Green building concepts:
Business Segment
Green Building, an energy efficient sustainable building is designed in an ecological and resource efficient manner with an objective of healthy environment, improves productivity and using energy and other resources efficiently. It mainly focussed on Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in particular Solar Energy, Building material & Energy Conservation. It emphasis an effective utilisation of Energy and analysis of option of alternate energy with an overall reduction of energy consumption.
DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PHOTO-VOLTAIC PUMPING SYST...Remilekun Akinwonmi
The need for constant renewable supply of electricity to effect the pumping of water at low cost brings about the use of solar energy. The use of photovoltaic pumping system in Funaab community will tackle some of the problems such as the steady increase in the price of fuel and the high maintenance associated with the many systems of pumping water that are currently used including engine powered pump. The objective of this project was Design, Installation and Performance evaluation of photovoltaic pumping system in FUNAAB community.
The water demand for the site was determined, and the daily solar insolation data was obtained using ‘Meteonorm’ software. The Component parameters for the PV pumping system were then designed include the pump flow rate and the hydraulic power, the hydraulic head, power rating of the PV module, orientation and direction of the PV module. Experiments to acquire a relationships between Photo-voltaic pump system outputs and solar-radiation intensity at different times during the day were carried out to determine periods of maximum pumping efficiency.
The maximum discharge logged 0.162m^3/h between 11AM to 2PM at PV power output of 727.5W/m^2 when a 300W solar module was connected to a DC pump discharging at 24.5 m water head. The system operated approximately 8 hours in the month of October. The linear relationships of solar radiation values (W/m2) with both pump discharge (m3/h) and DC motor power consumption (Watt) result showed that y = 0.0002x + 0.0385 and y = 0.0317x + 19.359.
Although the initial cost to set up a PV pumping system is high, but with the little cost of maintenance over the years, it is revealed that PV based water pumping system is suitable and feasible option for domestic use and farm irrigation systems in Funaab community.
Renewable Energy Technologies Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cellsProf . Ghada Amer
If you haven’t heard about hydrogen and fuel cells before, then listen up. These technologies are bursting on to the scene and have the potential to solve some of the biggest problems in energy ranging from commercial buildings to transportation.
And, while most people are more familiar with solar, wind and battery power, keep your eye on these up-and-coming technologies that could add to our nation’s diverse energy mix.
DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PHOTO-VOLTAIC PUMPING SYST...Remilekun Akinwonmi
The need for constant renewable supply of electricity to effect the pumping of water at low cost brings about the use of solar energy. The use of photovoltaic pumping system in Funaab community will tackle some of the problems such as the steady increase in the price of fuel and the high maintenance associated with the many systems of pumping water that are currently used including engine powered pump. The objective of this project was Design, Installation and Performance evaluation of photovoltaic pumping system in FUNAAB community.
The water demand for the site was determined, and the daily solar insolation data was obtained using ‘Meteonorm’ software. The Component parameters for the PV pumping system were then designed include the pump flow rate and the hydraulic power, the hydraulic head, power rating of the PV module, orientation and direction of the PV module. Experiments to acquire a relationships between Photo-voltaic pump system outputs and solar-radiation intensity at different times during the day were carried out to determine periods of maximum pumping efficiency.
The maximum discharge logged 0.162m^3/h between 11AM to 2PM at PV power output of 727.5W/m^2 when a 300W solar module was connected to a DC pump discharging at 24.5 m water head. The system operated approximately 8 hours in the month of October. The linear relationships of solar radiation values (W/m2) with both pump discharge (m3/h) and DC motor power consumption (Watt) result showed that y = 0.0002x + 0.0385 and y = 0.0317x + 19.359.
Although the initial cost to set up a PV pumping system is high, but with the little cost of maintenance over the years, it is revealed that PV based water pumping system is suitable and feasible option for domestic use and farm irrigation systems in Funaab community.
Renewable Energy Technologies Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cellsProf . Ghada Amer
If you haven’t heard about hydrogen and fuel cells before, then listen up. These technologies are bursting on to the scene and have the potential to solve some of the biggest problems in energy ranging from commercial buildings to transportation.
And, while most people are more familiar with solar, wind and battery power, keep your eye on these up-and-coming technologies that could add to our nation’s diverse energy mix.
