The document describes the process for producing caustic soda through electrolysis. It involves purifying brine through several steps before sending it to an ion exchange membrane cell. There, sodium ions travel to the cathode and chloride ions travel to the anode, producing caustic soda solution and chlorine gas. The 31% caustic soda solution is concentrated to 50% using a multiple effect evaporation system, which uses heat from vapor produced in subsequent evaporators to reduce live steam needs by up to 66%. The concentrated caustic soda is then processed into flakes, prills or blocks for customers.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
Al Ghaith Industries Caustic Soda Plant, Abu Dhabi, Middle East. The turnkey caustic soda plant project executed by Nuberg on EPC & LSTK basis was commissioned in 2015.
Manufacture of manufacturing of single superphosphate and triple superphospah...MuhammadAyyanKhan
Introduction * Different Grade of Phosphate Rock * Different Forms of Super Phosphate * Manufacturing Single Superphosphate * Advantages and Use Single Superphosphate * Granular Single Super Phosphate Process & Advantages * Conclusion * Manufacturing Triple Superphosphate * Advantages and Use Triple Superphosphate * Side Effects of using Triple Superphosphate
this is one of bost beneficial slide to know the urea production this is not theoretical knowledge the training is done in nfl and the whole report is made on the basis of deep study of whole plant
Major industrial applications of sodium carbonaterita martin
Sodium carbonate also known as soda ash, washing soda most basic industrial chemicals produced from trona ore used in manufacture of glass, paper, soaps detergents, water softening
Kelvin Water Technologies offers complete thermal and non-thermal Zero Liquid Discharge solutions to manage tough-to-treat wastewaters. Kelvin's proprietary evaporators, brine concentrators, and crystallizers can help recover more than 95% of your wastewater while reducing the remaining brine as a product or solid. Kelvin's Siever total organic carbon (TOC) analyzers help control the quality of water to be reclaimed or recycled in semiconductor operations.
A Rotary kiln is a pyroprocessing device used to raise materials to a high temperature (calcination) in a continuous process. Materials produced using rotary kilns include: Cement. Lime.
1)M.Amulya, AITS ,Rajampet.
2)contents:
Effects of NOX
Introduction to SCR
SCR chemistry
SCR catalysts
Working
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
3)Effects of NOX:
Inhalation of NOX causes respiratory diseases such as Bronchitis and Emphysema
Causes depletion of ozone layer
main reason for occurence of acid rains
reacts of organic chemicals to form harmful components that causes biological mutations.
4)Introduction to SCR:
SCR means Selective Catalytic Reduction
It is the means of converting oxides of Nitrogen to atomic Nitrogen and water.
It meets the standards of US 2010 and EURO VI
leading technology for reducing NOX.
5) SCR chemistry:
6)SCR reductants:
Anhydrous ammonia
Aqueous ammonia
urea
SCR catalysts:
Vanadium-based SCR catalyst
Zeolite SCR catalyst
Copper Zeolite(CuZ)
Fe-Zeolite(FeZ)
7)Vanadium based SCR catalyst:
consists of vanadium pentoxide and tungsten trioxide.At higher temp.toxic compounds may release from this and also performance is poor.
Zeolite catalysts:
CuZ and FeZ are preferred due to their outstanding deNOX activity,temperature durability.
8)Catalytic converter:
Reactions in catalytic converter
9)Installation of catalytic converter in vehicles
10)Working of SCR system
11)working
12)comparison of SCR with other technologies in the reduction of NOX
13)Difference in NOX levels before and after NOX
14)Advantages
Does not require any modification in the combustion unit.
Higher NOX reduction is possible.
15)Disadvantages:
Ammonia slip may occur.
Large amounts of reductant and catalyst are required.
16)Conclusion:
The SCR technology is the dominant technology to meet the current and future emission regulations. To meet the current US 2010 and EURO VI Zeolite catalysts are required.
