This document provides an overview of pulpectomy procedures for primary teeth. It discusses the classification of pulp diseases, causes of pulp involvement, and different techniques for performing pulpectomies. Pulpectomies can be either single-visit or multiple-visit procedures, and involve complete removal of the pulp tissue from both the pulp chamber and root canals, followed by disinfection and obturation of the canals. Successful pulpectomies aim to retain primary teeth as functional components and allow for normal exfoliation and eruption of permanent teeth.
This lecture, which oriented to the level of mind of undergraduate students, discuss the topic of pulpectomy, its indications, contraindications, and procedural steps.
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This lecture, which oriented to the level of mind of undergraduate students, discuss the topic of pulpectomy, its indications, contraindications, and procedural steps.
Visit us on Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/iraqi.Dental.Academy
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
With increasing stress on preventive
prosthodontics, the use of overdentures has
reached a point where it is now a feasible
alternative to most treatment plan outlines in
the construction of a prosthesis for patients
with remaining teeth
Endodontics for the aged and Geriateric. What should one look for, and what changes do we need to deal with in our clinics. A comprehensive review presentation- Dr. Abhishek John Samuel, MDS (Endodontics).
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. Introduction
The main objective of pulp therapy in the primary
dentition is to retain every primary tooth as a fully
functional component in the dental arch to allow for
proper mastication, phonation, swallowing,
preservation of the space required for eruption of
permanent teeth and prevention of detrimental
psychological effects due to tooth loss.
Pulpectomy is a conservative treatment approach to
preventing the premature loss of primary teeth that
can result in loss of arch length.
3
4. Insufficient space for erupting permanent teeth,
impaction of premolars, and mesial tipping of molar
teeth adjacent to the lost primary molar. In addition,
pulpectomy is advantageous for retained primary
molar teeth.
If not severed with a progressive root resorption or
aligned in a severe infraocclusion, the retained molar
can be a functional component in the dental arch for
many years
4
5. Law and Lewis stated that the successful treatment of
the pulpally involved tooth is to retain that tooth in a
healthy component of the primary and young
permanent dentition.
Successful pulpal therapy in the primary dentition
requires a thorough understanding of the pulp
morphology, root formation and the special problems
associated with resorption of primary teeth roots.
5
6. Studies conducted by O, Riordan M W and Coll J
reveal that pulpectomy procedure can be done on
primary teeth even with evidence of chronic
inflammation or necrosis of radicular pulp .
According to Holan et al pulpectomy of primary teeth
do not induce minor hypoplasia in succedaneous
teeth. Moreover, there is no better space maintainer
than the primary tooth itself.
Marsh and Largent indicated that the goal of
pulpectomy in primary teeth should be the decrease of
bacteria in the contaminated pulp.
6
7. Success of Pediatric Endodontics is judged by the same
criteria that are used for permanent teeth.
The primary tooth should resorb normally and in no
way interfere with the formation or eruption of the
permanent tooth.
When all the symptoms of residual infection were
resolved before filling of the canal, the success rate
improved.
7
8. Primary teeth are smaller in all dimensions; their
enamel cap is thinner, with less tooth structure
protecting the pulp.
Primary pulp horns are higher, particularly mesial. The
roots of primary molars are longer and more slender,
are “pinched in” at the cervical part of the tooth, and
flare more toward the apex to accommodate
permanent tooth buds.
All of these factors tend to increase the incidence of
pulp involvement from caries or complicate canal
preparation and obturation.
8
10. A comparison of root canals in primary teeth with
those of young permanent teeth reveals the following
characteristics:
(1) the roots of primary teeth are proportionately
longer and more slender
(2) primary root canals are more ribbon-like and have
multiple pulp filaments within their more numerous
accessory canals
10
12. (3) the roots of primary molars flare outward from the
cervical part of the tooth to a greater degree than
permanent teeth and continue to flare apically to
accommodate the underlying succedaneous tooth
follicle
(4) the roots of primary anterior teeth are narrower
mesiodistally than permanent anterior tooth roots
12
13. (5) in contrast to permanent teeth, the roots of
primary teeth undergo physiologic root resorption.
