The Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum System condenses sparging steam from an edible oil deodorizing plant using ice condensers, which allows condensation to occur close to the operating pressure of the deodorizer. It uses two parallel ice condensers that operate alternately, with one condensing while the other melts accumulated ice. This system produces virtually no pollutants and provides significant energy savings compared to conventional vacuum systems due to more efficient refrigerant compression. It has a higher upfront cost but a shorter payback period given its lower operating costs.
The document describes a conventional multi-stage ejector vacuum system used in the edible oil industry and compares it to the Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum System. The conventional system uses two boosters, a main mixing condenser, and a two-stage ejector group to condense exhaust vapors and fatty acids. It requires a greasy cooling tower. The Körting system uses alternating ice condensers kept at low temperature by refrigeration to condense vapors onto an ice coating, and a small ejector/liquid ring vacuum unit with clean cooling water. It provides significant energy savings over the conventional system through lower steam and water usage and no requirement for a polluted cooling tower.
Hydrogen recovery from purge gas(energy saving)Prem Baboo
Ammonia is continuously condensed out of the loop and fresh synthesis gas is added. Because the synthesis gas contains small quantities of methane and argon, these impurities build up in the loop and must be continuously purged to prevent them from exceeding a certain concentration. Although this purge stream can be used to supplement reformer fuel gas, it contains valuable hydrogen which is lost from the ammonia synthesis loop In order to achieve optimum conversion in synthesis convertor, it is necessary to purge a certain quantity of gas from synthesis loop so as to as to reduce inerts concentration in the loop. Purge gas stream from ammonia process contains ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and other inert gases. Among them, ammonia itself is the valuable product lost with the purge stream. Moreover it has a serious adverse effect on the environment.This purge gas containing about 60% Hydrogen was fully utilised as primary reformer fuel.
The document discusses the fuel oil system on a locomotive engine. It describes the fuel feed system and fuel injection system.
The fuel feed system supplies fuel oil from the tank to the injection system at high pressure. It includes a primary filter, fuel pump, secondary filter, and fuel header piping. The fuel injection system atomizes and injects the fuel into the cylinders. It consists of high-pressure fuel injectors and fuel injection pumps that deliver fuel at precise timings and quantities. Proper functioning and testing of these systems is important for complete combustion and engine performance.
The document discusses the design of dimple jackets for vessels. Dimple jackets allow for construction from light gauge metals while maintaining strength for pressures. Their design begins with an assumed flow velocity between 2-5 ft/s. Dimple jackets are typically more economical than other choices when internal pressure is less than 1.67 times the jacket pressure. However, dimple jackets are not practical for vessels less than 10 gallons. The design of dimple jackets is governed by inspection standards and limited to a pressure of 300 psi and temperature of 700°F. Correlations and estimates are provided for heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop calculations for dimple jacket design.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
Flue gas desulphurization detailed processmay021994
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems use alkaline reagents like limestone or lime to scrub sulfur dioxide from flue gases through wet or dry scrubbing. In wet scrubbing, flue gases are sprayed with an alkaline slurry, while dry scrubbing injects a dry alkaline sorbent. Both reactions form solid compounds that are removed. FGD systems can achieve 50-98% SO2 removal depending on the technology and have moderate retrofitting difficulty, but also have high costs and generate waste products.
The document describes a conventional multi-stage ejector vacuum system used in the edible oil industry and compares it to the Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum System. The conventional system uses two boosters, a main mixing condenser, and a two-stage ejector group to condense exhaust vapors and fatty acids. It requires a greasy cooling tower. The Körting system uses alternating ice condensers kept at low temperature by refrigeration to condense vapors onto an ice coating, and a small ejector/liquid ring vacuum unit with clean cooling water. It provides significant energy savings over the conventional system through lower steam and water usage and no requirement for a polluted cooling tower.
Hydrogen recovery from purge gas(energy saving)Prem Baboo
Ammonia is continuously condensed out of the loop and fresh synthesis gas is added. Because the synthesis gas contains small quantities of methane and argon, these impurities build up in the loop and must be continuously purged to prevent them from exceeding a certain concentration. Although this purge stream can be used to supplement reformer fuel gas, it contains valuable hydrogen which is lost from the ammonia synthesis loop In order to achieve optimum conversion in synthesis convertor, it is necessary to purge a certain quantity of gas from synthesis loop so as to as to reduce inerts concentration in the loop. Purge gas stream from ammonia process contains ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and other inert gases. Among them, ammonia itself is the valuable product lost with the purge stream. Moreover it has a serious adverse effect on the environment.This purge gas containing about 60% Hydrogen was fully utilised as primary reformer fuel.
The document discusses the fuel oil system on a locomotive engine. It describes the fuel feed system and fuel injection system.
The fuel feed system supplies fuel oil from the tank to the injection system at high pressure. It includes a primary filter, fuel pump, secondary filter, and fuel header piping. The fuel injection system atomizes and injects the fuel into the cylinders. It consists of high-pressure fuel injectors and fuel injection pumps that deliver fuel at precise timings and quantities. Proper functioning and testing of these systems is important for complete combustion and engine performance.
