1. Life Span Development One to Fifteen Months
2. Learning Objectives
3. The growth and development of a child during the first year of life is dramatic.
4. Growth During the First Year
5. Average Lengths and Weights0-12 months
- An infant is defined as a baby between 28 days and 1 year old.
- During the first year, an infant's physical growth includes doubling their birth weight by 5-6 months and tripling it by 12 months. Key milestones are sitting without support by 6 months and crawling by 8 months.
- An infant's development encompasses motor, sensory, cognitive, language, and psychosocial growth. Notable developments are grasping objects by 4 months, understanding object permanence by 8 months, and saying their first word by 12 months.
- Proper care of an infant focuses on their emotional, biological, and developmental needs through responsive caregiving and adequate nutrition.
Newborn babies rely on reflexes in their first months as their primary means of interacting with the world. Key reflexes include sucking when their mouth is touched, turning their head towards touch on their cheek, extending and bending their arms in response to head turns, and throwing out their limbs when startled. These reflexes help with feeding and eventually fade as purposeful movements emerge. Newborns also respond to voices and sounds while spending much of their day sleeping. Crying is their main form of communication at this stage.
During the first year of life, infants experience significant physical, cognitive, linguistic, and emotional growth and development. Caregivers monitor an infant's physical growth through regular checkups and maintaining a growth chart. Infants develop motor skills and learn to grasp objects and sit up on their own. Establishing routines for sleeping, eating, and playtime is important for development. Infants begin to understand language and may say their first words by the end of the year. Their brains grow rapidly, so interaction and reading are encouraged over excessive TV time. Caregivers should ensure infant safety by maintaining a secure environment, using approved car seats correctly, and preventing hazards like choking, burns, and falls. When infants are sick or hospitalized
The document summarizes growth and development from infancy (0-1 year). Key physical milestones include tripling birth weight, increases in height/head circumference, tooth eruption. Gross motor skills progress from reflexes to sitting, crawling, standing/walking with support. Fine motor skills develop from grasping to transferring objects. Language progresses from crying/sounds to 1-3 words. Social/emotional development includes attachment, exploration, and responding to caregivers. Sensory and cognitive abilities also rapidly advance in the first year. Play materials should stimulate physical, cognitive and social development.
The document discusses growth and development in newborns from birth to 28 days. It defines the newborn period and describes how newborns adapt after birth. Key physical milestones are outlined such as weight gain, length, head circumference, and chest size. Physiological signs like heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are provided. Maturation of organ systems including cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological and more are explained. Primitive reflexes in newborns and their purpose are defined. Sensory, motor, emotional and cognitive development in this stage are also summarized.
This document discusses infant growth and development from birth to 2 months. It covers topics like the newborn's appearance, physiological processes like sleeping, eating and elimination patterns, reflexes that indicate health, assessing the infant using the APGAR score, developmental milestones in the first months, and recommendations for care activities like bathing and umbilical cord care. Family interactions, determinants of health, and nursing interventions to support infant and family needs are also addressed.
The document discusses prenatal development from conception through birth. It describes the stages of development from zygote to embryo to fetus. It outlines physical changes that occur each month and discusses fetal circulation, movement, and viability. The document also discusses adjustments during infancy, including temperature regulation, breathing, sucking/swallowing, and elimination. Cognitive functions like reflexes and Piaget's sensorimotor stage are covered. Emotions and social/moral development in newborns are also summarized.
The document discusses neonatal reflexes in newborns. It defines reflexes as involuntary responses to stimuli that do not require conscious thought. It describes 17 different reflexes that are present in newborns, including rooting, sucking, Moro/startle, tonic neck, palmer grasp, stepping/dance, cough, withdrawal, parachute, tendon, and blink reflexes. The reflexes are categorized as either temporary reflexes that disappear during the first year or permanent reflexes that remain throughout life. The document provides details on the stimulus and response for each reflex and their implications for development.
- An infant is defined as a baby between 28 days and 1 year old.
- During the first year, an infant's physical growth includes doubling their birth weight by 5-6 months and tripling it by 12 months. Key milestones are sitting without support by 6 months and crawling by 8 months.
- An infant's development encompasses motor, sensory, cognitive, language, and psychosocial growth. Notable developments are grasping objects by 4 months, understanding object permanence by 8 months, and saying their first word by 12 months.
- Proper care of an infant focuses on their emotional, biological, and developmental needs through responsive caregiving and adequate nutrition.
Newborn babies rely on reflexes in their first months as their primary means of interacting with the world. Key reflexes include sucking when their mouth is touched, turning their head towards touch on their cheek, extending and bending their arms in response to head turns, and throwing out their limbs when startled. These reflexes help with feeding and eventually fade as purposeful movements emerge. Newborns also respond to voices and sounds while spending much of their day sleeping. Crying is their main form of communication at this stage.
During the first year of life, infants experience significant physical, cognitive, linguistic, and emotional growth and development. Caregivers monitor an infant's physical growth through regular checkups and maintaining a growth chart. Infants develop motor skills and learn to grasp objects and sit up on their own. Establishing routines for sleeping, eating, and playtime is important for development. Infants begin to understand language and may say their first words by the end of the year. Their brains grow rapidly, so interaction and reading are encouraged over excessive TV time. Caregivers should ensure infant safety by maintaining a secure environment, using approved car seats correctly, and preventing hazards like choking, burns, and falls. When infants are sick or hospitalized
The document summarizes growth and development from infancy (0-1 year). Key physical milestones include tripling birth weight, increases in height/head circumference, tooth eruption. Gross motor skills progress from reflexes to sitting, crawling, standing/walking with support. Fine motor skills develop from grasping to transferring objects. Language progresses from crying/sounds to 1-3 words. Social/emotional development includes attachment, exploration, and responding to caregivers. Sensory and cognitive abilities also rapidly advance in the first year. Play materials should stimulate physical, cognitive and social development.
The document discusses growth and development in newborns from birth to 28 days. It defines the newborn period and describes how newborns adapt after birth. Key physical milestones are outlined such as weight gain, length, head circumference, and chest size. Physiological signs like heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are provided. Maturation of organ systems including cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological and more are explained. Primitive reflexes in newborns and their purpose are defined. Sensory, motor, emotional and cognitive development in this stage are also summarized.
This document discusses infant growth and development from birth to 2 months. It covers topics like the newborn's appearance, physiological processes like sleeping, eating and elimination patterns, reflexes that indicate health, assessing the infant using the APGAR score, developmental milestones in the first months, and recommendations for care activities like bathing and umbilical cord care. Family interactions, determinants of health, and nursing interventions to support infant and family needs are also addressed.