These factors make complete extirpation of pulp
remnants almost impossible and increase the potential
of root perforation during canal instrumentation.
As a result, the requirements of primary root canal
filling materials must encompass germicidal action,
good obturation, and resorptive capability.
13
14. CAUSES OF PULP DISEASE
According to Grossman, the causes of pulp disease are
physical, chemical and bacterial.
Physical causes include mechanical, thermal or
electrical injuries.
A) Mechanical
1) Trauma
2) Pathologic wear
3) Cracked tooth syndrome
4) Radiation
5) Barometric changes
14
15. B] Thermal Injury
Thermal causes of pulp injury are not quite common.
Heat from cavity preparation – cavity preparation
produces temperature changes with an increase of
20°C in temperature during dry cavity preparation
1mm from the pulp.
15
16. C] Electrical
Galvanic current produced from dissimilar metallic
fillings may generate heat and cause pulpal damage.
Chemical
Probably the least common of all the causes. Cements
such as silicate are the most frequent cause for pulp
death. Acid etchants, when used on exposed dentin
preliminary to the application of a composite resin,
irritate the pulp without causing pain.
16
17. Bacteria
The most common cause of pulp injury is bacterial.
Bacteria and their products may enter the pulp
through a break in dentin, either from caries or from
accidental exposure, from percolation around the
restoration.
17
18. CLASSIFICATION
Clinical classification of pulpal diseases is based
primarily on the diseases. Most of the authors have
come to a conclusion that, little or no correlation exists
between histopathological findings and the existing
symptoms.
18
19. According to Grossman
Diseases of the pulp have been classified as:
I. Pulpitis (inflammation)
A. Reversible 1. Acute (symptomatic).
2. Chronic (asymptomatic)
B. Irreversible
1. Acute
a. Abnormally responsive to cold.
b. Abnormally responsive to heat.
2. Chronic
a. Asymptomatic with pulp exposure
b. Hyperplastic pulpitis.
c. Internal resorption.
19
20. II. Pulp Degeneration
A. Calcific (radiographic diagnosis).
B. Others (histopathologic diagnosis).
III. Pulp Necrosis
According to Franklin Weine
I. Inflammatory diseases of the dental pulp
A. Hyperalgesia (Reversible pulpitis, hyperactive pulpalgia,
hypersensitivity).
1. Hypersensitive dentin.
2. Hyperaemia.
20
25. III. IATROGENIC
A. Cavity preparation: Heat of preparation, depth of preparation,
dehydration, pulp horn extensions, pulp exposure, haemorrhage etc.
B. Restorations: Insertion, fracture – complete and incomplete forces of
cementing, heat of polishing etc.
C. Intentional extirpation.
D. Periodontal curettage.
E. Orthodontic movement.
F. Electrosurgery.
G. Laser burn.
H. Periradicular curettage.
I. Rhinoplasty.
J. Osteotomy.
K. Intubation.
25
26. IV. CHEMICAL
A. Filling materials – cements, etching agents,
bonding agents etc.
B. Disinfectants – silver nitrate, phenol, sodium
fluorides.
C. Desiccants – alcohol, ether and others.
26
27. V. IDIOPATHIC
A. Aging.
B. Internal resorption.
C. External resorption.
D. Hereditary hypophosphataemia.
E. Sickle cell anaemia.
F. Herpes zoster infection.
G. HIV and AIDS.
27
28. Determination of need for pulp
therapy in primary teeth using
decision – support system
28
29. Oral health assessment
Contraindications –health history ?
Radiographic assessment
Normal tooth length ?
Consultation referral
N
o
Pain symptoms ?
Hot?Cold?
Swelling ?
Mobility ?
Extraction Periapical/bifurcation
/trifurcation bone
involvement
Clinical assessmentSize
29
30. Clinical assessment
Soft tissue lesions?