The document discusses the design of dimple jackets for vessels. Dimple jackets allow for construction from light gauge metals while maintaining strength for pressures. Their design begins with an assumed flow velocity between 2-5 ft/s. Dimple jackets are typically more economical than other choices when internal pressure is less than 1.67 times the jacket pressure. However, dimple jackets are not practical for vessels less than 10 gallons. The design of dimple jackets is governed by inspection standards and limited to a pressure of 300 psi and temperature of 700°F. Correlations and estimates are provided for heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop calculations for dimple jacket design.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
Flue gas desulphurization detailed processmay021994
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems use alkaline reagents like limestone or lime to scrub sulfur dioxide from flue gases through wet or dry scrubbing. In wet scrubbing, flue gases are sprayed with an alkaline slurry, while dry scrubbing injects a dry alkaline sorbent. Both reactions form solid compounds that are removed. FGD systems can achieve 50-98% SO2 removal depending on the technology and have moderate retrofitting difficulty, but also have high costs and generate waste products.
This document provides calculations for the rate of distillation and size of a vapor column for distilling triethyl amine. It calculates the total heat transfer area and rate of vaporization as 1410.218 kg/hr. The diameter of the vapor column is calculated as approximately 4 inches and the height is approximately 10 feet. Various equations and data are presented to illustrate the step-by-step calculations and determine the necessary parameters for designing distillation equipment.
The document describes the key components and processes in a vapor absorption refrigeration system:
1) An evaporator where refrigerant vaporizes and absorbs heat, 2) An absorber where refrigerant vapor is absorbed by an absorbent, releasing heat, 3) A generator where heat regenerates the refrigerant and absorbent, and 4) A condenser where refrigerant condenses and liquefies. Heat from a heat source like steam drives the process without the need for a compressor.
The document discusses pressure drop analysis in heat exchangers. It states that the pressure drop in a heat exchanger is essential to determine as it is proportional to the pumping power required. It also directly relates to factors like heat transfer, operation, size and cost of the heat exchanger. The document then goes on to describe methods for calculating pressure drop due to friction and other contributions in different types of heat exchangers like extended surface and plate heat exchangers. Key equations for determining pressure drop from friction, flow acceleration/deceleration and other sources are also presented.
This document discusses ammonia (NH3) formation over steam reforming catalysts. It provides rules of thumb for NH3 formation in primary and secondary reformers, noting it is kinetically limited and does not reach equilibrium. NH3 formation is influenced by nitrogen concentration, hydrogen concentration, temperature, catalyst activity, residence time, and pressure. The document also presents theoretical rate equations and discusses how process conditions like steam:carbon ratio affect NH3 production. Graphs demonstrate the effect of temperature and pressure on NH3 production.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
This document outlines calculations for a mechanical smoke ventilation system for a basement floor with a store. It determines the heat release rate and smoke mass flow rate based on the fire area and assumptions. It then calculates the required air flow rate, duct size, and fan specifications. The system will include two exhaust fans of 18,500 CFM each and two fresh air intake fans of 10,500 CFM each, all located on the roof. The ducts will be sized to accommodate the required air flow rates. The entrance areas are determined to provide sufficient fresh air intake.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
This document discusses dry flue gas losses in boilers and methods to reduce them. It notes that rising fuel costs have increased focus on power plant efficiency. Dry flue gas losses occur when excess air leads to higher exit gas temperatures, wasting heat. Causes include air leaks, fouling of heat exchangers, and excess airflow. Reducing dry gas losses provides the greatest potential for efficiency gains. The document recommends optimizing excess air, repairing leaks, cleaning heat exchangers through soot blowing, and using high-alloy materials resistant to corrosion. Proper maintenance and airflow control can decrease losses and lower costs.
Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It requires additives to be safer and more stable than other fuels. Jet fuel and avgas are the most common aviation fuels, with jet fuel being used in most commercial and military planes due to its efficiency. Aviation fuel consists of over 2000 chemicals, primarily hydrocarbons and additives, to be reliable and prevent issues like icing or explosions. It has advantages like high efficiency and reliability but is heavier than other fuels. Biofuels are being developed and tested as more sustainable aviation fuel alternatives.
The vapors from a vapor column are condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger using cooling water. The design is for a multi-tube pass, single shell pass heat exchanger with 8 tubes of 3/4" diameter and 6' length. Energy and heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the required cooling water flow rate of 2072.53 lbs/hr and heat transfer area of 19.86 sqft to achieve the necessary heat transfer. Pressure drops are also calculated to be within acceptable limits.
This document summarizes different processes for removing carbon dioxide from ammonia plant streams. It discusses why CO2 removal is important, and describes common processes like MEA and MDEA absorption. The Benfield process uses hot potassium carbonate solution promoted by diethanolamine to physically absorb CO2. Issues with the Benfield process include foaming, corrosion, and vanadation problems. Retrofitting with a new amine promoter called LRS 10 can improve CO2 removal efficiency and reduce energy costs for the Benfield process.
Steam jet ejectors provide vacuum using high-pressure steam as the motive fluid, requiring no external power source. They have no moving parts, making them reliable and easy to maintain. Ejectors work by accelerating steam through a converging-diverging nozzle, which entrains the suction fluid and recompresses it at an intermediate pressure through a diffuser. Ejectors can be single or multi-stage, with condensers used to improve efficiency, and are well-suited for applications that require vacuum where steam is readily available such as drying and distillation.
This document summarizes flooding in a distillation column. Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in volatility through boiling and vaporization. Flooding occurs when excessive vapor flow carries liquid up the column, reducing efficiency. It can be detected by increases in differential pressure and decreases in separation. The document describes an experiment where a distillation column's reboiler heat was incrementally increased. Measurements from pressure transmitters showed that filtering and monitoring standard deviation of the pressure signal could provide early detection of the column approaching flooding. This allows operators to make adjustments and prevent loss of separation and reduced efficiency.