The document discusses prenatal development from conception through birth. It describes the stages of development from zygote to embryo to fetus. It outlines physical changes that occur each month and discusses fetal circulation, movement, and viability. The document also discusses adjustments during infancy, including temperature regulation, breathing, sucking/swallowing, and elimination. Cognitive functions like reflexes and Piaget's sensorimotor stage are covered. Emotions and social/moral development in newborns are also summarized.
The document discusses neonatal reflexes in newborns. It defines reflexes as involuntary responses to stimuli that do not require conscious thought. It describes 17 different reflexes that are present in newborns, including rooting, sucking, Moro/startle, tonic neck, palmer grasp, stepping/dance, cough, withdrawal, parachute, tendon, and blink reflexes. The reflexes are categorized as either temporary reflexes that disappear during the first year or permanent reflexes that remain throughout life. The document provides details on the stimulus and response for each reflex and their implications for development.
A child may appear as a MINIATURE ADULT to a LAYMAN but the detail anatomy reveals that he/she is completely different from an adult. The growth and development seems MIRACLE in growing child.
These changes vary progressively till puberty after which permanent features are established.
This document describes several neonatal reflexes present in newborn infants, including Moro's reflex, the palmar grasp, tonic neck reflex, rooting reflex, and sucking reflex. These reflexes are unconditioned responses to specific stimuli and help assess neurodevelopment. The document provides details on what elicits each reflex, the typical response, when they appear and disappear during development, and potential abnormalities if a reflex is absent, exaggerated, or persists beyond the normal timeframe. Understanding neonatal reflexes is important for evaluating infant development and identifying possible neurodevelopmental issues.
1. Growth and development refers to the changes that occur during an individual's lifecycle from conception to death. It encompasses physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.
2. Studying growth and development allows one to understand typical behaviors and abilities at different ages, assess developmental norms, identify potential problems, and provide comprehensive care for children.
3. The main stages of growth and development are prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and late childhood/adolescence. Rapid physical and cognitive development occurs during infancy from birth to 12 months.
The document summarizes growth and development from infancy to one year. It discusses physical growth including weight, length, head circumference, and other body measurements. It also covers motor, cognitive, psychosocial, and other developmental milestones. Common problems and nursing responsibilities for infants are mentioned. The conclusion restates the importance of understanding infant growth and development.
- Infancy spans from 2-4 weeks to 1 year of age, a time of dramatic physical growth and development. Key developments include rapid increases in height, weight, and head circumference. Gross motor skills progress from head control to sitting, crawling, and cruising. Fine motor skills allow grasping, transferring objects between hands, and pincer grasp. Major body systems like respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems mature significantly during this period.
Physical development of infants and toddlerhoodNaomi Gimena
The document discusses physical development in infants and toddlers. It covers topics like cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth, height and weight changes, brain development including myelination, motor development from reflexes to gross and fine motor skills, and sensory and perceptual development in the five senses. Key points are that an infant's brain grows rapidly in the first two years and connections are pruned based on experiences, gross motor skills progress from lifting heads to walking, and fine motor skills allow precise hand and finger coordination.
Primitive or neonatal reflexes are involuntary movements in newborn babies that are mediated by the extrapyramidal functions in the central nervous system. Some key reflexes include the rooting reflex, sucking reflex, Moro reflex, and tonic neck reflex. These reflexes normally disappear as the frontal lobes and pyramidal tracts develop between 3-6 months of age. Persistent primitive reflexes beyond typical ages of integration may indicate neurological damage or delays in central nervous system development.
This document summarizes key aspects of physical and cognitive development in infancy. It discusses how the brain develops rapidly after birth, with neural connections proliferating. It outlines developmental milestones in infants' motor skills, language, senses, and cognition. Piaget's theory of cognitive development through sensorimotor stages is described. The document also notes declining rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome as more parents follow safe sleep practices.
Physical development of infants and toddlers part 1Marjorie Rice
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal trends describe fetal and early infant development, with the head and upper body developing before the lower body. From 5 months of gestation to birth, the fetus grows outward from the body. In the first month after birth, infants gain better muscular control of their trunk and arms before their hands and fingers. It is normal for babies to lose 5-10% of their birth weight in the first couple weeks as breastfed babies are typically heavier than bottle-fed babies in the first 6 months. Myelination, the process of axons becoming insulated, begins before birth and continues after, increasing neural signal speed. A newborn's brain is 25% of its adult size
The document provides information about administering assessments to evaluate a child's development and intellectual abilities. It discusses assessments such as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children, Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test, and specific subtests in each to measure domains like verbal reasoning, visual-spatial skills, memory, processing speed and IQ. Scoring, reliability, validity and classifications of results are also outlined.
1. A newborn is considered full term if born between 38-42 weeks gestation. Physical characteristics of newborns include their weight, height, head and chest circumference. They possess several reflexes that disappear with age as they develop.
2. Assessment of newborns includes initial assessment using APGAR scores and measurements, transitional assessment of changes in first 24 hours, physical exam, and gestational age assessment using the Ballard score which examines external and neuromuscular signs.
3. Nursing care of normal newborns focuses on maintaining airway, temperature, vital signs, hygiene and bonding with parents. Common minor problems are vomiting, constipation, excessive crying and skin conditions.
Physical growth is an increase in size. Development is growth in function and capability. Both processes highly depend on genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. As children develop physiologically and emotionally, it is useful to define certain age-based groups.
1. Infancy is defined as the period from 1 month to 12 months of age. During this time, an infant's growth and development is rapid.
2. Physically, infants will double their birth weight by 4-5 months and triple it by 10-12 months. Their length increases approximately 1-3 cm per month.
3. By 12 months, infants can stand alone for short periods of time, sit down from standing alone, and take a few steps while walking with or without help.
The document discusses various reflexes seen in infants and their significance. It begins by defining a reflex and describing the basic reflex arc involving receptors, afferent nerves, centers, efferent nerves and effectors. Reflexes are then classified based on whether they are inborn or acquired, their neurological pathway, purpose and clinical presentation. Several important reflexes seen in newborns like the moro, rooting and babinski reflexes are explained in detail. The document emphasizes that assessment of infant reflexes helps identify normal development and potential abnormalities.