Size
Primary incisors
<4.5 years pulpectomy
>4.5 years extraction
Primary first molar
Extraction + space
maintainer
Primary 2nd molar
6> yrs extraction + space
maintainer
6< yrs pulpectomy
Primary incisors
Extraction
Primary molars
Extraction
Extraction or
pulpectomy
Restorable
tooth?
y
e
s
Vital
pulp
n
o
Extraction
Pulpotomy &
stainless steel
crown
Primary incisors
<4.5 years pulpectomy
>4.5 years extraction
Primary first molar
Extraction + space
maintainer
Primary 2nd molar
6> yrs extraction + space
maintainer
6< yrs pulpectomy
Periodic assessment &
radiographic
evaluation
30
31. Definitions
Mathewson defined pulpectomy as the complete
removal of necrotic pulp from the root canals and the
coronal portion of dental primary teeth in order to
maintain a tooth in the dental arch.
Finn defines pulpectomy as removal of all pulpal
tissue from the coronal and radicular portions of the
tooth.
Pulpectomy involves removal of the roof and contents
of the pulp chamber in order to gain access to the root
canals, which are debrided, enlarged and disinfected.
The canals are then filled with resorbable material.
31
32. Types
Partial pulpectomy
One third to one half of the coronal portion of the
radicular pulp tissue is removed from the canals.
Complete pulpectomy
Complete removal of pulp tissue from the root canal
32
33. Partial pulpectomy
“Pulpotomy" and "partial pulpectomy" were used
interchangeably to refer to the excision or amputation
of the pulp contents in the coronal portion of the pulp
(pulp chamber) without disturbing the contents of the
root canal.
At present, "partial pulpectomy" is widely used to
refer to "an apical extension of the pulpotomy
procedure" in which the coronal portion of the
radicular pulp is amputated, leaving vital tissue in the
canal that is assumed to be healthy
33
34. Pulpectomy
Pulpectomy involves removal of the roof and
contents of pulp chamber in order to gain access to
the root canals which are debrided,enlarged and
disinfected.
Canals are filled with RESORBABLE MATERIALS.
.
34
35. OBJECTIVES
1. Infectious process should resolve
2. Radiographic evidence of successful filling
3. Treatment should allow resorption of primary root
structures and filling materials at appropriate time
4. No post treatment pain, swelling or sensitivity
5. No radiographic evidence of further break down of
supporting tissue
6. No internal or external resorption.
35
36. General indications:
1. Cooperative patient.
2. Patient should be in good health with no
serious disease.
3. Maximum cooperation of patient and
parent
36
37. Clinical indication:
1. A tooth previously planned for a pulpotomy that
shows either a dry pulp chamber or uncontrolled
pulpal hemorrhage.
2. Indicated for any primary tooth in absence of its
permanent successor.
3. Any deciduous tooth with severe pulpal necrosis
provided there is no radiographic contraindication.
4. Traumatized primary incisors with pulp exposures or
acute or chronic abscesses.
37
40. Clinical contraidications:
1. Excessive tooth mobility.
2. Communication between the oral cavity and area of
furcation.
3. Communication between the roof of the pulp
chamber, and the region of furcation.
4. Insufficient tooth structure to allow isolation by
rubber dam and extra cronal restoration.
40
41. Radiographic indication:
1. Adequate peridontal and bony support.
2. Incipient internal root resorpation in the occlusal
portion of the occlusal portion of the root canal.
41
42. Radiographic contraindication:
1. External root resorption.
2. Internal root resorption in the apical 3rd of the root.
3. Radicular cyst, dentigerous – follicular cyst in
association with the primary tooth.
4. Interradicular radiolucency that communicates with
gingival sulcus.
42
43. MORPHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS -
DURING ENDODONTIC CAVITY
PREPARATION
Accessory canals
They are present in three different types.
Type I: Single canal from the pulp chamber to the
apex.
Type II: Starts as double canal and units to form a
single canal at the apical 3rd and open in single apical
foramen
Type III: two separate canals and run parallel to each
other and ends as two separate foramen
43
44. Type IV: starts as a single canal and diverge at the apex
as two with separate apical foramen.