With the increasing emission regulations, it is important to improve and implement SCR technologies
17).Any auestions
18)Thank you
Internship report on MAXON Chemicals, MAXON is the leading supplier of Industrial Water treatment Chemicals . Also MAXON's Department deals in Home Cleaning Products .
www.maxonchemicals.com
Al Ghaith Industries Caustic Soda Plant, Abu Dhabi, Middle East. The turnkey caustic soda plant project executed by Nuberg on EPC & LSTK basis was commissioned in 2015.
Manufacture of manufacturing of single superphosphate and triple superphospah...MuhammadAyyanKhan
Introduction * Different Grade of Phosphate Rock * Different Forms of Super Phosphate * Manufacturing Single Superphosphate * Advantages and Use Single Superphosphate * Granular Single Super Phosphate Process & Advantages * Conclusion * Manufacturing Triple Superphosphate * Advantages and Use Triple Superphosphate * Side Effects of using Triple Superphosphate
this is one of bost beneficial slide to know the urea production this is not theoretical knowledge the training is done in nfl and the whole report is made on the basis of deep study of whole plant
Major industrial applications of sodium carbonaterita martin
Sodium carbonate also known as soda ash, washing soda most basic industrial chemicals produced from trona ore used in manufacture of glass, paper, soaps detergents, water softening
Kelvin Water Technologies offers complete thermal and non-thermal Zero Liquid Discharge solutions to manage tough-to-treat wastewaters. Kelvin's proprietary evaporators, brine concentrators, and crystallizers can help recover more than 95% of your wastewater while reducing the remaining brine as a product or solid. Kelvin's Siever total organic carbon (TOC) analyzers help control the quality of water to be reclaimed or recycled in semiconductor operations.
A Rotary kiln is a pyroprocessing device used to raise materials to a high temperature (calcination) in a continuous process. Materials produced using rotary kilns include: Cement. Lime.
1)M.Amulya, AITS ,Rajampet.
2)contents:
Effects of NOX
Introduction to SCR
SCR chemistry
SCR catalysts
Working
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
3)Effects of NOX:
Inhalation of NOX causes respiratory diseases such as Bronchitis and Emphysema
Causes depletion of ozone layer
main reason for occurence of acid rains
reacts of organic chemicals to form harmful components that causes biological mutations.
4)Introduction to SCR:
SCR means Selective Catalytic Reduction
It is the means of converting oxides of Nitrogen to atomic Nitrogen and water.
It meets the standards of US 2010 and EURO VI
leading technology for reducing NOX.
5) SCR chemistry:
6)SCR reductants:
Anhydrous ammonia
Aqueous ammonia
urea
SCR catalysts:
Vanadium-based SCR catalyst
Zeolite SCR catalyst
Copper Zeolite(CuZ)
Fe-Zeolite(FeZ)
7)Vanadium based SCR catalyst:
consists of vanadium pentoxide and tungsten trioxide.At higher temp.toxic compounds may release from this and also performance is poor.
Zeolite catalysts:
CuZ and FeZ are preferred due to their outstanding deNOX activity,temperature durability.
8)Catalytic converter:
Reactions in catalytic converter
9)Installation of catalytic converter in vehicles
10)Working of SCR system
11)working
12)comparison of SCR with other technologies in the reduction of NOX
13)Difference in NOX levels before and after NOX
14)Advantages
Does not require any modification in the combustion unit.
Higher NOX reduction is possible.
15)Disadvantages:
Ammonia slip may occur.
Large amounts of reductant and catalyst are required.
16)Conclusion:
The SCR technology is the dominant technology to meet the current and future emission regulations. To meet the current US 2010 and EURO VI Zeolite catalysts are required.
With the increasing emission regulations, it is important to improve and implement SCR technologies
17).Any auestions
18)Thank you
Internship report on MAXON Chemicals, MAXON is the leading supplier of Industrial Water treatment Chemicals . Also MAXON's Department deals in Home Cleaning Products .
www.maxonchemicals.com
Internship Report of Unicol Mirpurkhas (Ethanol Distillery)Talal Khan
This is a brief report of Ethanol Distillery situated in Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Pakistan.