”Waste heat recovery” is the process of “heat integration”, that is, reusing heat energy that would otherwise be disposed of or simply released into the atmosphere. By recovering waste heat, plants can reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions, while simultaneously increasing energy efficiency.
1. The document discusses industrial fans and draft systems for combustion. It describes natural draft produced by chimneys and mechanical draft produced using fans.
2. The main types of mechanical draft systems are induced draft, forced draft, and balanced draft. Induced draft uses a fan to draw exhaust gases into the chimney. Forced draft uses a fan to push air into the furnace.
3. The document provides details on fan construction, types of fans including axial and centrifugal, installation procedures, and maintenance best practices like lubrication and vibration checking.
This document discusses boiler blowdown, which is the process of removing concentrated boiler water and replacing it with fresh feedwater. It provides information on:
- Common impurities in raw water that can cause scaling, sludge, corrosion, or foaming in boilers.
- Guidelines for maximum total dissolved solids levels in boiler water depending on boiler type to avoid issues.
- A formula for calculating the required blowdown rate to maintain a target boiler water total dissolved solids level based on feedwater quality and boiler steam rate.
- An example calculation of the blowdown rate required for a specific boiler operating at 10,000 kg/h steam with 250 ppm feedwater to maintain 2,500
This document discusses air compressors and reciprocating compressors specifically. It defines an air compressor as a device that takes in atmospheric air, compresses it, and delivers it at higher pressure to a storage vessel. It then describes the basic components and working of a reciprocating compressor, including the polytropic process of compression, equations for work done, volumetric efficiency, and factors that affect the actual pressure-volume diagram compared to the theoretical diagram.
This document provides an overview of various types of boilers and thermal fluid heaters used in industrial applications. It describes the key components and operating principles of fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, stoker fired boilers, pulverized fuel boilers, waste heat boilers, and thermic fluid heaters. Boilers are used to generate steam for industrial processes by transferring heat from fuel combustion to water, while thermal fluid heaters use oil as a heat transfer medium to maintain constant process temperatures. The document compares the advantages of different boiler and heater designs for various steam capacities, pressures, fuels, and temperature requirements.
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
This document summarizes an assignment on absorption refrigeration technology. It discusses the history of absorption cycles dating back to the 1700s. It then covers the key principles of operation, including that absorption refrigeration systems use a binary solution of refrigerant and absorbent. Common working fluid combinations of water/NH3 and LiBr/water are described. Absorption refrigeration provides advantages over vapor compression, being able to use low-grade heat and reducing environmental impacts. While absorption systems have benefits, vapor compression still dominates due to performance and cost issues. Further development is needed to improve absorption refrigeration.
This document summarizes an assignment on absorption refrigeration technology. It discusses the history of absorption cycles dating back to the 1700s. It then covers the key concepts of absorption refrigeration including the principal of operation using a binary working fluid, desirable properties of working fluids, common working fluid pairs of water/NH3 and LiBr/water, and advantages over vapor compression systems. The conclusion discusses potential improvements like multi-effect cycles and combined ejector-absorption systems to promote greater use of absorption refrigeration.
This document provides calculations for the rate of distillation and size of a vapor column for distilling triethyl amine. It calculates the total heat transfer area and rate of vaporization as 1410.218 kg/hr. The diameter of the vapor column is calculated as approximately 4 inches and the height is approximately 10 feet. Various equations and data are presented to illustrate the step-by-step calculations and determine the necessary parameters for designing distillation equipment.
The document describes the key components and processes in a vapor absorption refrigeration system:
1) An evaporator where refrigerant vaporizes and absorbs heat, 2) An absorber where refrigerant vapor is absorbed by an absorbent, releasing heat, 3) A generator where heat regenerates the refrigerant and absorbent, and 4) A condenser where refrigerant condenses and liquefies. Heat from a heat source like steam drives the process without the need for a compressor.
The document discusses pressure drop analysis in heat exchangers. It states that the pressure drop in a heat exchanger is essential to determine as it is proportional to the pumping power required. It also directly relates to factors like heat transfer, operation, size and cost of the heat exchanger. The document then goes on to describe methods for calculating pressure drop due to friction and other contributions in different types of heat exchangers like extended surface and plate heat exchangers. Key equations for determining pressure drop from friction, flow acceleration/deceleration and other sources are also presented.
This document discusses ammonia (NH3) formation over steam reforming catalysts. It provides rules of thumb for NH3 formation in primary and secondary reformers, noting it is kinetically limited and does not reach equilibrium. NH3 formation is influenced by nitrogen concentration, hydrogen concentration, temperature, catalyst activity, residence time, and pressure. The document also presents theoretical rate equations and discusses how process conditions like steam:carbon ratio affect NH3 production. Graphs demonstrate the effect of temperature and pressure on NH3 production.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
This document outlines calculations for a mechanical smoke ventilation system for a basement floor with a store. It determines the heat release rate and smoke mass flow rate based on the fire area and assumptions. It then calculates the required air flow rate, duct size, and fan specifications. The system will include two exhaust fans of 18,500 CFM each and two fresh air intake fans of 10,500 CFM each, all located on the roof. The ducts will be sized to accommodate the required air flow rates. The entrance areas are determined to provide sufficient fresh air intake.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
This document discusses dry flue gas losses in boilers and methods to reduce them. It notes that rising fuel costs have increased focus on power plant efficiency. Dry flue gas losses occur when excess air leads to higher exit gas temperatures, wasting heat. Causes include air leaks, fouling of heat exchangers, and excess airflow. Reducing dry gas losses provides the greatest potential for efficiency gains. The document recommends optimizing excess air, repairing leaks, cleaning heat exchangers through soot blowing, and using high-alloy materials resistant to corrosion. Proper maintenance and airflow control can decrease losses and lower costs.
Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It requires additives to be safer and more stable than other fuels. Jet fuel and avgas are the most common aviation fuels, with jet fuel being used in most commercial and military planes due to its efficiency. Aviation fuel consists of over 2000 chemicals, primarily hydrocarbons and additives, to be reliable and prevent issues like icing or explosions. It has advantages like high efficiency and reliability but is heavier than other fuels. Biofuels are being developed and tested as more sustainable aviation fuel alternatives.
The vapors from a vapor column are condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger using cooling water. The design is for a multi-tube pass, single shell pass heat exchanger with 8 tubes of 3/4" diameter and 6' length. Energy and heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the required cooling water flow rate of 2072.53 lbs/hr and heat transfer area of 19.86 sqft to achieve the necessary heat transfer. Pressure drops are also calculated to be within acceptable limits.
This document summarizes different processes for removing carbon dioxide from ammonia plant streams. It discusses why CO2 removal is important, and describes common processes like MEA and MDEA absorption. The Benfield process uses hot potassium carbonate solution promoted by diethanolamine to physically absorb CO2. Issues with the Benfield process include foaming, corrosion, and vanadation problems. Retrofitting with a new amine promoter called LRS 10 can improve CO2 removal efficiency and reduce energy costs for the Benfield process.
Steam jet ejectors provide vacuum using high-pressure steam as the motive fluid, requiring no external power source. They have no moving parts, making them reliable and easy to maintain. Ejectors work by accelerating steam through a converging-diverging nozzle, which entrains the suction fluid and recompresses it at an intermediate pressure through a diffuser. Ejectors can be single or multi-stage, with condensers used to improve efficiency, and are well-suited for applications that require vacuum where steam is readily available such as drying and distillation.
This document summarizes flooding in a distillation column. Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in volatility through boiling and vaporization. Flooding occurs when excessive vapor flow carries liquid up the column, reducing efficiency. It can be detected by increases in differential pressure and decreases in separation. The document describes an experiment where a distillation column's reboiler heat was incrementally increased. Measurements from pressure transmitters showed that filtering and monitoring standard deviation of the pressure signal could provide early detection of the column approaching flooding. This allows operators to make adjustments and prevent loss of separation and reduced efficiency.
”Waste heat recovery” is the process of “heat integration”, that is, reusing heat energy that would otherwise be disposed of or simply released into the atmosphere. By recovering waste heat, plants can reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions, while simultaneously increasing energy efficiency.
1. The document discusses industrial fans and draft systems for combustion. It describes natural draft produced by chimneys and mechanical draft produced using fans.
2. The main types of mechanical draft systems are induced draft, forced draft, and balanced draft. Induced draft uses a fan to draw exhaust gases into the chimney. Forced draft uses a fan to push air into the furnace.
3. The document provides details on fan construction, types of fans including axial and centrifugal, installation procedures, and maintenance best practices like lubrication and vibration checking.
This document discusses boiler blowdown, which is the process of removing concentrated boiler water and replacing it with fresh feedwater. It provides information on:
- Common impurities in raw water that can cause scaling, sludge, corrosion, or foaming in boilers.
- Guidelines for maximum total dissolved solids levels in boiler water depending on boiler type to avoid issues.
- A formula for calculating the required blowdown rate to maintain a target boiler water total dissolved solids level based on feedwater quality and boiler steam rate.
- An example calculation of the blowdown rate required for a specific boiler operating at 10,000 kg/h steam with 250 ppm feedwater to maintain 2,500
This document discusses air compressors and reciprocating compressors specifically. It defines an air compressor as a device that takes in atmospheric air, compresses it, and delivers it at higher pressure to a storage vessel. It then describes the basic components and working of a reciprocating compressor, including the polytropic process of compression, equations for work done, volumetric efficiency, and factors that affect the actual pressure-volume diagram compared to the theoretical diagram.
This document provides an overview of various types of boilers and thermal fluid heaters used in industrial applications. It describes the key components and operating principles of fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, stoker fired boilers, pulverized fuel boilers, waste heat boilers, and thermic fluid heaters. Boilers are used to generate steam for industrial processes by transferring heat from fuel combustion to water, while thermal fluid heaters use oil as a heat transfer medium to maintain constant process temperatures. The document compares the advantages of different boiler and heater designs for various steam capacities, pressures, fuels, and temperature requirements.
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
This document summarizes an assignment on absorption refrigeration technology. It discusses the history of absorption cycles dating back to the 1700s. It then covers the key principles of operation, including that absorption refrigeration systems use a binary solution of refrigerant and absorbent. Common working fluid combinations of water/NH3 and LiBr/water are described. Absorption refrigeration provides advantages over vapor compression, being able to use low-grade heat and reducing environmental impacts. While absorption systems have benefits, vapor compression still dominates due to performance and cost issues. Further development is needed to improve absorption refrigeration.
This document summarizes an assignment on absorption refrigeration technology. It discusses the history of absorption cycles dating back to the 1700s. It then covers the key concepts of absorption refrigeration including the principal of operation using a binary working fluid, desirable properties of working fluids, common working fluid pairs of water/NH3 and LiBr/water, and advantages over vapor compression systems. The conclusion discusses potential improvements like multi-effect cycles and combined ejector-absorption systems to promote greater use of absorption refrigeration.