Accessory canals do not have any communication with
the periodontal ligament space. They are confined
with- in the root convention
44
45. Lateral canal:
Is a type of accessory canal with communicates with
the periodontal space.
They are developmental defects and can occur at any
level on any surface of the root. If they are found on
the furcation of multirooted teeth, they start at the
pulpal floor and open between the roots.
45
46. Apical Delta Formation:
The presence of multiple accessory canals at the root
apex is termed as apical delta.
In case of a vital pulp, after its removal during
endodontic procedure, these multiple channels may
enhance apical repair or healing.
But if the pulp was non vital these channels, if not
removed might house necrotic tissue and become a
possible source of periapical irritation.
46
47. Single visit pulpectomy
Vital teeth where haemorrhage from the amputated
radicular stumps is dark red, a slow ooze and is
uncontrollable
Step I
Local anesthetic solution administration
Step II
Proper isolation (by using rubber dam)
Step III
Access cavity preparation
47
48. Step IV
Radicular pulp tissue removal
Step V
Enlarging the canals not more than 30 size h file
Step VI
Irrigation (nacl,chx,5%NaoCl – not less than 10 times)
Step VII
Placement of medicament for 3 min( formocresol )
48
49. Step VIII
Drying the canal by using paper points
Step IX
Obturation and
final restoration
49
50. Pulpectomy Technique
• Achieve adequate anesthesia and rubber dam
isolation.
• Two phases-CORONAL phase, RADICULAR phase.
50
51. Multivisit pulpectomy
This procedure is used for non vital primary teeth and
has been studied over the short term and long term.
The multi visit pulpectomy is indicated where
infection , an abscess or a chronic sinus exist.
51
52. Coronal phase:
1 Remove all caries.
2.Remove the roof of the pulp chamber with a high-
speed handpiece.
3.Amputate the coronal aspect of the pulp tissue with a
large round bur in a slow-speed handpiece.
52
53. RADICULAR phase
1. The remaining pulp tissue occupying the root canals is
removed using endodontic files at a predetermined working
length, approximately 1 to 2 mm short of the root apices.
2.The canals should be enlarged several sizes beyond the
size of the first file that fits into the canal to a minimum
final size of 30 to 35.
3.Throughout root canal instrumentation, the canals should
be irrigated with sodium hypochlorite to aid in
debridement.
53
55. 4.Dry the canals with sterile paper points.
5.The canals are filled with a treatment paste (Zinc
Oxide/Eugenol at UKCD) using a pressure syringe.
6.The tooth is restored with a stainless steel crown.
55
56. Non-vital pulp therapy⎯primary tooth. (a) A carious, but restorable, non-vital primary molar. (b)
Caries is eliminated and access made to the pulp. Gentle canal debridement is undertaken with smal
files and irrigation. (c) Disinfection of the canal system. A pledget of cotton wool barely moistened
with ledermix is sealed into the pulp chamber for 7-10 days. (d) The tooth is reopened at a second
visit, and after irrigation and drying, a soft mixture of slow-setting zinc oxideeugenol cement is
gently packed into the canals with the cotton-wool
pledget. (e) The pulp chamber is packed with accelerated zinc oxideeugenol cement before definitive
restoration of the tooth. 56
57. (a) Periapical radiograph
showing files placed in the root canals
of left lower second primary molar
(b) Root canals have been filled with
pure zinc oxide eugenol
•Root canal filling in an upper
primary central incisor
57
58. • If inflammation is beyond the coronal pulp with only
inter radicular but no periapical radiolucency-single
visit pulpectomy is done.
• If pulp is necrotic with periapical involvement,filling is
done at subsequent appointement.
58
59. Follow-up and review:
Though the pulpectomy technique carries a good prognosis, the
outcome is not as good as a vital pulpotomy.
Clinical follow-up augmented by one periapical radiograph on a
yearly basis is required .The following clinical and radiographic
parameters can be taken as indications of success:
Clinical
• improvement of acute symptoms;
• tooth free from pain and mobility.
Radiographic
• improvement or no further deterioration of bone condition in
the furcation area.