A review on fuel cell and its applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an alternate solution. The fuel cells are very much similar to an ordinary dry cell or battery. It has an electrode, some chemical material and an electrical circuit to give the supply to an external circuit. Due to absence of rotating devices they are quite simple and efficient in nature. This paper describes about the working methods of fuel cells and their future and economic growth. Keywords: Fuel cell, Electrolyte, Electrode, DC
Modeling Of a Bucket Air Cooler by Using Solar EnergyIJMER
In a conventional energy sources day to day decreasing in their energy levels. Going green and conservation as much energy as possible has become the focal point in their eyes of the world. There are many sources of energy available to us that will conserve our natural resources and decrease on harmful emissions that are destroying our environment. Many energy sources available in world like
hydro electrical, thermal, mechanical, solar, tidal, bio gas, wave, wind, geothermal, ocean thermal energy. Many incentives are now available to individuals and industries who implement the use of this ecofriendly environment through in this direction we are selected solar energy is main sources.Our design and construction of a bucket air cooler by using solar energy is new alternative to
conventional energy sources. We set out to create an air cooler that does not create any harmful
emissions in environment and provide no pollution in the surrounding. The solar power as the main energy sources to help in the project work. It is providing to cooling the enclosed space and also measured the temperature levels of before and after in absorbed enclosed space.
Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustion.
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning.
This was a presentation i presented to an interested party who supports renewable energy technology. After a technical review we decided that this technology was not feasible, however it led to the invention of the Thermo-Electric solar panel which I am currently working on...(and it works!)
Wind Energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air. Wind Energy Systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms of power. Wind turbine transforms the energy in the wind into mechanical power, further converting to electric power to generate electricity. Wind turbine can be used singly or in clusters called 'Wind Farms'. Small wind turbines called aero-generators can be used for water pumping, battery charging etc.
A review on fuel cell and its applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an alternate solution. The fuel cells are very much similar to an ordinary dry cell or battery. It has an electrode, some chemical material and an electrical circuit to give the supply to an external circuit. Due to absence of rotating devices they are quite simple and efficient in nature. This paper describes about the working methods of fuel cells and their future and economic growth. Keywords: Fuel cell, Electrolyte, Electrode, DC
Modeling Of a Bucket Air Cooler by Using Solar EnergyIJMER
In a conventional energy sources day to day decreasing in their energy levels. Going green and conservation as much energy as possible has become the focal point in their eyes of the world. There are many sources of energy available to us that will conserve our natural resources and decrease on harmful emissions that are destroying our environment. Many energy sources available in world like
hydro electrical, thermal, mechanical, solar, tidal, bio gas, wave, wind, geothermal, ocean thermal energy. Many incentives are now available to individuals and industries who implement the use of this ecofriendly environment through in this direction we are selected solar energy is main sources.Our design and construction of a bucket air cooler by using solar energy is new alternative to
conventional energy sources. We set out to create an air cooler that does not create any harmful
emissions in environment and provide no pollution in the surrounding. The solar power as the main energy sources to help in the project work. It is providing to cooling the enclosed space and also measured the temperature levels of before and after in absorbed enclosed space.
Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustion.
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning.
This was a presentation i presented to an interested party who supports renewable energy technology. After a technical review we decided that this technology was not feasible, however it led to the invention of the Thermo-Electric solar panel which I am currently working on...(and it works!)
Wind Energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air. Wind Energy Systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms of power. Wind turbine transforms the energy in the wind into mechanical power, further converting to electric power to generate electricity. Wind turbine can be used singly or in clusters called 'Wind Farms'. Small wind turbines called aero-generators can be used for water pumping, battery charging etc.
Intergen Energy Ltd.
Services
In addition to EPC-LSTK / EPCM, PMC and Reimbursable Services projects, we are also in a position to undertake specialised value-added services for your chemical projects covering various phases of the project cycle. In line with our project implementation philosophy, we assign trained specialists – be it for a Detailed Feasibility Report of an upcoming project, an Asset Evaluation assignment for a planned business acquisition, an Inspection / Expediting assignment for critical equipment at the Vendor’s shop floor, Supervision of Construction / Commissioning activity at your site or Project Management Consultancy services for your valuable project.