This document provides technical details about oil-injected rotary screw gas compressors and treatment systems for biogas upgrading from Adicomp S.r.l. It describes Adicomp's experience and leadership in biogas compression and treatment. Their systems can compress biogas up to 2000Nm3/h and remove contaminants like water, dust, siloxanes and oil to produce bio-methane that meets grid injection standards. The document provides details on the compressor components, gas and oil circuits, cooling systems, controls and optional equipment available.
IRJET- Adsorption Air Conditioning for Automobiles using Waste Heat Recov...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a proposed adsorption air conditioning system for automobiles that uses waste heat from exhaust gases.
2) It uses silica gel and water as the working pair, as silica gel adsorbs water molecules. Hot exhaust gases passing through a generator desorb the water from the silica gel, releasing it in vapor form.
3) The vapor then undergoes condensation, expansion, and evaporation processes before returning to the generator, providing a cooling effect and using waste heat from the exhaust in an environmentally friendly way.
Körting steam jet chilling plants use water as a refrigerant and provide environmentally-friendly operation with high operational safety and minimal maintenance needs. They utilize unused steam to power a jet vacuum ejector that cools liquid through flash evaporation without mechanical components. Applications include large chilling capacities over 1 MW for processes with excess steam. Multi-stage designs further reduce steam and water usage to lower costs.
Körting steam jet chilling plants use water as a refrigerant and provide environmentally-friendly operation with high operational safety and minimal maintenance needs. They utilize unused steam to power a jet vacuum ejector that cools liquid through flash evaporation without mechanical components. Applications include large chilling capacities over 1 MW for processes with excess steam. Multi-stage designs further reduce steam and water usage to lower costs.
The Hydroscav uses a patented Aero-Jet Mixer to intimately mix heated oil with air, vaporizing water in the oil. This mixture separates in a vessel, with dry oil returning to storage and moist air venting. It can remove water, solids, and dissolved hydrocarbons up to C9. An optional nitrogen injection further aids in removing gases like hydrogen sulfide. Hydroscavs operate continuously with minimal maintenance to extend the useful life of industrial oils.
Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in...Joel John
The document proposes recovering engine waste heat in an automobile to power an air conditioning system using vapor absorption refrigeration. It begins with an introduction discussing how air conditioning has become necessary in vehicles and how operating costs are increasing. It then reviews vapor compression and absorption refrigeration systems, engine cooling systems, and compares the two refrigeration methods. The objectives are to identify waste in traditional vapor compression systems, compare characteristics to the proposed vapor absorption system, and analyze strategies to reduce refrigeration costs in vehicles. A literature review found works on using exhaust heat for adsorption cooling but no significant work recovering engine heat for vehicle air conditioning.
The document discusses engine cooling systems. It notes that only 20% of engine heat is used as power, with 35% transmitted to cylinder walls, causing inefficiency. It describes the need to prevent this heat transfer to cool engines. It then outlines different cooling methods, specifically air cooling and liquid cooling. For liquid cooling it discusses thermosiphon and pump systems, and components like the water pump, thermostat, radiator, and radiator cap. It concludes by discussing the use of antifreeze solution and how corrosion and scale buildup are managed.
The document discusses the cooling system of internal combustion engines. It explains that the cooling system maintains the engine's temperature at optimal levels by removing around 30% of the heat generated. It cools the engine faster when it is hot but provides minimum cooling during starting. The cooling system prevents engine damage by dissipating the high temperatures produced during combustion. It describes the types of cooling systems as liquid/water-cooled or air-cooled. The key components of the liquid cooling system are also outlined, including the radiator, thermostat, water pump, and fan.
The document discusses engine cooling systems. It explains that only 20% of the engine's heat is used to power the crankshaft, with 35% transmitted to the cylinder walls, causing inefficiencies. Cooling systems must remove this excess heat to prevent damage. It describes air and liquid cooling systems. Air cooling relies on fins and fans for heat dissipation but has limitations with many cylinders. Liquid cooling uses water jackets and a cooling system involving a water pump, radiator, thermostat, and antifreeze solution to efficiently cool the engine.
Generation of Air Conditioning by using Exhaust Gases and Cooling Water of an...ijtsrd
Air conditioning system of car or buses works on principle of vapor absorption cycle of refrigeration VAR . This system reduces the fuel economy of fuel of vehicle. When vehicle moving with air conditioning, it consumes more amount of fuel than vehicle rubs without AC, typically, it consumes 15 to 20 more amount of fuel. Exhaust gases coming from engine of vehicle have temperature ranges to 300 to 400 degree centigrade at full load it carries 25 to 30 of heat supplied by fuel. For A.C. of an automobile, the heat of exhaust gases is utilized to run vapor absorption refrigeration cycle instead of vapour compression refrigeration system. Resulting, it improves fuel economy of A. C. heavy vehicle. In this project try to integrate the vapor absorption refrigeration system with car or bus or heavy vehicle engine exhaust. Comparative study has been carried out when car running with VCR and vapor absorption system of refrigeration. Dr. M. Sampath Kumar | Karthik Payam | Rajesh Medi | Srikanth Chennam | Aditya Mothukuri ""Generation of Air Conditioning by using Exhaust Gases and Cooling Water of an Automobile Engine"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23318.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23318/generation-of-air-conditioning-by-using-exhaust-gases-and-cooling-water-of-an-automobile-engine/dr-m-sampath-kumar
Modification of Generator In Electrolux RefrigeratorIRJET Journal
This document describes modifications made to the generator-heat exchanger in a conventional vapor absorption refrigeration system. Specifically, the generator is replaced by a solar collector to provide heat input through heated water. Mathematical modeling is conducted to determine operating pressures, mass flow rates, heat inputs and outputs, and the coefficient of performance for both the refrigeration unit and the overall solar-powered system. The results show that a 9 square meter solar collector area is sufficient to power a 0.38 ton refrigeration capacity unit, with coefficients of performance of 0.696 for the refrigeration unit and 0.592 for the full solar system. Therefore, the document concludes that a solar-powered vapor absorption refrigeration system is a feasible alternative where cooling is
Cooling applications of solar system pptvikramdangi
This document provides an overview of solar cooling applications using absorption systems. It describes the basic components and processes of simple and practical vapour absorption systems using examples like ammonia-water. It discusses properties of ideal refrigerants, absorbents, and their combinations. Some advantages of absorption systems over compression systems are their lack of moving parts, ability to operate on thermal energy alone, suitability for large capacities, and controllability. Passive cooling techniques to reduce heat transfer and remove unwanted heat from buildings are also briefly covered.
