as heat present within the Earth's crust. It then describes the main types of geothermal resources: hydrothermal systems (vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated, hot water), geopressured resources, hot dry rocks, magma resources, and volcanoes. Details are given about extraction methods like flashed steam and binary cycle systems. Applications discussed include power generation, industrial process heat, space heating, desalination, and using geothermal fluids in chemical industries. Advantages of geothermal include being renewable and less polluting, while disadvantages are lower efficiency and potential for subsidence from fluid withdrawal
This Presentation mainly focuses on Thermal Energy Generation in Sri Lanka and Energy conservation techniques which are using for effective and efficient thermal energy generation.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Cogeneration Cycle, Driven by Ocean Thermal E...theijes
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a technology by which thermal energy from the ocean is harnessed and converted into electricity. It is one of the renewable energy technologies being researched into, as part of solutions to the challenge of global warming and climate change. A major setback of this technology, however, is that it has a very low cycle efficiency. In this work a cogeneration cycle is proposed which is driven by the temperature difference between the warm surface layer and the cold bottom layer of the ocean. The work is aimed at improving the overall cycle efficiency of OTEC systems by reducing the depth at which cold water is captured from the ocean. To achieve this, the cycle employs a binary mixture of ammonia and water as the working fluid and uses the mechanism of absorption to obtain the liquid phase of the working fluid after expansion through the turbine. The effects of varying cycle parameters such as the depth of cold-water capture, heat source temperature and mixture composition of the working fluid were investigated. With a basic solution mixture concentration of 0.40 kg/kg NH3/H2O, and under operating conditions of 30oC as the warm surface water temperature and a cold water temperature of 10oC, captured at a depth of 600m the proposed cycle produced a net power output of 42 kW, and a refrigeration capacity of 370 kW. The thermal efficiency computed was 1.94% and the exergy efficiency was 13.78%, both higher than the case where the depth of cold water capture was 1000m.
The document provides information about geothermal power plants. It discusses that geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the earth from radioactive decay and the planet's formation. Geothermal power plants use steam from hot water underground to generate electricity without raw materials and with little environmental impact. Locations suitable for geothermal energy have active volcanoes or thin earth crust allowing heat to escape. Electricity is produced through direct use of steam or using steam to power turbines connected to generators. Geothermal energy can also be used directly for heating and in applications like greenhouses, agriculture and industry.
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) harnesses the temperature difference between shallow and deep ocean waters to generate electricity. It uses a heat engine placed between the warm surface waters and cold deep waters to convert thermal energy into kinetic energy. OTEC has the potential to generate large amounts of renewable energy from the ocean but faces challenges from its low efficiency and high costs. Different cycles have been proposed including open, closed, and hybrid cycles to optimize the design and performance of OTEC plants.
Geothermal Energy Resources or Geothermal power plantTesfaye Birara
Energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy into another, a fundamental capability that enables modern civilization to function. It can occur in various ways, from converting the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical power through windmills to transforming solar energy into electrical energy in solar panels. This transformation is essential not just for daily usage but also for harnessing and utilizing natural resources more efficiently. In the context of rural electrification, this process plays a critical role. By converting available local energy resources into electricity, rural communities can access a stable and reliable power supply. This not only improves the quality of life but also supports economic development by powering homes, schools, businesses, and healthcare facilities. Consequently, energy conversion facilitates the broader goal of rural electrification, demonstrating the interconnection between technological innovation and societal advancement.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
This document discusses heat transfer fluids used in concentrated solar power plants. It describes the main types of concentrated solar power plants including parabolic troughs, power towers, linear Fresnel technology, and dish Sterling systems. It then discusses ideal properties, types, and applications of commonly used heat transfer fluids. The main fluids discussed are water, hydrocarbons (oils), molten salts, glycol/water mixtures, and silicones. Ongoing research aims to develop heat transfer fluids with improved thermal stability at higher temperatures and lower freezing points.