Process Design & Engineering
Intergen utilizes the technical expertise for selection of right technologies according to the applications in Water & Renewable Energy Sector. The expertise in process design has resulted in offering basic engineering based on its own know-how, licensed know-how & catalyst information. Intergen uses established commercial software packages for design of processes in power plants. The system is designed considering all critical elements of decision making – client assessment, risk assessment, ability to execute, estimated margin, resource availability and proposal cost etc.
Intergen does detailed yield / energy optimisation studies using various commercial software and experience gained in the sector. It explores the possibility of integrating various new and renewable energy sources with the existing system for better utilisation of energy.
Intergen ensures proper management of the construction at site which includes the selection of capable construction contractors, warehouse management, and quality control assurance, monitoring and scheduling the work in progress. It also takes the complete responsibility of the site from the survey, investigation to mechanical completion and also extends assistance in commissioning. Use of modern construction techniques, innovation procedures, emphasis on the quality and safety has led to the reduction in the construction time of projects yet delivering the highest quality work.
Thermal Performance Evaluation of Wax Type Solar Distillation SystemIOSRJMCE
The alternative energy sources are new option in front of world to overcome energy crisis and pollution related issues. The solar energy, wind energy and bio mass are three major sources and out of these three energy sources solar energy is the easiest source to extract useful energy because the wind energy can be useful particularly in coastal area where there is high wind velocity and energy extraction bio mass needs either chemical conversion or thermo chemical conversion process. The objective of present work is to developed solar distillation system consists of wax as phase change material to improve the thermal performance.
For any given project, maximum possible energy generation is estimated by choosing feasible site, major plant & equipments. It also emphasise on the contribution of balance of plants in energy generation. IGL ensure that the studies it carries out maximises output for its clients thus allowing them to maximize yield and profitability.
Wind Energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air. Wind Energy Systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms of power. Wind turbine transforms the energy in the wind into mechanical power, further converting to electric power to generate electricity. Wind turbine can be used singly or in clusters called 'Wind Farms'. Small wind turbines called aero-generators can be used for water pumping, battery charging etc.
http://www.igenergy.in/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9eAl1tQfT4
Small Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environmental friendly source of energy. It is perhaps the oldest renewable energy technique known to the mankind for mechanical energy conversion as well as electricity generation.
Hydropower represents use of water resources towards low cost energy generation with mature technology characterized by high efficiency and operational flexibility.
Hydroelectric power is the generation of electric power from the movement of water. A hydroelectric facility requires a dependable flow of water and a reasonable height of fall of water, called the head. In a typical installation, water is fed from a reservoir through a channel or pipe into a turbine. The pressure of the flowing water on the turbine blades causes the shaft to rotate. The rotating shaft is connected to an electrical generator which converts the motion of the shaft into electrical energy.
Wastes generated from various sources can be converted to energy through different technologies such as Anaerobic digestion / Biomethanation, Combustion / Incineration, Pyrolysis / Gasification, Landfill Gas recovery, Plasma arc. The organic fraction of the waste need to be segregated and fed into required process. The option of technologies is detailed in Biomass segment.
Wind Energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air. Wind Energy Systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms of power. Wind turbine transforms the energy in the wind into mechanical power, further converting to electric power to generate electricity. Wind turbine can be used singly or in clusters called 'Wind Farms'. Small wind turbines called aero-generators can be used for water pumping, battery charging etc.
Wind Energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air. Wind Energy Systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms of power. Wind turbine transforms the energy in the wind into mechanical power, further converting to electric power to generate electricity. Wind turbine can be used singly or in clusters called 'Wind Farms'. Small wind turbines called aero-generators can be used for water pumping, battery charging etc.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
1. Intergen Energy Ltd.
Business Segment
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane technical filtration method that removes many types of large
molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a
selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane
and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective," this membrane should not
allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the
solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely.
RO process for water purification does not require thermal energy. Flow through RO system can be
regulated by high pressure pump. The recovery of purified water depends upon various factors including
membrane sizes, membrane pore size, and temperature, operating pressure and membrane surface
area.