The document discusses various methods for improving boiler efficiency, including combustion management, feedwater management, and steam distribution management. It outlines key areas such as controlling excess air during combustion, minimizing heat losses through economizers and flue gas condensing, monitoring scale formation, optimizing blowdown rates, and ensuring proper insulation and leak prevention in steam piping. Maintaining efficient operation across combustion, feedwater handling, and steam distribution is important for achieving high boiler efficiency.
Effect of compressor heating and coolingpandiyanmech
This document discusses various causes and effects of compressor failure in refrigeration systems. It covers topics like compressor cylinder heating, cooling, and friction; slugging; flooding; electrical problems; contamination from moisture, air, copper plating, and metallic particles; high operating temperatures; and transport problems. The key effects of failure include increased pressure and temperature, reduced efficiency, damage to compressor parts, corrosion and wear over time.
Air Cooled condensers were first introduced in US
power industry in early 1970’s, but only during last 10-15
years number of installations greatly increased largely due to
growing attention being paid to environmental safety. Also,
growing demand for water for both domestic and industrial
use has brought an increased interest in use of Air Cooled
condensers. This is a review paper which studies the
performance of Air-cooled condenser under various operating
conditions it is found that there is degradation in performance
of air cooled condenser under high ambient temperatures and
windy conditions. The heat rejection rate of ACC also depends
on surface condition of fins and thus its performance is
reduced due to external fouling of finned tubes due to weather
conditions and by internal fouling from condensate (Ammonia
corrosion). A Hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator achieves major
enhancement in performance when ambient temperatures are
high. Also shading of condensers is done for air-conditioning
units to mitigate the adverse effect of high ambient
temperatures due to solar radiation. Now a day’s wind walls
are used to reduce the effect of high wind velocity .second
option is to increase the fan speed Fin cleaning plays an
important role in heat rejection. External cleaning improves
air side heat transfer coefficient. In order to improve the
performance of an ACC Flat tubes inclined at some angle to
horizontal can also be used in place of conventional circular
horizontal tubes so that an improvement in heat transfer rate
occurs.
This document summarizes information about Venturi scrubbers. It discusses how Venturi scrubbers work by accelerating gas and liquid flows through a narrowing throat, generating high relative speeds that cause dust particles to collide with and adhere to liquid droplets for removal. Key components of a Venturi scrubbing system are identified as the scrubber, separation tank, and swirl droplet separator. Operating parameters like pressure differentials and separation efficiencies for different particle sizes are provided. Applications and advantages of Venturi scrubbers are outlined.
Körting Hannover AG is a leading manufacturer of multi-stage steam jet vacuum systems that can achieve vacuums up to 10-1 mbar. These systems use steam jet ejectors in multiple stages with intermediate condensers to compress gases. Körting has been developing these systems since 1871 and their in-house testing and measurements allow them to optimize designs to minimize steam usage down to waste steam levels below 1 bar while achieving high condensing ratios up to 16:1.
A multi-stage steam jet vacuum system operating in an Alkaline Closed Loop (ACL) uses a closed loop system to condense and cool motive steam and sparging steam. It typically includes two boosters, a main mixing condenser, an ejector, a small mixing condenser, and a liquid ring vacuum pump. Newer ACL systems use chilled water and a refrigeration system to cool the circulating water to 5-10°C, allowing operation at lower pressures while reducing steam consumption.
Körting Hannover AG is a leading manufacturer of ejectors for the shipbuilding industry with over 140 years of experience. Ejectors are self-priming fluidic devices that use liquids, gases, or vapors to pump, evacuate, mix, or discharge other fluids without moving parts. Körting ejectors are customized for individual ship applications and used widely for bilge pumping, ballast handling, and other tasks. They provide reliable operation with low maintenance needs and costs.
The document describes a caustic recovery plant that recycles diluted caustic soda (weak lye) from the mercerizing process by evaporating water to concentrate the lye. The plant separates the weak lye into strong lye that can be reused, and vapour condensate that is slightly alkaline hot water. It recovers up to 495,000 euros worth of caustic soda annually with a payback period of less than one year. The plant is energy efficient and generates hot water as a byproduct while reducing chemical waste and costs for the textile industry.