Solar thermal systems harness solar energy to produce heat that can then be used for applications like generating electricity or providing hot water. They have several advantages over photovoltaic solar cells, as they can absorb nearly the entire solar spectrum and are more efficient. There are different types of solar collectors classified by their concentrating temperature as low-temperature flat plate collectors, medium-temperature line focusing collectors like parabolic troughs, and high-temperature point focusing collectors including central towers. Solar thermal technology has been developed over centuries and is now used commercially around the world to provide electricity, heating, cooling, and hot water in a renewable way with low emissions, though the initial costs are high and they require significant amounts of land and water.
This document discusses the organic rankine cycle (ORC), which focuses on low-temperature waste heat recovery. The ORC uses organic fluids with low boiling points to harness energy from sources like biomass, industrial waste heat, geothermal, and solar power. It functions similarly to a steam cycle but replaces water with organic fluids. The major components of an ORC system are a boiler, turbine, regenerator, transformer, condenser, and cooling tower. The document examines the efficiency and applications of ORC systems.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater to produce electricity via a Rankine cycle. It can also desalinate water and support mariculture. OTEC uses the sun's heating of the ocean's top layers and input of cold water from polar regions to create a heat source and sink. While offering clean energy, OTEC is limited to tropical ocean sites and has high capital costs, with no systems yet demonstrated at full scale long-term.
This slide is about some new green cooling system (refrigeration system) and green refrigerant. For the Ozone layer depletion and green house effect, it is high time to find new refrigerant and refrigeration system.
This document summarizes an assignment on absorption refrigeration technology. It discusses the history of absorption cycles dating back to the 1700s. It then covers the key principles of operation, including that absorption refrigeration systems use a binary solution of refrigerant and absorbent. Common working fluid combinations of water/NH3 and LiBr/water are described. Absorption refrigeration provides advantages over vapor compression, being able to use low-grade heat and reducing environmental impacts. While absorption systems have benefits, vapor compression still dominates due to performance and cost issues. Further development is needed to improve absorption refrigeration.
This document summarizes an assignment on absorption refrigeration technology. It discusses the history of absorption cycles dating back to the 1700s. It then covers the key concepts of absorption refrigeration including the principal of operation using a binary working fluid, desirable properties of working fluids, common working fluid pairs of water/NH3 and LiBr/water, and advantages over vapor compression systems. The conclusion discusses potential improvements like multi-effect cycles and combined ejector-absorption systems to promote greater use of absorption refrigeration.
Occean thrmal energy conversion system.
Ocean temp. profile, OTE Power plant development, controlled
flassh evaporation, indirect vapour cycle, Salinity differences
conversion of salinity grandient resources, cosmotic pump, dylitic
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The European Union imposed sanctions on Russia in response to its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. This caused a major gas crisis as Russia was a key supplier of gas to Europe. In response, Russia cut gas flows to Europe which increased energy costs. Germany approved a $200 billion fund to subsidize higher energy bills, causing protests and raising concerns about inflation and challenges within the EU if countries act alone. The situation exposed weaknesses in the EU's energy independence and coordination during the crisis.
The document summarizes information about the Muppandal wind farm in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the largest onshore wind farm in India in terms of installed capacity, hosting wind turbines since 1986. The wind farm is located in Kanniyakumari district and has a total installed capacity of 1500MW from turbines ranging between 225KW to 750KW. It benefits from wind speeds between 3.44-18m/s with power densities of 193.3-558.4 W/m2, leading to high capacity factors and annual energy output.
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) harnesses the temperature difference between warm surface waters and cold deep ocean waters to generate electricity. The tropical oceans have about a 20°C difference between these waters that can power an OTEC system. OTEC systems pump warm surface water and cold deep water through a heat exchanger and turbine to produce electricity with minimal environmental impact. While capital costs are high currently, OTEC has potential for baseload renewable power due to the constant solar heating of ocean waters.
This case study examines using sugar beet cultivation and processing to produce bioplastics. Sugar beets are grown and processed to extract their sugar content as beet juice. This juice is fermented using microorganisms, which produce polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers as a byproduct. The PHA is purified, polymerized, and processed to create bioplastic materials as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics. The process has the advantages of reducing plastic waste and boosting local economies, though it also has disadvantages related to pesticide and fertilizer use during sugar beet cultivation.