Waste Water and Sewage Treatment
Most wastewater is treated in industrial-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which may include
physical, chemical and biological treatment processes. The most important aerobic treatment system is
the activated sludge process, based on the maintenance and recirculation of a complex biomass
composed by micro-organisms able to absorb and adsorb the organic matter carried in the wastewater.
2. Anaerobic processes are widely applied in the treatment of industrial wastewaters and biological sludge.
Some wastewater may be highly treated and reused as reclaimed water. For some waste waters
ecological approaches using reed bed systems such as constructed wetlands may be appropriate.
Modern systems include tertiary treatment by micro filtration or synthetic membranes. After membrane
filtration, the treated wastewater is indistinguishable from waters of natural origin of drinking quality.
Nitrates can be removed from wastewater by microbial de-nitrification, for which a small amount of
catalyst is typically added to provide the bacteria with a source of carbon. Ozone Waste Water
Treatment is also growing in popularity, and requires the use of an ozone generator, which
decontaminates the water as Ozone bubbles percolate through the tank.
Bio-Mass
Biomass can be routed through following different processes for energy conversion:
Direct Combustion
Thermal decomposition of organic matter is carried out in the presence of excess air, liberating heat and
leaving behind incombustible ash.
Fuel + Air ? Heat + Ash + Inert Gases
In the combustion mode, the Biomass and air are combined under efficient and controllable conditions
to provide energy for utilization. The direct combustion of Biomass can be done in two ways:
• Fixed Bed Combustion
The combustion of Biomass is usually carried out in fixed bed combustors. The main drawback of fixed
bed combustion is a low combustion efficiency of 70%. It is associated with problems of ash removal and
inability to use effectively high moisture content Biomass. Further, fixed combustion involves high
inventory of fuel over the grate resulting in time consuming start-up and shut down procedures.
• Fluidised bed combustion
3. In a fluidized bed system, a bed of fine particles is fluidized by a gas stream passing upwards through it
at a controlled velocity. The bed is continuously subjected to high rate of mixing and agitation resulting
in high heat and mass transfer rates. Fluidised bed combustion is best suited for burning fuels like rice
husk etc.
The advantages of fluid bed combustion over fixed bed combustion are high combustion efficiency
(95%), multi-fuel combustion facility, and consistent rate of combustion and ability to burn low grade
and high moisture content fuels.
Gasification
Gasification is the thermo-chemical process of obtaining energy from solid matter in a gaseous form. In
principle, the process is a thermal decomposition of organic matter in the presence of limited supply of
air or oxygen to produce combustible gases thus converting calorific value of organic material into a
gaseous energy carrier. The amount of electricity that can be produced from Biomass power systems
can be increased by 50% by replacing steam based generation units with Biomass gasifiers close-coupled
to gas turbines.
Pyrolysis
In contrast to complete combustion of solid carbonaceous material, the process of pyrolysis refers to
combustion in a deficient supply of air / oxygen. The process gives out carbon-mono-oxide and
methane, which are condensed to form tar and aqueous liquor. The latter is then distilled to give
methanol and other organic substances. This process produces three useful fuels - charcoal, oil and gas.
About 70% of the energy in Biomass can be converted to higher forms of energy - charcoal or oil, which
are storable and transportable.
Small Hydro Power
Small Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environmental friendly source of energy. It is
perhaps the oldest renewable energy technique known to the mankind for mechanical energy
conversion as well as electricity generation.
4. Hydropower represents use of water resources towards low cost energy generation with mature
technology characterized by high efficiency and operational flexibility.
Hydroelectric power is the generation of electric power from the movement of water. A hydroelectric
facility requires a dependable flow of water and a reasonable height of fall of water, called the head. In a
typical installation, water is fed from a reservoir through a channel or pipe into a turbine. The pressure
of the flowing water on the turbine blades causes the shaft to rotate. The rotating shaft is connected to
an electrical generator which converts the motion of the shaft into electrical energy.
Solar Energy
Energy from the sun not only sustains life an earth but is also the source of almost all forms of energy
used by man. Solar energy, experienced by us as heat and light, can be used in a number of ways and for
many applications such as:
Thermal route - using the heat for heating, cooling, drying, water purification and power generation.