Human Development-Chapter 7-Physical Development of Infantsbartlettfcs
This document provides an overview of physical development in infants during the first year. It discusses growth in areas such as weight, length, motor skills, senses, and health. The development follows basic patterns from head to toe, near to far, and simple to complex movements. Caregivers can support healthy development by meeting nutritional needs, ensuring safety, responding to cries, and attending regular checkups.
This document summarizes various reflexes present in infants, including general body reflexes like the Moro reflex, startle reflex, and grasp reflex. It also discusses facial reflexes such as the nasal reflex, blink reflex, and corneal reflex. Finally, it outlines several oral reflexes in infants including the rooting reflex, sucking reflex, swallowing reflex, and gag reflex. The document provides details on when each reflex develops and disappears during infancy.
This document summarizes key physical, cognitive, social, and motor milestones in infant and toddler development from birth through 3 years of age. It outlines changes in growth, teething, motor skills, language, social behaviors, and play preferences at different months. Safety guidelines for infants are also provided.
This document summarizes physical, cognitive, social, and emotional milestones in infant and child development from birth through preschool age. Key points include:
- Infants double their weight by 6 months and triple it by 1 year as they experience rapid physical growth and development.
- Promoting infant safety involves preventing accidents like choking, falls, motor vehicle accidents, suffocation, drowning, burns, and poisoning.
- Toddlers experience slower growth but great cognitive and mobility strides as they learn to walk, talk in 2-word sentences, and engage in parallel play.
- Preschoolers continue to develop physically, cognitively and socially as their vocabulary grows and their play involves pretending and
This document summarizes the physical development of infants and toddlers. It discusses the major areas of development from birth to age 2 including:
- Cephalocaudal and proximodistal motor development which describes how infants develop control of their upper body before lower body.
- Important milestones in gross and fine motor skills like grasping, rolling over, sitting, crawling, walking and hand-eye coordination.
- Rapid brain development and myelination which increases neural connections and speed of information processing.
- Emergence of reflexes in newborns and their purpose in survival before voluntary control.
The document outlines physical, sensory, language and cognitive skills infants and toddlers typically acquire at
1. Toddlers are between 1-3 years of age. Their weight quadruples from birth and they gain 10-12.5 cm in height per year.
2. Their motor skills develop rapidly - by 12-13 months they can walk alone and by 18 months try to run. Fine motor skills include grasping small objects by 12 months and building towers of 6-7 blocks by age 2.
3. Cognitively, toddlers are in Piaget's preoperational stage, where thinking is based on concrete perceptions. Their language develops from 4 words at age 1 to 300 words by age 2.
This document outlines the physical development of infants and toddlers from birth to age 2. It discusses major aspects of development including brain growth, motor skills, sensory perception, and growth in height and weight. Key points covered are:
- An infant's brain triples in weight during the first year and reaches 75% of adult size by age 2. Enriched environments positively impact brain development.
- Reflexes emerge at birth and gradually disappear as gross and fine motor skills develop and infants learn to roll, sit, stand, and walk.
- Vision matures to adult levels by age 1. Newborns can distinguish patterns and prefer faces. They also demonstrate early sensory abilities like hearing, smell, taste, touch,
This document discusses the stages of cognitive development in infants and toddlers according to Piaget's theory. It outlines 6 sub-stages from birth to 24 months: 1) simple reflexes from birth to 6 weeks, 2) first habits and primary circular reactions from 6 weeks to 4 months, 3) secondary circular phase from 4 to 8 months, 4) coordination of reactions stage from 8 to 12 months, 5) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity from 12 to 18 months, and 6) internalization of schemes from 18 to 24 months. At each stage, infants develop new cognitive abilities as their coordination, understanding of means-ends, curiosity, and ability to use symbols increases.
A child may appear as a MINIATURE ADULT to a LAYMAN but the detail anatomy reveals that he/she is completely different from an adult. The growth and development seems MIRACLE in growing child.
These changes vary progressively till puberty after which permanent features are established.
This document describes several neonatal reflexes present in newborn infants, including Moro's reflex, the palmar grasp, tonic neck reflex, rooting reflex, and sucking reflex. These reflexes are unconditioned responses to specific stimuli and help assess neurodevelopment. The document provides details on what elicits each reflex, the typical response, when they appear and disappear during development, and potential abnormalities if a reflex is absent, exaggerated, or persists beyond the normal timeframe. Understanding neonatal reflexes is important for evaluating infant development and identifying possible neurodevelopmental issues.
1. Growth and development refers to the changes that occur during an individual's lifecycle from conception to death. It encompasses physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.
2. Studying growth and development allows one to understand typical behaviors and abilities at different ages, assess developmental norms, identify potential problems, and provide comprehensive care for children.
3. The main stages of growth and development are prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and late childhood/adolescence. Rapid physical and cognitive development occurs during infancy from birth to 12 months.
The document summarizes growth and development from infancy to one year. It discusses physical growth including weight, length, head circumference, and other body measurements. It also covers motor, cognitive, psychosocial, and other developmental milestones. Common problems and nursing responsibilities for infants are mentioned. The conclusion restates the importance of understanding infant growth and development.
- Infancy spans from 2-4 weeks to 1 year of age, a time of dramatic physical growth and development. Key developments include rapid increases in height, weight, and head circumference. Gross motor skills progress from head control to sitting, crawling, and cruising. Fine motor skills allow grasping, transferring objects between hands, and pincer grasp. Major body systems like respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems mature significantly during this period.
Physical development of infants and toddlerhoodNaomi Gimena
The document discusses physical development in infants and toddlers. It covers topics like cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth, height and weight changes, brain development including myelination, motor development from reflexes to gross and fine motor skills, and sensory and perceptual development in the five senses. Key points are that an infant's brain grows rapidly in the first two years and connections are pruned based on experiences, gross motor skills progress from lifting heads to walking, and fine motor skills allow precise hand and finger coordination.
Primitive or neonatal reflexes are involuntary movements in newborn babies that are mediated by the extrapyramidal functions in the central nervous system. Some key reflexes include the rooting reflex, sucking reflex, Moro reflex, and tonic neck reflex. These reflexes normally disappear as the frontal lobes and pyramidal tracts develop between 3-6 months of age. Persistent primitive reflexes beyond typical ages of integration may indicate neurological damage or delays in central nervous system development.
This document summarizes key aspects of physical and cognitive development in infancy. It discusses how the brain develops rapidly after birth, with neural connections proliferating. It outlines developmental milestones in infants' motor skills, language, senses, and cognition. Piaget's theory of cognitive development through sensorimotor stages is described. The document also notes declining rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome as more parents follow safe sleep practices.