Ethanol is produced through a four-step fermentation process involving grinding plant materials, dissolving sugars, fermentation with microbes like yeast, and distillation. It can be made from crops like corn or sugarcane. While ethanol burns cleaner than gasoline, it is less energy dense, corrosive, and requires significant land for crop production. The main producers of ethanol in India use sugarcane or maize in a biological fermentation process. Ethanol has various industrial and fuel uses in India.
The document discusses several challenges and issues related to renewable energy production and adoption. It covers high upfront costs of installation for solar, wind and hydropower. It also discusses issues like lack of energy storage capabilities, need for transmission infrastructure upgrades, intermittency of renewable sources, and the need to replace fossil fuel industry monopolies. The document considers potential solutions like nuclear energy but also raises issues around land usage, waste disposal and reliability compared to options like France relying heavily on nuclear versus Germany's renewable focus.
The document summarizes some of the potential downsides and environmental impacts of various renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, and electric vehicles. For solar energy, issues discussed include the land and habitat disruption from large solar farms, as well as the problems with disposal and recycling of solar panels once they reach the end of their lifespan. For wind energy, risks to birds and bats from collisions with turbine blades are mentioned, along with noise pollution and the environmental impacts of mining and transporting materials needed for wind turbines.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
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This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
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2. Environmental impact and Economics
benifet of binary cycle power plant
Geothermal Energy
Extraction & Uses
Introduction to binary cycle
Geothermal Reservoirs
Differents between dry steam,flash
steam,and binary cycle power plant
ORC and Kalina cycle
3. What is geothermal energy?
Geothermal energy- energy that
comes from the ground; power
extracted from heat stored in
the earth
¤Geo: earth
¤Thermal: heat
4. GEYSER
RESERVOIR'S CAN BE SUSPECTED IN THE AREAS
WHERE WE FIND :-
BOILING
MUD POT
VOLCANO HOT
SPRINGS
5. Testing the soil
Analyzing underground
temperature
• The rising hot water & steam is trapped
in permeable &porous rocks to form a
geothermal reservoir.
•
6.
7. • Hot springs, used as spas.
• Heating water at fish farms.
• Provide heat for buildings.
• Raising plants in greenhouses,
drying crops.
• Provides heat to industrial
processes
10. • Steam plants use hydrothermal fluids
that are primarily steam.
• The steam goes directly to a turbine,
which drives a generator that
produces electricity. The steam
eliminates the need to burn fossil fuels
to run the turbine.
• This is the oldest type of geothermal
power plant.
• It was first used at Lardarello in Italy in
1904. Steam technology is used today
at The Geysers in northern California,
the world's largest single source of
geothermal electricity.
• These plants emit only excess steam
and very minor amounts of gases.
11. • Hydrothermal fluids above 360°F
(182°C) can be used in flash plants
to make electricity.
• Fluid is sprayed into a tank held at a
much lower pressure than the fluid,
causing some of the fluid to rapidly
vaporize, or "flash." The vapor then
drives a turbine, which drives a
generator.
• If any liquid remains in the tank, it
can be flashed again in a second
tank (double flash) to extract even
more energy
17. • The first geothermal binary power plant was put into operation at Paratunka
near the city of Petropavlovsk on Russia’s Kamchatka peninsula in 1967.
• It was rated at 670 kW and served a small village and some farms with both
electricity and heat for use in greenhouses.
• Nowadays, binary power plants are used commonly throughout the world.
Currently, the total installed power worldwide of geothermal binary power
plants is about 700 MWe, representing about 8% of the geothermal power
installed worldwide
18.
19. • The geothermal reservoir's hot in-situ fluid (or geofluid) is produced to the
surface via a wellbore, if necessary assisted by a pump. On the surface, the hot
geofluid transfers some of its heat to the secondary cycle, via a heat exchanger,
thus cooling in the process. The cold geofluid is then reinjected into the
geothermal reservoir via a separate wellbore, where it is reheated.
• The primary cycle is considered an "open" cycle.
20. • Cold high-pressure working fluid is heated and vapourised in a heat exchanger
by the hot geofluid. The hot high-pressure vapour is expanded in a turbine
before being cooled and condensed in a condenser. To close the loop, the cold
low-pressure liquid is repressurised via a feed pump.
• The secondary cycle is a closed cycle.