It defines the Distillation Process, CO2 Liquification Process, Formation of Bio Gas from Molasses, Water Purification Plant, and Boiler working in Unicol Distillery.
industrial services in the engineering department responsible for ensuring smooth running of any industrial facilities by provide power, refrigeration, water and all other amenities
Raw water coming from different sources contains dissolved salts and un-dissolved or suspended impurities. It is necessary to remove harmful salts dissolved into the water before feeding it to the boiler.
Rhymer Chemical Industries Ltd. OverviewShourov Paul
Rhymer Chemical Industries Ltd has earned reputation as the world's foremost international supplier of high-quality industrial fuel additives. Through innovation, dedication to total quality and customer satisfaction, as well as commitment to research and development, we have succeeded in meeting the needs of a broad range of customers worldwide.
Thanks To Rhymer Chemical Industries Ltd
Basic Thermal Power Plant Chemistry, for Operational Staff.Syed Aqeel Ahmed
Understand the basics of Water Quality Control to avoid the scale corrosion and biological growth in the Power plant system, and to operate the mentioned at max performance.
Understand the troubleshooting events to the plant chemistry system
DISTILLED WATER - PREPARATION, GRADES, RISKS, STORAGE, PURITY, DETECTION OF I...ASWIN ANANDH
Preparation of distilled water, Distillation process, Deionisation process, Automatic water distillator, Multiple effect still, Grades of distilled water, Risks of using distilled water, Ph of distilled water, Storage of distilled water, Purity of water, Detection of impurity, Common uses of distilled water, Homoeopathic utility of distilled water - Pharmaceutics & Potentisation, External application, Dispensing of medicines.
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 1
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
Caustic Soda Production Unit
http://www.ineris.fr/ippc/sites/default/interactive/brefca/bref_gb_ptmo.htm
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound. Sodium
hydroxide is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp
and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner.
Sodium hydroxide is industrially produced as a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic
chloralkali process. Chlorine gas is also produced in this process. Solid sodium hydroxide is
obtained fromthis solution by the evaporationof water.Solid sodium hydroxide ismost commonly
sold as flakes, prills, and cast blocks.
Steps For Caustic Soda Production:
Process of Caustic Soda is divided in following plants:
1. Brine Purification (I.E.M)
2. Production Cell
3. Evaporation Unit
4. Flacks Formation
5. Packing Unit.
3. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 2
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
Brine Purification for I.E.M:
Brine is a solution of salt (usually sodium chloride) in water up to about 26% (a typical
saturated solution, depending on temperature).
I.E.M brine purification unit provides feed of brine solution to ion exchange membrane cell
room. The brine solution feed must be ultra-pure. The ideal concentration of brine is 280g/l.
Following are the main components of I.E.M brine unit.
1. Saturator
2. Purifier
3. Settler
4. Primary and Secondary Filters
5. Ion Exchange Unit
1.Saturator:
Saturator consists of large storage of rock salt. At the rock salt, depleted and dechlorinated
brine, also called anolite is showered in order to concentrate it. The anolite at a temperature
of 65-70 oC.The brine solution is stored in 3 pits from where it is sent to first purifier.
4. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 3
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
2.Purifier:
Removal of Sulphates:
Solution of barium carbonate in which some quantity of hydrochloric acid has been added, is
introduced into first purifier. Capacity of first purifier is 70m3. Excess carbonates are
maintained in the solution to insure removal of sulphate ions.
(0.2-0.4% excess in brine feed to DSA cell room and 0.4-0.5% excess in brine feed to I.E.M cell
room). Sludge formed is periodically removed from bottom of the first purifier.
5. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 4
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
Removal of Carbonates:
Overflow from first purifier goes to second purifier where caustic solution is added into it.