Physical development of infants and toddlers part 1Marjorie Rice
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal trends describe fetal and early infant development, with the head and upper body developing before the lower body. From 5 months of gestation to birth, the fetus grows outward from the body. In the first month after birth, infants gain better muscular control of their trunk and arms before their hands and fingers. It is normal for babies to lose 5-10% of their birth weight in the first couple weeks as breastfed babies are typically heavier than bottle-fed babies in the first 6 months. Myelination, the process of axons becoming insulated, begins before birth and continues after, increasing neural signal speed. A newborn's brain is 25% of its adult size
The document provides information about administering assessments to evaluate a child's development and intellectual abilities. It discusses assessments such as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children, Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test, and specific subtests in each to measure domains like verbal reasoning, visual-spatial skills, memory, processing speed and IQ. Scoring, reliability, validity and classifications of results are also outlined.
1. A newborn is considered full term if born between 38-42 weeks gestation. Physical characteristics of newborns include their weight, height, head and chest circumference. They possess several reflexes that disappear with age as they develop.
2. Assessment of newborns includes initial assessment using APGAR scores and measurements, transitional assessment of changes in first 24 hours, physical exam, and gestational age assessment using the Ballard score which examines external and neuromuscular signs.
3. Nursing care of normal newborns focuses on maintaining airway, temperature, vital signs, hygiene and bonding with parents. Common minor problems are vomiting, constipation, excessive crying and skin conditions.
Physical growth is an increase in size. Development is growth in function and capability. Both processes highly depend on genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. As children develop physiologically and emotionally, it is useful to define certain age-based groups.
1. Infancy is defined as the period from 1 month to 12 months of age. During this time, an infant's growth and development is rapid.
2. Physically, infants will double their birth weight by 4-5 months and triple it by 10-12 months. Their length increases approximately 1-3 cm per month.
3. By 12 months, infants can stand alone for short periods of time, sit down from standing alone, and take a few steps while walking with or without help.
The document discusses various reflexes seen in infants and their significance. It begins by defining a reflex and describing the basic reflex arc involving receptors, afferent nerves, centers, efferent nerves and effectors. Reflexes are then classified based on whether they are inborn or acquired, their neurological pathway, purpose and clinical presentation. Several important reflexes seen in newborns like the moro, rooting and babinski reflexes are explained in detail. The document emphasizes that assessment of infant reflexes helps identify normal development and potential abnormalities.
Human Development-Chapter 7-Physical Development of Infantsbartlettfcs
This document provides an overview of physical development in infants during the first year. It discusses growth in areas such as weight, length, motor skills, senses, and health. The development follows basic patterns from head to toe, near to far, and simple to complex movements. Caregivers can support healthy development by meeting nutritional needs, ensuring safety, responding to cries, and attending regular checkups.
This document summarizes various reflexes present in infants, including general body reflexes like the Moro reflex, startle reflex, and grasp reflex. It also discusses facial reflexes such as the nasal reflex, blink reflex, and corneal reflex. Finally, it outlines several oral reflexes in infants including the rooting reflex, sucking reflex, swallowing reflex, and gag reflex. The document provides details on when each reflex develops and disappears during infancy.
This document summarizes key physical, cognitive, social, and motor milestones in infant and toddler development from birth through 3 years of age. It outlines changes in growth, teething, motor skills, language, social behaviors, and play preferences at different months. Safety guidelines for infants are also provided.
This document summarizes physical, cognitive, social, and emotional milestones in infant and child development from birth through preschool age. Key points include:
- Infants double their weight by 6 months and triple it by 1 year as they experience rapid physical growth and development.
- Promoting infant safety involves preventing accidents like choking, falls, motor vehicle accidents, suffocation, drowning, burns, and poisoning.
- Toddlers experience slower growth but great cognitive and mobility strides as they learn to walk, talk in 2-word sentences, and engage in parallel play.
- Preschoolers continue to develop physically, cognitively and socially as their vocabulary grows and their play involves pretending and
This document summarizes the physical development of infants and toddlers. It discusses the major areas of development from birth to age 2 including:
- Cephalocaudal and proximodistal motor development which describes how infants develop control of their upper body before lower body.
- Important milestones in gross and fine motor skills like grasping, rolling over, sitting, crawling, walking and hand-eye coordination.
- Rapid brain development and myelination which increases neural connections and speed of information processing.
- Emergence of reflexes in newborns and their purpose in survival before voluntary control.
The document outlines physical, sensory, language and cognitive skills infants and toddlers typically acquire at
1. Toddlers are between 1-3 years of age. Their weight quadruples from birth and they gain 10-12.5 cm in height per year.
2. Their motor skills develop rapidly - by 12-13 months they can walk alone and by 18 months try to run. Fine motor skills include grasping small objects by 12 months and building towers of 6-7 blocks by age 2.
3. Cognitively, toddlers are in Piaget's preoperational stage, where thinking is based on concrete perceptions. Their language develops from 4 words at age 1 to 300 words by age 2.
This document outlines the physical development of infants and toddlers from birth to age 2. It discusses major aspects of development including brain growth, motor skills, sensory perception, and growth in height and weight. Key points covered are:
- An infant's brain triples in weight during the first year and reaches 75% of adult size by age 2. Enriched environments positively impact brain development.
- Reflexes emerge at birth and gradually disappear as gross and fine motor skills develop and infants learn to roll, sit, stand, and walk.
- Vision matures to adult levels by age 1. Newborns can distinguish patterns and prefer faces. They also demonstrate early sensory abilities like hearing, smell, taste, touch,
This document discusses the stages of cognitive development in infants and toddlers according to Piaget's theory. It outlines 6 sub-stages from birth to 24 months: 1) simple reflexes from birth to 6 weeks, 2) first habits and primary circular reactions from 6 weeks to 4 months, 3) secondary circular phase from 4 to 8 months, 4) coordination of reactions stage from 8 to 12 months, 5) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity from 12 to 18 months, and 6) internalization of schemes from 18 to 24 months. At each stage, infants develop new cognitive abilities as their coordination, understanding of means-ends, curiosity, and ability to use symbols increases.
This chapter discusses physical, motor, and sensory development in infancy. It covers:
- Physical growth patterns in infants including rapid weight gain and growth in height in the first year. The brain triples in size by age 2.
- Motor development progresses from reflexes to sitting, crawling, and walking. Gross motor skills develop before fine motor skills.
