Mapping cardinality describes the number of entities in one set that can be associated with entities in another set via a relationship. There are four types of mapping cardinality: one-to-one, where each entity is associated with exactly one entity in the other set; one-to-many, where an entity can be associated with multiple entities but each entity can only be associated with one entity; many-to-one, the inverse of one-to-many; and many-to-many, where each entity can be associated with multiple entities in the other set.