Water and Waste Water Treatment - EN - 140716 - webreducedTomas Eriksson
This document discusses water treatment using Körting ejectors. It summarizes that ejectors use the transfer of kinetic energy from a high velocity motive flow to boost the pressure and mix a suction flow. Ejectors have no moving parts and are self-priming. They are used for various water treatment applications including waste water aeration, mixing liquids and gases, and compressing gases. Körting ejectors provide efficient oxygen transfer through fine bubbles and turbulence, require little maintenance, and prevent deposits.
Liquid jet mixing nozzles consist of a motive nozzle and mixing section that intensively intermix motive flow and suction flow. The mixed flow exits with high velocity, entraining surrounding liquid. Numerical simulations can optimize nozzle placement to ensure complete mixing. Tank mixing systems use multiple nozzles on pipes to generate guided flows that move the entire liquid volume and prevent sedimentation. Nozzle design, placement, and operation are customized to tank shape and mixing needs.
Körting Hannover AG is a worldwide family-owned company founded in 1871 that specializes in vacuum and environmental technologies. They develop high-quality, customized components and systems for process engineering applications. Through continuous innovation and international expansion, they aim to be a technical leader in their fields. Key areas of expertise include ejectors and vacuum technology, waste gas cleaning and environmental technologies, and process heat and firing systems.
2. Like all vegetable oil processing vacuum sys-
tems, Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum
Systems are able to operate an oil deodoris-
ing plant in the range between 1 - 4 mbar by
extracting sparging steam and air.
In contrast to conventional vacuum systems,
Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum Systems
allow the process vapour to be condensed
close to the operation pressure of the deodor-
iser (rather than having to compress it first with
steam jet boosters then condense it to liquid).
At a.m. pressures, condensation occurs be-
tween -20 °C and -5 °C, so in order to operate
such condenser, a refrigerant to be circulated
through its tubes at temperatures down to
-30 °C is required.
This results in the steam condensing as a solid
ice coating outside of the condenser tubes.
The ice layer has to be regularly removed by
melting. In order to operate in a continuous
cycle, Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum Sys-
tems utilise two parallel ice condensers which
are operated alternately. One ice condenser is
in operation (being charged) whereas the other
one is heated with hot water vapour to melt the
ice layer.
At preset intervals, the clean, ice free condenser
is pre-cooled before it is then switched back into
the circuit whereas the other is disconnected to
begin its melting cycle.
The sequence is designed in such a way that the
vacuum level is not increased when switching
over from one condenser to the other.
ICE Condensation Vacuum System
In the today's market, Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum
System make sense!
Ice condensation block completely assembled in the workshop
Assembly of an ice condensation block at site
3. Significant energy
savings with virtually zero
environmental pollution
Körting ICE Condensation Systems have
two principle advantages:
• The refrigerated coolant and the polluted sparging steam are strictly separated, which pro-
tects the environment considerably.
• The coolant compressor operates at a higher efficiency compared to steam jet boosters of a
conventional vacuum system. Therefore, energy and operarting costs are saved significantly.
The original concept was proposed by G. B. Martinenghi (1964) but at that time the high capital
cost of the system compared to conventional vacuum systems proved uneconomical.
Today with increasing energy costs and strict environmental emission controls (waste
water, air pollution), the ice condensation system is the most economic vacuum system for this
application.
Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum Systems are based on many years of experience with a lot
of installations world wide since 1988.
It is computer controlled and designed to be both:
Simple and reliable in operation.
Ice condensation block completely installed at site
Front view of an ice condensation unit
4. cooling
water
air evacuation group
liquid ring
vacuum pump
heating
steam
closed
open
ice condenser A PI
condensate (clean)
TIC
melting
vessel MIN
MAX
ammonia
separator
PIC
from deodoriser
spraying
pump
ammonia
compressor
bleed
expansion
valve
evaporative condenser
(ammonia condenser)
Fan
fresh
water
ice condenser B
waste water
(highly poluted)
condensate
pump
TI
loading
melting
precooling
loading
melting
precooling
waste water
(slightly poluted)
gas outlet
cooling water
cooling
water
ejector
(2nd stage)
ejector
(1st stage)
condenser
air evacuation
PI
PI
PI
PI
Flow chart of an Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum System
Condensing
The sparging steam from the deodoriser, pol-
luted by fatty acids and other impurities and
fatty substances, is alternately supplied to
the ice condenser A or B. High performance
butterfly valves are used to isolate the ice
condenser from the process during melt-
ing. The condenser being charged is kept at
low temperature by circulating the refrigerant
through the tubes. The refrigerant is conveyed
in a liquid state from the refrigerant separator
and evaporated within the tubes of the con-
denser by absorbing of the condensation heat
of the sparging steam.Typically, this process is
regulated to produce surface temperatures of
around -15 °C to -25 °C on the tubes.
This is below the condensation temperature of
the sparging steam drawn from the deodoriser
so the steam together with most of its impuri-
ties is condensed on the outside of the tubes
as a coating of ice mixed with fatty crystals.
Melting
After a loading time which, according to the
design, may be between one and two hours
the process flow is switched to the other ice
condenser. The charged ice condenser (now
with its cooling elements thoroughly coated
with ice) is entirely separated from the deodor-
iser and heated to approx. 60 °C to 80 °C with
vapour originating from the polluted conden-
sate in the heated melting vessel. The molten
ice which is a mixture of water, oil and fatty
substances runs off from the tubes and back
into the melting vessel.
How do Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum
System work?
The essential elements of the plant are illustrated in the figure above. In this example, ice condenser B
is in use (being charged), ice condenser A is in its melting cycle.