- Sensory development also follows patterns as vision matures and objects become more distinct, and perception of sounds improves.
1. Infants develop cognitively and physically according to several principles, including from head to tail and from the center of the body outward. Their senses and motor skills emerge according to predictable patterns in the first years.
2. Brain development proceeds rapidly through synaptogenesis, myelination, and synaptic pruning. The brain exhibits plasticity and is shaped by experiences in sensitive periods.
3. Infants progress from reflexes to purposeful motor skills to locomotion and fine motor coordination according to their neurological, physical, and environmental development. Cognition emerges from sensorimotor skills to symbolic thought and language comprehension.
Chapters 4 and 5 life span development.pptxwindleh
1. The document discusses physical, cognitive, and language development in infancy based on Piaget's stages of cognitive development. It covers topics like brain growth, motor milestones, perception, and caregiver influences on development.
2. Key aspects of cognitive development in infancy include the sensorimotor stage where object permanence emerges, as well as the beginnings of symbolic thought and mental representations.
3. Language development starts with prelinguistic communication through babbling and sounds before words are acquired.
Chapters 4 and 5 life span development.pptxwindleh
1. The document discusses physical, cognitive, and language development in infancy based on Piaget's stages of development. It covers topics like motor milestones, brain growth, perception, and caregiver influences.
2. Key aspects of cognitive development include object permanence emerging around 8 months and symbolic thought by 2 years of age according to Piaget's sensorimotor stage theory.
3. Language development begins prenatally and progresses from babbling to first words by age 1.
This chapter discusses physical, motor, and brain development in infants. It covers principles of growth, development of the nervous system and brain, environmental influences on development, sleep patterns, motor skills development, nutrition, and more. Key topics include rapid physical growth in the first two years, cephalocaudal and other growth principles, synaptic pruning, development of reflexes and motor skills, and factors that can influence development.
This chapter discusses physical, motor, and brain development in infants. It covers principles of growth, development of the nervous system and brain, environmental influences on development, sleep patterns, motor skills development, nutrition, and more. Key topics include rapid physical growth in the first two years, cephalocaudal and other growth principles, synaptic pruning, development of reflexes and motor skills, and the importance of nutrition for development.
This document discusses growth and development from prenatal stages through adolescence. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in size, while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and functions. The prenatal period involves rapid somatic and neurological development, with organs forming and body proportions changing. After birth, newborns experience weight loss followed by weight gain, and their senses and motor skills develop over the first month. During infancy from 1 month to 1 year, growth is rapid as weight doubles or triples and length increases steadily. Key milestones in motor, cognitive, social, and emotional development also occur.
Infancy Physical Development Chapter 4 and 5Infan.docxjaggernaoma
Infancy: Physical Development
Chapter 4 and 5
Infant development progresses rapidly. Infants usually come into this world equipped to begin the journey of life!
1
Principles of Development
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Cephalocaudal – refers to development as progressing from head to toe. Consider muscle development babies begin by being able to lift their head and then it progresses to ultimate control of muscles which would be walking.
Proximodistal refers to center out. Again consider the last area one gains control is the fingers.
2
Skeletal Growth
Skeletal Age
Epiphyses
Fontanels
The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is skeletal age, which is a measure of development of the bones of the body.
Epiphyses are growth centers, that appear at the ends of the long end of the bones of the body. Cartilage cells continue to be produces at the growth plates of these epiphyses, which increase in number throughout childhood and then as growth continues, get thinner and disappear.
Skull growth is especially rapid between birth and 2 years of age due to large increases in brain size. At birth the bones of the skull are separated by gaps called fontanels. These gaps help during the birth process and also allow for brain development. There are 6 of these – the largest is the anterior gap. It will gradually shrink and fill in during the second year. The other fontanels are smaller and close more quickly. As the skull bones come in contact with one another, they form sutures or seams, these permit the skull to expand easily as the brain grows. The sutures will disappear when skull growth is complete, during the teen years.
3
Brain Development
Synaptic Pruning
Myelination
Cerebral Cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Hemispheres
Lateralization
Brain plasticity
At birth the brain is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
Human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons or nerve cells that store and transmit information. Between nuerons are tiny gaps or synapses, where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch. Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals call neurotransmitters which cross the synapse. During infancy and toddlerhood, neural fibers and synapses increase dramatically. Because developing neurons require space for connective structures, as synapses form surrounding neurons will die. As neurons form connections, stimulation becomes vital for their survival. Neurons that are stimulated by input from the surrounding environment continue to establish new synapses, forming increasingly elaborate systems of communication that support more complex abilities. Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses, through synaptic pruning, which returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development.
About half of the brain is made up of glial cells which are responsible for myelination, the coating of.
The document provides information on infant development from birth to 12 months. It discusses classifications of infants based on gestational age and birth weight. It also describes general measurements, vital signs, elimination patterns, physiology, reflexes, motor skills, sensory development, sleep patterns, and developmental milestones in the first year. Growth is rapid in the first year, with weight tripling and head circumference increasing by almost 33% from birth.
Birth and physical development during the first 3 yearsCarlos F Martinez
This document provides an overview of birth and physical development during the first three years. It discusses the childbirth process and complications that can occur. It also covers early physical development including brain development, nutrition, sensory and perceptual development, and motor skills development. Gross motor skills rapidly improve in the first year while fine motor skills take longer to develop. Overall the document provides a comprehensive overview of physical changes and milestones from birth to age three.
Difference between adulty and child (For B.Sc Nursing)PranavSahu8
The document discusses several key differences between adults and children that are important for nurses to understand. Physiologically, children have thinner skin, more rapidly dividing cells, and different circulatory and organ systems compared to adults. Psychologically, children progress through different developmental stages and have less developed social and emotional capabilities. Pathologically, children are more susceptible to dehydration and have different disease presentations. Cognitively, children demonstrate increasing but maturing abilities with age unlike adults. Understanding these developmental differences is crucial for nurses to provide appropriate care for children.
Newborn babies have functioning senses but they are not as developed as in adults. Their vision is poor, hearing is best developed, and they can distinguish between basic tastes. Infants' senses mature over time - by 6 months vision improves and they can see colors, and by 1 year vision is at adult levels. Motor skills also develop gradually - babies progress from head control to crawling, cruising, and walking between 9-18 months. Perceptual abilities like depth perception emerge between 3-5 months as infants' brains learn to integrate sensory information.