• The two main secondary cycle configurations are
Organic Rankine cycles (ORC)
Kalina cycles
21. • In 1961, Harry Zvi Tabor and Lucien Bronicki developed a method for utilizing a low
boiling temperature organic fluid as the working medium to power turbines for
electrical generation. Electrical power is usually generated in processes based on the
Rankine cycle with water as a working fluid.
• An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system, using an organic fluid instead of water as the
working fluid, is potentially feasible in heat recovery systems and is particularly
favorable in low-temperature applications.
• Also, ORCs enable cost-efficient power generation from low-grade heat sources by
replacing water with organic working fluids such as refrigerants or hydrocarbons.
22. • Organic working fluid with a low boiling point evaporates and develops enormous
pressure sufficient to drive the turbine. In this respect, the economic, environmental,
and operating performance of the ORC depends on the properties of the working
fluids as well as the design and operating characteristics of the cycle.
• These systems consist of an evaporator (heating area), turbine, and condenser
(cooling area). There are several advantages to using ORC low-grade geothermal
resources, including economical utilization of energy resources, smaller systems, and
reduced emissions of CO, CO2, NOx, and other atmospheric pollutants. The main
advantage of the ORC is its superior performance in using geothermal heat with a low
temperature.
. Which is organic fluid?
23. • The technology is the creation of Dr. Alexander Kalina, a Russian scientist.
• The Kalina cycle is principle a modified Rankine cycle.
• It uses a working fluid comprised of at least two different components, typically
water and ammonia.
• Ammonia-water mixture improves system thermodynamic efficiency and provides
more flexibility various operating conditions.
• As plant operating temperatures are lowered the relative gain of the Kalina cycle
increases in comparison with the Rankine cycle.
24. • The pump pressurized the saturated liquid (5) which is leaving
from the condenser and it is sent in to the high temperature
recuperator (6).
• The liquid takes off the heat from the two phase dead vapour
(3).
• The pressurized hot liquid (sub-cooled state) enters (1) into the
vaporizer where the liquid is converted in to vapor (2) by
utilizing the latent or sensible heat of the hot source (1s-2s).
• The saturated vapor (2) from the vaporizer is expanded in the
turbine up to its condenser pressure.
• The two phase mixture after giving a part of it's latent heat to
the incoming liquid (4) enters in to the condenser, where
cooling water enters (lw), takes away all the heat available in
the two-phase mixture, and leaves at higher temperature (2w).
• The saturated liquid is pressurized in the pump and the cycle
repeats.
25. • Generate 10%-50% more power than conventional steam power generation
technologies.
• Have lower capital costs due to smaller heat exchanges and no heat transfer oil
loop.
• Are unmanned or minimally supervised and have lower plant auxiliary loads.
• Lower demands for cooling water and cooling infrastructure.
• Minimal downtime for maintenance.
26. The secondary working fluid plays a key role in the cycle, so the
selection of working fluid affects considerably system
performance. Whereas there are many available working fluids,
there are several general criteria while selecting the proper
working fluids. Stability, non-fouling, non-corrosiveness, non-
toxicity, and non-flammability are a few preferable physical and
chemical characteristics
27. The critical point of a working fluid suggests the proper operating temperature
range for the working fluid of liquid and vapor forms, and the critical temperature
is important data for fluid selection. The critical temperature should be higher
than the maximum cycle operating temperature. Working fluids that have low
boiling points must be chosen for binary plants. These fluids enable them to
obtain vapor at low temperatures.
• DENSITY
• LATENT HEAT
• LIQUID HEAT CAPACITY.
28. The viscosity of the working fluid should be maintained low in both liquid and vapor phases in
order to achieve a high heat transfer coefficient with reduced power consumption. Similarly, the
thermal conductivity must be high so as to achieve high heat transfer coefficients in both the
employed condensers and the vaporizers.
Some substances, mainly refrigerants, deplete the ozone layer or/and contribute to global warming.
Because of their negative effects, there is a necessity to choose those with less harmful effects on the
environment. ODP values of substances indicate their ozone depletion potential. Similarly, GWP
values of substances indicate their global warming potential. Candidate working fluids for the binary
cycle should have low ODP and GWP in case of leakage.
