The document summarizes the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling cascade downstream of insulin receptor activation. It discusses:
1) Upon insulin binding, the insulin receptor phosphorylates IRS-1, which recruits Grb2 and Sos to activate Ras.
2) Ras activates the Raf kinase, which phosphorylates and activates the MEK kinase.
3) MEK then phosphorylates and activates ERK, a MAP kinase that translocates to the nucleus.
4) Nuclear ERK phosphorylates transcription factors like Elk1, stimulating gene transcription required for cell division.
Biological crosstalk refers to instances in which one or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects another.
This can be achieved through a number of ways with the most common form being crosstalk between proteins of signaling cascades.
In these signal transduction pathways, there are often shared components that can interact with either pathway.
A more complex instance of crosstalk can be observed with transmembrane crosstalk between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton.
The forth lecture about the "Cell".
Here, I am discussing the several signaling pathways.....It is highly dependent on the 3rd lecture; Receptors.
Enjoy :)
Biological crosstalk refers to instances in which one or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects another.
This can be achieved through a number of ways with the most common form being crosstalk between proteins of signaling cascades.
In these signal transduction pathways, there are often shared components that can interact with either pathway.
A more complex instance of crosstalk can be observed with transmembrane crosstalk between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton.
The forth lecture about the "Cell".
Here, I am discussing the several signaling pathways.....It is highly dependent on the 3rd lecture; Receptors.
Enjoy :)
GENERAL IDEA OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
DEFINATION
WHAT DOES THE TERM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEANS
HISTORY
BASIC ELEMENTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNALLING MOLECULE
RECEPTOR MOLECULE
MODES OF CELL CELL SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
SOME SIGNALING PATHWAYS
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
1.Receptors Link to other Enzymatic Activity.
2.Pathway of Intracellular Signal Transduction.
3.The Cyclic AMP pathway4.Cyclic GMP pathway
5.Phospholipids and Ca2+
6.The PI3-Kinase /Akt and mTOR pathways.
7.MAP Kinase Pathway.
ntroduction
2. Definition
3. Steps Of Signal Transduction
A) Reception
B) Transduction
C) Induction
4. Important component used in Signal Transduction
A) Calcium ion as second messenger
B) Protein Kinase
Types of Signal Transduction
A) Extra cellular Signal Transduction
B) Intra cellular Signal Transduction
C) Inter cellular Signal Transduction
6. Mechanism of Signal Transduction
A) GPCR pathway
B) RTK pathway
7. Example of Signal Transduction
A) In plants
B) In animals
8. Conclusion
9. Reference…
GENERAL IDEA OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
DEFINATION
WHAT DOES THE TERM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEANS
HISTORY
BASIC ELEMENTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNALLING MOLECULE
RECEPTOR MOLECULE
MODES OF CELL CELL SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
SOME SIGNALING PATHWAYS
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
1.Receptors Link to other Enzymatic Activity.
2.Pathway of Intracellular Signal Transduction.
3.The Cyclic AMP pathway4.Cyclic GMP pathway
5.Phospholipids and Ca2+
6.The PI3-Kinase /Akt and mTOR pathways.
7.MAP Kinase Pathway.
ntroduction
2. Definition
3. Steps Of Signal Transduction
A) Reception
B) Transduction
C) Induction
4. Important component used in Signal Transduction
A) Calcium ion as second messenger
B) Protein Kinase
Types of Signal Transduction
A) Extra cellular Signal Transduction
B) Intra cellular Signal Transduction
C) Inter cellular Signal Transduction
6. Mechanism of Signal Transduction
A) GPCR pathway
B) RTK pathway
7. Example of Signal Transduction
A) In plants
B) In animals
8. Conclusion
9. Reference…
Signal transducing machinery as targets for potential drugs.
Drugs:-
a). Diclofenac- for treating cholera toxin
b). Fasentin- for treating insulin signalling
Epidermal Growth Factor use in Diabetic Foot UlcersG H PRABHU
EGF is used by many diabetologists to treat Diabetic Foot Ulcers. If used early EGF can prevent progression of DFU resulting in amputations and related morbidity and mortality.