1) The chapter discusses physical development in infancy, including patterns of growth, height and weight gains, brain development, sleep patterns, motor skills, perception, and the senses.
2) Key aspects of brain development include myelination of axons, lateralization of functions, and environmental enrichment promoting faster growth.
3) Motor skills develop from gross to fine skills and follow cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns, while perception allows infants to interact with their environment and detect affordances.
1) The chapter discusses physical development in infancy, including patterns of growth, height and weight gains, brain development, sleep patterns, nutrition, and motor skills.
2) Key aspects of brain development are the growth from 25% to 75% of adult weight by age 2 and the role of experiences in shaping neural connections.
3) Recommendations for reducing SIDS risk include placing infants on their back to sleep and using pacifiers.
This document provides information on growth and development in infants from birth to one year. It discusses patterns of physical development including weight, height, proportions and soft spots in the head. It also covers visual, auditory, motor and language development. Feeding methods such as breastfeeding and bottle feeding are described. The document also discusses gentle handling, bathing, dressing and diapering infants.
The document discusses several paintings and artworks. It describes Pablo Picasso's view that painting is a way for blind people to keep a diary through what they feel and have seen. It then provides details on the 1922 oil painting "Rice Planting" by Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto from the Philippines, including its measurements, where it was made and sold, and that it depicts realism during American colonial rule. Finally, it summarizes some murals by Francisco Coching that depicted the history of Manila and a painting called "Granadean Arabesque" by Jose Tanig Joya that was inspired by his time in Granada, Spain.
This document discusses teams in organizations and defines key concepts. It explains that a team is a group that holds itself accountable to using complementary skills to achieve a common purpose. An effective team achieves high performance, member satisfaction, and viability. There are five stages of team development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. The composition of a team and its collective intelligence impact team dynamics and how members work together.
This document discusses electronic media and communication. It defines media as any means of transmitting information between a source and receiver, including things like radio, television, and computers. Electronic media refers specifically to media that transmits information electronically, using various devices from radios to computers. The document traces the history of major electronic communication technologies from the telegraph in the 1830s to modern computers and cell phones. It notes that electronic media communication allows participants to communicate remotely through new and adapted technologies.
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages. It has several functions, including protecting the body from damage, water loss, and temperature changes. It also regulates temperature, produces vitamin D, and detects sensations like touch, pain, and temperature. The skin is composed of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the top layer and provides protection. The dermis below it contains connective tissue and fibers that give the skin flexibility and elasticity. The deepest layer, the hypodermis, stores fat. Common diseases of the integumentary system include rashes, infections, sunburn, and various forms of skin cancer.
The excretory system removes waste from the body through various organs including the lungs, skin, colon and kidneys. The kidneys filter the blood and produce urine, which contains water and waste products like urea and uric acid. The urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters for storage, and is then excreted from the body through the urethra. Diseases of the excretory system can include kidney stones, cystitis, and renal insufficiency if the kidneys fail to correctly filter waste from the blood.
This document provides instructions for diagramming sentences by identifying their key elements and structure. It begins by explaining how to diagram a simple sentence with a subject and predicate. It then demonstrates how to add direct objects, indirect objects, objective complements, and subject complements to the diagram. Finally, it covers how to diagram adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, and appositives by connecting them to the words they modify. The overall purpose is to teach learners to visually represent sentences and examine the relationships between their parts.
Most of Earth's water is found in oceans (97%), while only 3% is freshwater. The majority of freshwater is frozen in ice sheets and glaciers in polar regions. Underground sources like aquifers provide important fresh water through springs and wells. Rivers play a key role in the water cycle, transporting water from higher elevations through three stages - youth, maturity, and old age - before emptying into oceans.
ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT
PRESENTORS ::
>> Cuevas, Jennifer
>> Doble, Rogin
>> Gutierrez, Arlene
>> Marasigan, Debie Joy
>> Sibuan, Andrew
The Atmosphere Environment
This chapter discusses:
The significance of the Atmosphere
The composition of the Atmosphere
The layers of the atmosphere
The Atmospheric Circulation
Importance
Atmosphere – a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around Earth.
It keeps Earth’s temperature in a range that can support life.
It also care for life-forms from some of the Sun’s harmful rays.
The Composition of Atmosphere
The Atmosphere** layer of gas that surrounds Earth more commonly known as “air”.
Atmosphere. How do you know its there
Is this “air” that surrounds us considered matter? Does it weigh anything? How do you know?
Think about it and decide on an answer.
Talk in groups with the person who sits by you
Be ready to tell the class what you decided and why.
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
Enhanced Enterprise Intelligence with your personal AI Data Copilot.pdfGetInData
Recently we have observed the rise of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) that are community-driven or developed by the AI market leaders, such as Meta (Llama3), Databricks (DBRX) and Snowflake (Arctic). On the other hand, there is a growth in interest in specialized, carefully fine-tuned yet relatively small models that can efficiently assist programmers in day-to-day tasks. Finally, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures have gained a lot of traction as the preferred approach for LLMs context and prompt augmentation for building conversational SQL data copilots, code copilots and chatbots.
In this presentation, we will show how we built upon these three concepts a robust Data Copilot that can help to democratize access to company data assets and boost performance of everyone working with data platforms.
Why do we need yet another (open-source ) Copilot?
How can we build one?
Architecture and evaluation
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
Peter Caputa, CEO at Databox, reveals how you can discover the strategies and tools to increase your growth rate (and margins!).
From metrics to track to data habits to pick up, enhance your reporting for powerful insights to improve your B2B tech company's marketing.
- - -
This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
Natural Language Processing (NLP), RAG and its applications .pptxfkyes25
1. In the realm of Natural Language Processing (NLP), knowledge-intensive tasks such as question answering, fact verification, and open-domain dialogue generation require the integration of vast and up-to-date information. Traditional neural models, though powerful, struggle with encoding all necessary knowledge within their parameters, leading to limitations in generalization and scalability. The paper "Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks" introduces RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation), a novel framework that synergizes retrieval mechanisms with generative models, enhancing performance by dynamically incorporating external knowledge during inference.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
1. LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Learning Objective:
Students will understand how a baby develops
physically in the first year. Also identify what influences
development and care that babies need in the first year of
life.
2. THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD DURING
THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE IS DRAMATIC.
WHAT CHANGES ARE OBVIOUS FROM THESE PHOTOS?
3. GROWTH DURING THE FIRST YEAR
From birth to age one, babies typically triple their
birth weight and increase their length by 50%.