The working fluids are expected to be non-toxicity and non-flammability. Yet, they are not
always practically satisfiable or critically necessary. Many substances, like R-601, are
considered flammable, but this is not a problem whether there is no ignition source around.
The stability and compatibility of the working fluid are of great importance to not to affect
negatively the system components by reacting with them or by undamaging to them.
29.
30. • Refrigerants must not cause harmful environmental impacts like ozone layer depletion and climate
change. The environmental impacts of refrigerants are mainly their ozone depletion potential.
• The ozone layer is a layer in Earth’s atmosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone
(O3).
• Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life
because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the sun.
• Refrigerants containing chlorine and/or bromine atoms like halo carbon refrigerants lead to ozone
layer depletion. The chemical is extremely stable, which is a desirable feature for a refrigerant, but
when released into the atmosphere, it ultimately diffuses to the upper atmosphere. In the upper
atmosphere, it breaks down, and the chlorine combines with the ozone that exists there, depleting
the ozone concentration.
31. • A material’s ozone depletion potential is a measure of its ability, compared
to CFC-11, to destroy stratospheric ozone .
• Another environmental impact is the causation of the global warming.
Halocarbon refrigerants also can contribute to global warming and are
considered greenhouse gases.
• The global warming potential of a greenhouse gas is an index describing its
ability, compared to CO2 (which has a very long atmospheric lifespan), to
trap radiant energy. The GWP, therefore, is connected to a particular time
scale (e.g., 100 or 500 years). For regulatory purposes, the convention is to
use the 100-year integrated time horizon (ITH)
32. Capital Cost Estimate:-
The base cost estimate for this
technology case totals $2521/kW.
This price is dependent on the
technology used, reservoir
temperature, and location of the
power plant.
33.
34. Operations & Maintenance Costs:-
Binary cycle geothermal plants are able to maintain the turbine (turboexpander)
at a lower cost than other geothermal technologies due to the increased quality
of the working fluid compared to the geothermal steam that passes through the
turbine in dry steam and flash plant designs.
What binary cycle plants save in turbine maintenance is lost in the additional
pump maintenance since the other technologies do not require downhole
pumps.
Additionally, for binary cycle plants to produce equivalent net power outputs,
they require higher flow rates from the production wells and have more overall
pumps and piping compared to the other geothermal technologies.
35.
36.
37. • Resource and Location: -
⚬ There is only a small percentage of land that lies above suitable pockets of
water and steam that can heat homes or power electrical plants, limiting the
possibility of installation of geothermal power plants.
⚬ Many other places that are potential for providing geothermal energy are
extremely tectonically active, which makes it hesitant to install the large-
sized electricity generating power plant
38.
39. • Infrastructure and Costs: -
⚬ By nature, a geothermal energy source could only be used to produce the baseline power
for an electrical grid which causes problems in and of itself.
⚬ Equipment for drilling wells and setting up power plants is extraordinarily expensive and
training people to staff a geothermal power plant is time consuming and costly.
⚬ Once the energy is extracted form the underground wells, it cannot be transported to a
different facility whose grid is more in need, it has to be used as it is extracted.
40. • More Environment-friendly than conventional sources
• Hot reservoirs inside the Earth are naturally replenished, making it both
renewable and sustainable
• Dry plants and flash plants use the geothermal brine to directly power the
turbines. Therefore, they cannot be utilized for lower-temperature resources.
Binary plants can exploit low temperature fluids, so can be used in more
widespread applications.
• In dry steam or flash steam power plants, small amounts of greenhouse gases
and pollutants that are naturally present underground will be released into
the atmosphere during extraction. On the other hand, in binary steam power
plants, carbon emissions can be limited to zero since the steam does not
directly come from underground.
41. • It is location specific
• It will also lead to risk of triggering earthquakes
• Despite being considered a sustainable and renewable energy, the chances
are that specific locations might cool down after time, making it impossible to
harvest more geothermal energy in future
• The only non-depletable option is sourcing geothermal energy right from
magma but the technology for doing so is still in the process of development.
• Their costs of construction is very expensive, that concerns exploration and
drilling. They also require specially developed heating and cooling systems, as
well as other equipment that can withstand high temperatures