Addition of Accofloq:
From purifier the brine is transferred to settler tank before the introduction of brine into the
settler, a flocculent named “Accofloq” is added.
Purifier is made of mild steel and lined with fiber glass.
Settler:
Settler has capacity of 1000m3, brine overflows from settler after settling. A scraper is also
installed in the center, near the bottom of the settler to push the sludge settled, towards the
bottom of the tank where an automatic gate valve opens for 15 sec. After every 15 minutes.
From settler, the brine moves to a storage tank. Settler is made of mild steel and coated with
a type of resin which is corrosion resistant.
Primary and Secondary Filters:
6. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 5
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
Primary Filter:
From settler, the brine moves to a series of filters where 5 different layers of pebbles are
used to filter the brine solution. The layer at the top is of anthracite and remaining layer is of
pebbles whose size increases from top to bottom.
Secondary Filters:
In secondary filters, 140 tubes of CPVC are installed, sleeves and a sock is mounted over it.
Alpha cellulose is filled into the filter o wet the sock with it and subsequently drained
before the purifier start operation. And then the brine is passed through the tubes.
Impurities stick with alpha cellulose and are washed later during regeneration. From
secondary filters, brine is pumped to feed tank for ion exchange unit.
7. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 6
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
Ion Exchange Unit:
From secondary filters, brine is transferred to ion exchange unit, where an ion exchange
resin of general formula R-Na2 is used to completely remove all impurities out of it. The
purified brine is then sent to I.E.M cell room.
I.E.M unit:
The cells are not only the most important but also the most component of cell rooms.
Construction:
A cell consists of following parts.
1. Bulk Heads
2. Bulk Head Insulators
3. Inter Cells Spacers
4. Current Distributers (made of coppers with mesh of nickel sticking over it)
5. Membranes g
6. Electrode Plates
Cathode is made of Nickel
Anode is made of titanium
Electrodes are activated with coating of noble metals to minimize voltage drop. Life of
electrodes depends on chlorine formed. Greater the chlorine lesser will be the life.
8. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 7
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
Brine is injected from bottom right side of the cells and caustic (28%) is injected from
bottom left side of the tank.
While product i.e. 31% caustic is recovered from top right side of the tank and hydrogen is
also recovered from the same side.
While depleted brine, also called anolite is recovered from top left side of the cell and
chlorine is also recovered from the same side.
Drain line are provided at bottom side while overflow lines are provided at top side of the
tank, both brine and caustic.
Working/Chemical Reactions:
Sodium ions travel towards the cathode through semi-permeable membrane.
Sodium ions are absorbed by the membrane and transferred to other side when more ions
approach it.
Chloride ions travel towards anode and are oxidized to form chlorine gas.
Hence chlorine is collected from anodes and hydrogen and caustic of required
concentration i.e. 31% is collected at cathode.
Each cell consumes approximately 9 volts. From the power plant 13KV are received and
stepped down to 370 volts.
9. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 8
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
Assembling and Disassembling of cell:
For the process disassembling to start the cell is taken out of circuit by attaching a jumper
in parallel to the cell to avoid any disturbance in operation of other cells. Cell is the drained
to empty itfrom brineand caustic solution issent to causticcirculationtank.A part of drain
line is transparent to make visible the flow of draining liquid from the cell. Than the cell is
brought to ground level where it is washed and then cell rotation frame is used to change
its position from horizontal to vertical in order to disassemble it. Both side rods and nuts
of top bulk head are removed. After removing the bulk head insulator, the whole assembly
is disassembled. All the components are washed and checked for any leakage using
pressurize air frame.
The assembling process is the reverse operation of disassembling operation.
Purging operation:
Air is used for purging of hydrogen from the whole system or the cell when they are
taken out of the circuit. Nitrogen is used only when chlorine is required to be taken out of
the whole system.