Doctors judge this by using growth charts: shows
the average weight and height of girls and boys at
various stages.
Doctors are more concerned that a baby is steadily
growing, versus meeting a certain weight or height at a
certain time.
5. WEIGHT
One of the best signs of good health.
Initially a newborn loses about 10% of their weight,
however after that they begin to gain rapidly.
Weight should triple by the end of year one.
One-year-olds usually weigh 20-22 lbs.
Boys usually weigh more than girls.
6. LENGTH
Bone growth is rapid during the first year.
The average newborn is 20 inches. A year later,
they are about 30 inches.
Not all babies grow at the same rate and boys are
usually slightly longer than girls.
Heredity plays a bigger part in height than weight.
7. BODY SHAPE
Babies change from holding their extremities close
to their bodies and in a curled up position to
stretching out. Legs and feet straighten out.
They look chubby by 3 months, but will lose some
of this as they become more active.
When babies begin to practice standing, they lean
forward slightly and have a protruding belly.
8. GROWTH AND STABILITY
Neurons - Basic unit of nervous system; receive
and transmit messages
Dendrites – receive messages
Axons – transmit messages
Neurotransmitters – chemical messengers
Myelin – insulation of axon; enables efficient rapid
transmission of messages
Myelination is part of the maturation process
Interconnections among neurons form:
Knowledge
Memory
Physical abilities
Senses
10. GROWTH AND STABILITY:
NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BRAIN GROWTH
At birth:
◦ Infants are born with between 100 and 200 billion neurons
◦ Most neurons have relatively few connections to other neurons
◦ As you grow the neurons form new connections.
◦ Stronger connections equal more skill at a particular activity.
◦ After birth, neurons increase in size
◦ Pruning Down: Severing of unnecessary/unused connections.
◦ Born with many more neurons than you will need.
12. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN
Brain: Command center of developing organism
Structures of the Brain
◦ Medulla: control of vital functions (heartbeat & respiration)
◦ Cerebellum: control of balance and equilibrium
◦ Cerebrum: depth of human learning, thought, memory,
and reasoning
Cerebral Cortex: upper layer of the brain (wrinkled surface
of the cerebrum)
14. GROWTH AND STABILITY:
BRAIN LATERALIZATION
Brain will begin to become more differentiated and specialized.
Certain functions are located more in one hemisphere than the other.
Becomes more pronounced during the preschool years.
________________________________________________________
Left Hemisphere:
◦ Verbal-
Speaking
Reading
Thinking
Reasoning
◦ Processes information sequentially.
One piece of information at a time.
Right Hemisphere:
◦ Nonverbal-
Spatial relationships
Patterns/Drawing recognition
Music
Emotional expression
◦ Processes information holistically
15. SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME
Shaken baby
syndrome: a condition
that occurs when
someone severely
shakes a baby, usually in
an effort to make them
stop crying.
Can lead to serious brain
damage, cerebral palsy,
blindness, fractures,
neck or spine injuries, or
even death.
16. SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME
What to do if you are
close to the breaking
point:
Put the baby down and go
to another room to calm
down.
Ask a friend or relative to
care for the baby for a
while.
Talk to someone.
Call a parenting hotline.
17. CHARACTERISTIC INJURIES OF SHAKEN BABY
SYNDROME
Subdural hemorrhages (bleeding in the brain)
Retinal hemorrhages (bleeding in the retina)
Damage to the spinal cord and neck
Fractures of the ribs and bones
Shaken baby syndrome often causes irreversible damage.
In the worst cases, children die due to their injuries.
18. CHILDREN WHO SURVIVE MAY HAVE:
partial or total blindness
hearing loss
seizures
developmental delays
impaired intellect
speech and learning difficulties
problems with memory and attention
severe mental retardation
cerebral palsy
19. PRIMARY BEHAVIOR STATES
State - refers to degree of awareness infants display to both internal
and external stimulation.
Wakeful states - infants may be:
◦ alert and attentive
◦ fussing
◦ crying
Sleep states include:
◦ Quiet sleep (infants’ eyes are closed and respiration is slow and
regular)
◦ Active sleep (infants eyes are closed, but move intermittently,
respiration is uneven, they may smile, frown, suck, sob, sigh etc).
Transition states between sleep and wakefulness and between sleep
states.
In the months following birth, the active sleep state accounts for about
½ of infants’ total sleep
This gradually declines and by 6 months, only about 1/3.
Different states produce different brain wave patterns, which can be
measured by an electroencephalogram (EEG)
Newborns have highly irregular brain wave patterns, although they
start to become more regular by approximately 3 months old
20. ENSURING ADEQUATE SLEEP
Sleep safety
Choose a safe bed
No fluffy blankets,
pillows, or stuffed
animals.
Place baby face up
Don’t allow baby to
sleep in bed with
adults.
21.
22. FEEDING BABIES
birth to 6 months-breast milk or formula
6 months-solid foods can be introduced
12 months-most calories should come from solid
foods, still drinking breast milk or milk.
Babies will eat through the night-about every 3
hours. When a baby weighs about 12 lbs., they no
longer need a late-night feeding, as their stomachs
are big enough to get them through the night.
23. BABY’S HEALTH
Teething: the process
of the teeth pushing
their way through the
gums.
When teeth start to
appear, they should be
cleaned with a moist
cloth.
24. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY
Reflexes – unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur
automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.
Most infant reflexes have survival value, or evolved because they
had survival value at some point in history.
Some reflexes remain throughout the lifespan, others disappear.
Reflexes serve as good diagnostic tools for pediatricians because
they appear and disappear according to a timetable.
26. INFANT REFLEXES
Asymmetric Tonic Neck
Place an infant on their back
Baby’s head turns to one side, the limbs on the face side
extend while the limbs on the opposite side flex (fencer
position)
Disappears at 2 months
27. LANDMARKS OF PHYSICAL ACHIEVEMENT:
GROSS AND FINE MOTOR SKILLS
Fine Motor Skills
Skills involving small muscles used in manipulation
Development of Hand Control
At birth: grasping is reflexive
3 months: grasping becomes voluntary
Ulnar Grasp: 4 fingers and palm
9 to 12 months
Pincer grasp: use of oppositional thumb
28. LOCOMOTION: USE OF GROSS MOTOR
SKILLS
Locomotion
Movement from one place to another
Requires gross motor skills
Skills using large muscles involved in locomotion
Predictable sequence of activities
Roll over − Crawl − Walk
Sit up − Stand − Run
Timing of milestones varies among infants
Normal “range” versus exact age
30. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENSES
Sensation and Perception
Sensation: stimulation of sensory organs & transmission to brain
Perception: organization of sensations
I. Development of Vision
Visual Acuity and Peripheral Vision
◦ Neonates are nearsighted and have poor peripheral vision
◦ Visual acuity improves at 6 months are reaches adult levels by 3 – 5 yrs.