5. condensate pump
rupture
disc
ice condensers
compressor
refrigerant
gas
inlet
cooling
water
condensate
to the
ammonia
condenser
from the
ammonia
separator
liquid ring vacuum pump
atmosphere
gas outlet
over flow
heating
steam
melting vessel
condensate
air evacuation group
cooling
water
gas outlet
evaporative
condenser
cleaning
connection
cooling
water
fresh
water
motive
steam to the
ammonia
compressor
motive
steam
air
evacuation
safety
valve
ammonia
separator
rupture disc
from the
evaporative
condenser
to the
refrigerant
separator
bleed
from the
refrigerant
compressor
deodoriser
waste
water
scrubber
Condensate discharge
The surplus liquid from the
melting vessel which contains
most of the impurities of the origi-
nal sparging steam is discharged
from the melting vessel by a con-
densate pump.
Steam jet ejectors
In order to evacuate all non-
condensables from the ice con-
densers, a small 2-stage steam
jet ejector vacuum group com-
bined with a liquid ring vacuum
pump is used. Cooling water for
the interconnected small surface
condenser as well as ejectors
and the liquid ring vacuum pump
will be kept clean. Only the small
amount of condensate leaving the
small surface condenser is slightly
polluted and will leave the system
at the separator of the liquid ring
vauum pump. At this point the ex-
hausted gas of the process is also
discharged to the atmosphere.
Coolant refrigeration
To minimise the maintenance
costs and for high operating reli-
ability, the Körting ice condensation
vacuum system operates with
twin-shaft screw compressors
(refrigerant compressor).
Typical installation of an ICE Condensation Vacuum System at an oil deodorising column
2-stage steam jet vacuum ejectors
with shell and tube condenser
Screw compressor for refrigeration
6. Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum Systems
produce nearly no pollutants. This is principally
based on the fact that the cooling water is kept
strictly separated from the condensate of the
polluted sparge steam.
As condensation takes place at low tempera-
ture and at the pressure level in the deodor-
iser, the melted condensate flowing from ice
condenser A and B is undiluted and highly
concentrated (almost 100 % of the high-boiling
oil components, i.e. fatty acids, which are
exhausted during deodorisation can be found
in condensate).
Only some low-boiling substances such as
aldehydes and ketones are exhausted from
the ice condensers by the steam jet ejectors
together with the non-condensable gas.
The motive flow of the ejectors as well as the
condensable parts of the suction flow are con-
densed in a downstream surface condenser.
There is no contact with the cooling water.
For the atmospheric stage of the air evacuation
unit, a liquid ring vacuum pump is used. To re-
move the condensation and compression heat,
the service water (polluted with low-boiling oil
substances) is passed through a heat exchang-
er in a closed loop so that no oil substances
may enter the cooling water.
Non condensable gases from the process and
the leakage air, which enters the deodoriser, is
polluted with low-boiling oil substances. This
gas mixture is the only exhaust flow discharged
from the unit by means of the liquid ring vacu-
um pump via the liquid separator. This exhaust
gas can be treated by combustion in a steam
boiler or in a biological filter plant.
Mechanical vacuum pumps (roots blowers)
can be used instead of the steam jet vacuum
ejectors. However, this is generally not recom-
mended because mechanical pumps are much
more susceptible to failures.
Melting vessel of a Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum System
Molten condensate in the melting vessel
Why do Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum Systems produce
virtually zero environmental pollution?
7. Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum Systems save money!
The figure below illustrates the typical payback
time for the investment of a Körting ICE Conden-
sation Vacuum System compared to a steam
jet vacuum ejector system with direct contact
condensation. The graph is calculated for a
condensation pressure of 1.5 mbar which cor-
responds to a deodoriser pressure of around
2.5 mbar and a cooling water inlet temperature
of max. 33 °C. The graph shows that the
payback time depends on the oil production
capacity, based on fixed prices for steam,
electricity, cooling water and waste water. The
bigger the oil production capacity (the higher
the condensation rate of the ice condensation
vacuum system), the shorter the payback time.
If the steam price (for motive steam of the
comparable steam jet vacuum ejector system)
is high, the payback time of the Körting ICE
Condensation Vacuum System will be consider-
ably reduced.
The comparison between a Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum System and a conventional steam jet vacuum
ejector system as well as the operating costs depend on two principal factors:
• Based on standard specific costs for steam and electricity the total operating costs for a Körting ICE Con-
densation Vacuum System are much lower compared to a conventional steam jet vacuum system.
• Investment costs are higher – Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum Systems require higher initial investment
compared to other vacuum producing equipments used in the processing of edible oils and fats but they
offer a short payback time.
→
Operating costs of ice condensation vacuum system
Operating costs for steam jet vacuum system
Investment cost difference
Index
oil production capacity (TPD)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Example
For an oil production capacity
of 600 tons/day and a motive
steam price of 25 Euro/ton,
electric power of 0.1 Euro/kWh
and waste water costs of
4.0 Euro/m³ the additional
costs of purchasing a Körting
ICE Condensation Vacuum
System compared to a con-
ventional steam jet vacuum
system can be expected to be
recovered in about 3 years.
After that time the system is
saving money.
N. B. payback time are based
on the ex-works price exclud-
ing installation and commis-
sioning.
Example (600 tons/day) Index
Steam jet vacuum system with waste water → 4.8
Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum System → 1.6
Investment cost difference → 10.0
Payback time 10.0 / (4.8 - 1.6) = 10 / 3.2 3.1 years