59
60. References
McDonald and avery’s dentistry for the child and
adolescent.
Kennedy’s paediatric operative dentistry
Cohen’s pathways of pulp
Finn’s clinical pedodontics
Richard j. Mathewson Fundamentals of pediatric
dentistry
Ray .E Stewart pediatric dentistry.
60
61. Fernanda BarjaFidalgo,Michele,Maria, and Branca;A
Systematic Review of Root Canal Filling Materials for
Deciduous Teeth: Is There an Alternative for Zinc
OxideEugenol ISRN Dent. 2011;
Jaya raachandra ,nidhi k nihal,miloni s vora ; root
canal irrigants in primary teeth world jour of dent oct-
dec 2015;6(4) 229-34.
Mahajan N, Bansal A; Various Obturation methods
used in deciduous teeth ,IJMDSJanuary 2015; 4(1)709-
13.
61
62. Pulpectomy in hyperemic pulp and accelerated root
resorption in primary teeth: A review with associated case
report Walia T JISPPD vol 32(1) 2014;255-61
Neeti Mittal, Hind Pal Bhatia, and Khushtar Haider;
Methods of Intracanal Reinforcement in Primary Anterior
Teeth–Assessingthe Outcomes through a Systematic
Literature Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015 JanApr;8(1):
48–54.
Sageena George , S. Anandaraj, Jyoti S. Issac, Sheen A.
John, Anoop Harris; Rotary endodontics in primary teeth –
A review; The Saudi Dental Journal (2016) 28, 12–17
62
63. Mallayya C Hiremath, Pooja Srivastava; Comparative
evaluation of endodontic pressure syringe, insulin
syringe, jiffy tube, and local anesthetic syringe in
obturation of primary teeth: An in vitro study J nsbm
Ahmed HM. Pulpectomy procedures in primary molar
teeth. Eur J Gen Dent 2014;3:310
Bhandari SK, Anita A, Prajapati U. Root canal
obturation of primary teeth: Disposable injection
technique. JIndian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2012;30:138.
63
64. Vashista K, Sandhu M, Sachdev V. Comparative
Evaluation of Obturating Techniques in Primary
Teeth: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent
2015;8(3):176-180.
Guideline on Pulp Therapy for Primary and Immature
Permanent Teeth ; American academy of pediatric
dentistry ; Reference manual v 37(6) 15 -16.
64
68. IRRIGATION:
Pulp chamber and root canals of untreated non-vital
teeth are filled with a gelatinous mass of necrotic pulp
remnants and tissue fluids, shreds of mummified
tissue, vital tissue and microorganisms especially in
the apical root portion.
Instrumentation into this canal is likely to force such
noxious material through the apical foramen with a
resulting periradicular inflammation or infection.
68
69. For short term or long-term success, thorough
debridement of the pulp chamber and canal is the
most important aspect of endodontic treatment.
Certain solutions like sodium hypochlorite, H2O2, RC
prep etc, produce effervescence and play and
important part in removal of the tissue from the
inaccessible area of the root canal system.
69
70. Tagger et al have stated that root canal
instrumentation in primary teeth becomes similar to
surgical debridement in permanent teeth.
Hibbard et al stated that to compensate for the
incomplete debridement due to the complexity of the
root canal system of the primary tooth it becomes
necessary to destroy the microorganisms in tissue
remnants and to render them unsuitable for
supporting microbial life.
70
71. Garcia-Godoy recommended that in the case of
primary molars if the permanent tooth bud was with
in the furcation area, instrumentation of the canal be
limited to a level above the occlusal plane of the
unerupted permanent tooth .
If the permanent tooth bud is below the apex of the
primary tooth the canals were cleaned and filed for the
entire length.
71
72. GOALS OF IRRIGATION:
Lavage of debris
Tissue dissolution
Antibacterial action
Lubrication
72
73. IDEAL PROPERTY OF AN IRRIGATING
SOLUTION:
1. Compatibility with chemical use in terms of the
physical and chemical property.