◦ Peripheral vision reaches adult levels by 6 months
Visual Preference
◦ At 2 months, show preference for human faces (especially attractive)
◦ By 3 – 5 months: differentiated reactions to emotional faces
Depth Perception
◦ Respond to depth cues by 6 – 8 months (coincides with crawling)
32. DEVELOPMENT DURING THE FIRST YEAR
VISION
How far can an infant see?
At birth: 7-10 inches
1 month: 3 feet
6 months: eyesight is almost fully
developed, clarity and sharpness
close to an adult
Babies first see the world two-
dimensionally, but by the second
month, the infant develops depth
perception: the ability to perceive
objects that are three-dimensional.
How would this change affect how
they interact with the world?
33. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENSES
II. Auditory Perception
The ability to hear begins prenatally
Infants can differentiate changes in melodies
and sounds (skill required to learn language)
Can differentiate their mother’s voice from
others
Infants are more sensitive than adults to high
and low frequencies, but not to the middle
ranges
34. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENSES
III. Smell and Taste
Infants react to unpleasant smells and tastes from birth
Newborns can detect their mother’s scent (if breastfed)
Infants have an innate sweet tooth (they will suck harder on a
bottle with milk that is sweetened)
35. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENSES
IV. Sensitivity to Pain and Touch
Infants are born with the capacity to feel pain
Some of the basic reflexes require tough (e.g. rooting)
Children gain information regarding the world around them by
touching (e.g. babies 6 months old put everything in their mouth)
36. JEAN PIAGET’S APPROACH TO COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
Cognitive development - an orderly sequence of stages.
Focus is on the change in understanding that occurs as a
child moves through each stage.
◦ Four stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
37. THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
Sensorimotor Stage ( 0 to 2 years)
Developments demonstrated by sensory and motor activity.
Infants progress from responding to reflexes to goal oriented behavior.
Mental representations and problem solving
6 Stages of Sensorimotor Development
Stage 1: Simple Reflexes (0 – 1 mo)
Assimilation of new objects into reflexive responses.
Accommodation can serve to modify inborn reflexes through experience.
Stage 2: Primary Circular Reactions (1 – 4 mo)
Coordination of certain sensory and motor schemes.
Repeat stimuli that first occurred by chance.
The focus is on infants own body.
Goal directed behavior begins to emerge
Transition from “look and see” to “look in order to see”
38. THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
Stage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions (4 – 8 mo)
Repeated actions meant to bring about a desirable
consequence on the outside world.
Infant begins to act on the world (“rattles” or shakes a rattle).
Shift in focus and initial cognitive awareness of external
world.
Stage 4: Coordination of Secondary Schemes (8 – 12 mo)
Coordination of secondary schemes to achieve certain goals.
Emergence of mental representations – object permanence
develops
Object Permanence:
Recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are not
seen.
First six months
Out of sight, out of mind
By 8 – 12 months
Will begin to look for objects that have been hidden.
Gain ability to imitate actions of others
39. DEVELOPMENT OF OBJECT PERMANENCE
Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions (12 – 18 mo)
Purposeful adaptations of established schemes to specific
situations.
Overt trial and error in problem solving.
Experimental quality to behavior (child conducting “miniature
experiments”.
Stage 6: New Means Through Mental Combinations (18 –
24 mo)
The capacity for mental representation, or symbolic thought.
A mental representation is an internal image of a past
event or object.
Mental trial and error in problem solving.
Child gains the ability to pretend and to imitate someone who
is not currently present
40. INFORMATION PROCESSING / INTELLIGENCE
Information Processing
◦ How children take in, use and store information
◦ Development is dependent on memory
◦ Three basic aspects of memory: encoding, storage and retrieval
Encoding – the process by which information is initially recorded in a form
usable to memory
Storage – placement of material into memory
Retrieval – the process by which information is located and brought into
awareness
◦ Infantile amnesia – the lack of memory for experiences that occurred prior to 3
years of age
Intelligence
◦ Individual differences in cognitive development can be measured.
◦ Bayley Scales of Infant Development (evaluates infants development from 2-
42 months)
Mental Scale
Motor Scale
Behavioral Rating Scale
◦ Measurement of infant’s intelligence is difficult and unreliable – association
between most measures of infancy and adult intelligence is minimal.
◦ Can detect sensory and neurological problems and handicaps
42. THE ROOTS OF LANGUAGE
Language is the systematic, meaningful
arrangement of symbols which provides the basis
for communication
Language includes several formal characteristics:
◦ Phonology – the basic sounds of language (phonemes)
that can be combined to form words or sentences.
Ex: “a” in “mat” and “mate” are two different phonemes
English language - 40 phonemes to make up the entire language
◦ Morphemes – the smallest language unit that has
meaning.
“s” for plural or “-ed” for past tense
◦ Semantics – rules that govern the meaning of words and
sentences.
43. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Language Development in Infancy
◦ Infants display prelinguistic communication through sounds, facial
expressions, gestures and other nonlinguistic means
Early Vocalizations
◦ Pre-linguistic vocalizations (babbling)
◦ Babbling – making speech-like, but meaningless sounds
◦ Starts at 2-3 months of age and continues until about 1 year
◦ Even deaf children “babble” – infants exposed to sign language will
“babble” with their hands (vocal babbling and hand “babbling” activate
similar areas of the brain – Broca’s Area)
Development of Vocabulary
◦ Receptive vocabulary grows faster than expressive vocabulary.
Understand many more words than they can produce
◦ First words are generally spoken between 10-14 months of age
◦ First words are typically holophrases, one-word utterances that stand for
an entire phrase
“ma” might mean “Where’s Mommy”, “get me out of my crib Mommy”
or “Mommy, give me back the remote!!”
44. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
By 15 months of age, the average child has a vocabulary of 15
words
Overextension
◦ Using words too broadly, generalizing their meaning
◦ Ex: “doggie” for dogs, cats, rabbits, squirrels, etc (anything
with fur and four legs)
Underextension
◦ Using words too restrictively
◦ “blankie” describes baby’s blanket, but refuses to call other
blankets “blankies”