Photovoltaic route - converting the light energy into electric energy which can then be used for a variety
of purposes such as lighting, pumping, communications and refrigeration etc.
Producing electricity from solar resource through:
- Concentrating solar thermal
- Solar photovoltaic
Concentrating solar thermal route uses the heat component of solar energy. Heat is used directly or
through an intermediate fluid to generate steam which is expands in steam turbine to produce
electricity.
Solar cells convert solar radiation (sunlight) directly into electricity by photoelectric/photovoltaic effect.
Incident photons (light ray) strike on the photovoltaic cell, and knock off electrons. These free electrons
start flowing through a circuit forming an electrical current.
Photovoltaic module contains a group of photovoltaic cells, connected mostly in series and encapsulated
between a layer of front glass, EVA and back cover. The high transmissivity, toughened glass cover is
5. used to ensure high light absorption and therefore enhance the performance of the cells. Solar radiation
falls directly upon the photovoltaic cell and produce DC electricity.
Photovoltaic cells absorb both direct and diffuse solar radiation. Generally, flat plate photovoltaic
modules/panels are mounted in a fixed position and tilted towards south (locations in northern
hemisphere) to optimize energy production. However, flat plate PV panels with tracking mechanism
(one/two axis) increase output of solar panels, particularly for high DNI.
The amount of power that a PV panel delivers is proportional to the amount of radiation that falls upon
it. The advantages of PV system as compared to solar thermal are as follows:
- It is modular in nature so that any size of system could be installed.
- It is suitable for relatively colder climates
- It is nearly maintenance free
- Less water requirement
- It does not make any noise
The various types of solar cells used for electricity generation are as follows:
Crystalline
The most common commercial crystalline solar cells are made up from silicon wafers. These account for
about 85%[ ] of the world’s solar PV industry. Silicon wafers either consists of one large singe crystal,
called single crystalline wafers, or consist of crystallites in a single wafer, are known as polycrystalline
(multi-crystalline) silicon wafers. The main advantages of cells produced from mono-crystalline (mono-
Si) and polycrystalline (poly-Si) silicon wafers are: suit relatively small areas and have higher efficiency.
The efficiency achieved by a crystalline solar cell depends on the processing technology used to make
the solar cell. The most commonly used technology to make wafer-based silicon solar cells is screen-
printed technology.
Thin Film
Thin film solar cells are made up from a variety of materials, with the key features being that the
thickness of the cells is a few microns. Thin film solar cells are made from amorphous silicon (a-Si),
cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium di-selenide (CIS). Thin film technology is comparatively
cheaper, but produces less output per unit area due to its lower efficiency, so it requires large area per
unit output.
The main advantages of cells produced from thin films are low cost of production and they can be made
with requisite shape as per the requirement. But, unfortunately there are limitations of utility
properties. However, it is possible to improve the utility properties of amorphous cells by means of
changing the cross section of the window layer to improve sun light collection efficiency.
Other
6. There are some other PV materials for solar cells like string ribbon silicon wafers (ribbon-hetero-junction
with intrinsic thin layer hybrid silicon solar cell (HIT) and concentrator photovoltaic solar cell etc.
Waste to Energy
Wastes generated from various sources can be converted to energy through different technologies such
as Anaerobic digestion / Biomethanation, Combustion / Incineration, Pyrolysis / Gasification, Landfill Gas
recovery, Plasma arc. The organic fraction of the waste need to be segregated and fed into required
process. The option of technologies is detailed in Biomass segment.
Wind Energy
Wind Energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air. Wind Energy
Systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms of power. Wind turbine transforms the energy
in the wind into mechanical power, further converting to electric power to generate electricity. Wind
turbine can be used singly or in clusters called 'Wind Farms'. Small wind turbines called aero-generators
can be used for water pumping, battery charging etc.
Green building concepts:
7. Green Building, an energy efficient sustainable building is designed in an ecological and resource
efficient manner with an objective of healthy environment, improves productivity and using energy and
other resources efficiently. It mainly focussed on Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in
particular Solar Energy, Building material & Energy Conservation. It emphasis an effective utilisation of
Energy and analysis of option of alternate energy with an overall reduction of energy consumption.