De-chlorination Unit:
Depleted brine is sent to depleted brine tank at ground level, from where it is pumped to
an overhead de-chlorination tower. The tower is randomly packed with rashing rings.
Brine enters from the top and both dechlorinated brine as well as chlorine is removed
from bottom of the tower from two outlets at same level.
10. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 9
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
The chlorine is sent to heat exchanger at higher level where it temperature reduces from
89oC to approximately 50oC. This chlorine is pumped with the help of liquid ring type
rotary compressor and passed through depleted brine tank and finally sent to hydrochloric
acid furnaces. The liquid used to lubricate pump is also sent to depleted brine tank. The
de-chlorinated brine is sent to chlorinated brine tank, from where it is sent to saturators
of I.E.M. brine unit.
Multiple Effect is an evaporation:
From I.E.M. Cell room we obtain caustic soda at concentration of 31% which is not the
demand of customers. So to achieve 50% concentration multiple effect heat exchangers
are used for evaporation. In ICL there is two units for evaporation Unit-1 contain Plate &
Shell type heat exchanger while Unit-2 only contain Shell Type heat exchangers. Feed is
Pre-Heatedby utilizing the leaving stream(50% causticSoda), before entering to mainheat
exchangers. Unit-1 id forward feed heat exchangers and Unit-2 is backward feed heat
exchangers.
A Multiple Effect is an evaporation unit which consists of several evaporators thermally
linked and thus reducing considerably energy consumption.
11. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 10
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
Evaporators is operating at reduced pressure (vacuum). Consequently, they are linked up so that
the vapour given off in an evaporator can be used to heat a subsequent one, which operates at a
lower pressure, and so on. In such arrangement effects can be evaporators and crystallizers, of
any type and also stripping column and flash vessels. We have flash vessels.The first effect is
heated directly using shell and tube heat exchange and in next effects are heated by process
vapours from the previous effects in plate and frame heat exchanger. The last effect process
vapours are condensed on a heat sink.
Heating is achieved commonly with live steam, but can also be done with a heat transfer fluid
such as thermal oil or a molten salt, or waste heat from other parts of the plant like dryer vapour
for example.
In considering the heat balance for a single effect evaporator, the enthalpy of the evaporated
vapour is approximately equal to the heat input on the heating side. In the common case of
water evaporation, about 1T/hr of vapor will be produced by 1T/h of live steam.
In a case of a triple effect evaporation plant 1T/h of live steam will be able to evaporate 3T/h of
water, so only 33% of the energy requirement of a single effect. Say of a triple effect, with the
use of maximum only 33% of live steam in the triple effect evaporation plant compared to the
single effect evaporation plant you are still able to do the same evaporation.
12. HAMIDMALIKAFTAB 11
ITTEHAD CHEMICAL
We are using counter current arrangement in heat exchange with flash vessel 2 and 3 and mix (
co and counter ) arrangement with 1.Co-current, counter current, parallel or mixed flow of
process solution with respect to live steam are possible based on process requirements and
energy optimization. In case of a co-current multiple effect the concentrated process solution
leaves the unit at the cold end, in case of a counter-current flow, the concentrated process
solution leaves at the hot end of the evaporation plant.
For large evaporation capacity the number of effect can also be governed by maximum
construction size of an evaporator as well as profitability of energy recovery.
Alumina refineries are used to concentrate Sodium aluminate liquor know as spent liquor
(mainly 5 or 6 effects falling film plants with or without salting out and associated flash
tanks, but also 3 or 4 effects).
They are also used for black liquor concentration in the pulp and paper industry (7 or 8
effects),
Caustic soda concentration (3 effects is almost standard).
The main feature of multiple effect evaporators are as follow:
• Live steam consumption decreases as number of effects increases
• Cooling water consumption in condenser decreases as number of effects increases
• Co-current, counter-current, parallel or mixed flow
• Any type of evaporator or crystallizers, stripping column or flash vessels can be used