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotesANUSHIKA2
In this Assignment (Translation) following topics are :
Introduction
Component of Translation
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Regulation of translation
Post-translational modification
References
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
1. MAPK Cascade<br />Insulin regulates both metabolism and gene expression: the insulin signal passes from the plasma membrane receptor to insulin-sensitive metabolic enzymes and to the nucleus, where it stimulates the transcription of specific genes. The α chains contain the insulin binding domain, and the intracellular domains of the β chains contain the protein kinase activity that transfers a phosphoryl group from ATP to the hydroxyl group of Tyr residues in specific target proteins.<br />One of the target protein is insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1).Once phosphorylated on its Tyr residue,messages are carried from insulin receptor to end products through intermediary proteins.SHP domain of Grb2 protein is bound to the phosphorylated residue of IRS 1.Grb2 another domain SH3 binds to the proline rich region of Sos.GDP of Ras (a G protein ) is replaced by GTP by Grb2 bound SH3.Ras bound GTP activates Raf-1(first of the three protein kinases Raf-1,MEK,ERK). The protein kinase ERK is activated by phosphorylation of both a Thr and a Tyr residue.<br />ERK is a member of the MAPK family (mitogen-activated protein kinases; mitogens are signals that act from outside the cell to induce mitosis and cell division). MAP kinase kinase (MEK belongs to this family) activates ERK. MAP kinase kinase kinase (Raf-1 is a member of this family) further activates MAP kinase kinase. MAPK cascades is thus a series of phosphoryrlation of one protein kinase by another.<br />MAPK was originally called quot;
extracellular signal-regulated kinasesquot;
(ERKs) and quot;
microtubule-associated protein kinasequot;
(MAPK). One of the first proteins known to be phosphorylated by ERK was a microtubule-associated protein (MAP). The series of kinases from RAF to MEK to MAPK is an example of a protein kinase cascade. Such series of kinases provide opportunities for feedback regulation and signal amplification.<br />Insulin receptor binds insulin and undergoes autophosphorylation on its carboxyl-terminal Tyr residues.<br />Insulin receptor phosphorylates IRS-1 on its Tyr residues.<br />SH2 domain of Grb2 binds to P –Tyr of IRS-1. Sos binds to Grb2, then to Ras, causing GDP release andGTP binding to Ras.<br />Activated Ras binds and activates Raf-1<br />Raf-1 phosphorylates MEK on two Ser residues, activating it. MEK phosphorylates ERK on a Thr and a Tyr residue, activating it<br />ERK moves into the nucleus and phosphorylates nuclear transcription factors such as Elk1<br /> All these steps occurs in Cytosol<br />Phosphorylated Elk1 joins SRF to stimulate the transcription and translation of a set of genes needed for cell division(In Nucleus)<br />Fig: MAPK cascades<br />Growth factors, cytokines<br /> MAPK cascade<br />Phosphorylation of Jun and Fos in nucleus<br /> <br /> Cyclins,CDKs Transcription FactorE2F <br /> Transcriptional regulation<br />Enzymes for DNA synthesis<br /> Passage from G1 to S phase<br />Fig: Regulation of cell division by growth factors.<br />Protein NamePathway SectionsNo. of InteractionsAREGLigand2ARRB1Co-Factor8ATF 1Transcription Factor3ATF 2Transcription Factor2AXINMediator15BRAFMediator5BTCLigand2CBLE3Co-Factor2CDC42Mediator5CNK1Co-factor1CNK2Co-factor1CREB1Transcription FactorCo-factor7CRIPAKCo-factor1CRKCo-factor1DAXXMediatorCo-factor3DDIT3Transcription Factor1DUSP16Co-factor2DUSP19Co-factor1DUSP22Co-factor1DVL3Mediator8EGFLigand2EGFRReceptor15EIF4ECo-factorOther4ELK1Transcription Factor3ELK3Transcription Factor3ELK4Transcription Factor2ERK1Mediator32ERK2Mediator21ERK5Mediator4ETS 1Transcription factor1ErbB2Receptor7ErbB3Receptor4ErbB4Receptor8FLNACoFactor1FOSTranscription Factor3FYNOther1GAB1Mediator8GRB2MediatorGSK3BMediatorCo Factor22HBEGFLigand2HVH-3Co-Factor2HVH-5Co-Factor2IGF-1RReceptor14IKBKAPCoFactor1IRAK 1Medator3IRS 1Mediator10IRS 4Co-Factor5JAK 1Mediator37JIP-1CoFactor9JIP-2CoFactor6JIP-3CoFactor7JIP-4CoFactor4JNK 1Mediator21JNK 2Mediator4JNK 3Mediator4JNKK1Mediator22JNKK2Mediator14JUNTranscription Factor5KAPCAMediator9KSR 1Co-factor2KSR 2Co-Factor1LRIG1Mediator5MAPK310 MLK2Mediator4MAP3K11 SPRKMediator7MAP3K12 ZPKMediator5MAP3K13 LZKMediator2MAP3K16 TAO1MediatorCo-factor1MAP3K17 TAO2Mediator4MAP3K18 TAO3Co-factor1MAP3K7IP1 TAB1Co-Factor5MAP3K7IP2 TAB2Co-Factor3<br />Fig: Signaling proteins in the EGF/MAPK pathway of H. sapiens<br />