2. Antibacterial capacity, chelating actions.
3. Tissue dissolution.
73
74. Studies have shown that endodontic irrigants can
penetrate completely through dentinal tubules, but
their effectiveness depends on the type of bacteria
present.
The non-spore forming bacterium was completely
killed by every irrigant tested but the spore former was
not tested.
74
75. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
It is one of the most popular irrigating solutions used.
It is used in different concentrations.
The choice of an irrigating solution for use in infected
root canals requires previous knowledge of the
microorganisms responsible for the infectious process
as well as the properties of different irrigating
solutions.
75
76. Sodium hypochlorite is the most used irrigating
solution in endodontics, because its mechanism of
action causes biosynthetic alterations in cellular
metabolism and phospholipids destruction, formation
of chloramines that interfere in cellular metabolism,
oxidative action with irreversible enzymatic
inactivation in bacteria, and lipid and fatty acid
degradation.
76
77. Trepagnier has reported that either 5.25% or 2.6%
NaOCl has the same effect when used in the root canal
space for a period of 5 minutes.
Rubin reported that, 2.6% NaOCl alone is an excellent
predentin and tissue solvent.
Resenfield demonstrated that 5.25% NaOCl dissolves
vital tissues. For a necrotic tissue, conc. of 5.25%
NaOCl was found to be better than 2.6%, 1% or 0.5%.
77
78. Root canal preparation and the use of irrigating
solutions such as sodium hypochlorite are responsible
for eliminating the majority of microorganisms in an
infected root canal system.
Sodium hypochlorite in higher concentrations is more
aggressive while in lower concentrations (0.5% to 1%),
it is biocompatible.
78
79. CASTOR OIL
Ferreira et al in his study compared the antimicrobial
activity of 0.5% of NaOCl solution and a detergent
derived from castor oil as irrigating solutions during
the BMP of human teeth with pulpal necrosis and
found that castor oil was the most effective.
Endoquil (castor oil detergent)
is a natural product derived from
topical plant, “Ricinus Commanis:”
79
80. Studies by Leonardo MR et al, in comparing the
antimicrobial effect of 3 root canals irrigants namely
NaOCl chlorhexidine gluconate and caster oil found
that NaOCl was least effective, followed by 2%
chlorhexidine gluconate and Endoquil.
Endoguil has got antimicrobial activity against G
positive microorganisms. This is due to the action of
Endoquil on the biofilm causing its dissolution.
80
81. Mixture of doxycycline citric acid &
detergent
Mixture of doxycycline citric acid & detergent
torabinejad et al introduced MTAD which is a
mixture of 3% doxycycline , 4.25 % of citric acid and
detergent – tween.
It has been as an alternative of EDTA which removes
smear layer effectively when used as a final rinse to
disinfect the primary teeth.
It also posses the antibacterial and chelating
properties .
81
82. LASER IRRADIATION IN ROOT
CANAL WALLS
A study of literature reveals various reports indicative
of usefulness of lasers for endodontic treatment. Nd:
YAG; CO2 and Argon lasers have demonstrated to be
capable of vaporizing debris at varying energy level
and duration.
CO2 irradiation at output power of 5w was found to be
more effective for cleaning root canal walls than Nd:
YAG laser irradiation at 2w.
82
84. Argon and Nd: YAG lasers are useful for removing
debris and smear layer from root canal walls.
Er: YAG Laser is a very effective tool for debris removal
near the apical stop.
It has an added advantage over Nd: YAG and argon
laser, and showed the best performance with respect to
removal of the smear layer due to highly efficient
absorption in both water and hydroxyapatite.
The wavelength of Er.YAG laser is around -
2.94micrometer.
84
85. Chlorhexidine
Endodontic literature has shown that chlorhexidine
(CHX) 2% is used as the root canal irrigating solution,
it reacts with negatively charged groups on the cell
surface.
Alternative for pulpectomy necrotic primary tooth.
Though CHX has a root canal irrigant has not shown
any long term damage to the host tissues when it was
accidently injected above the apex
85
86. Tetracycline HCl
Tetracycline HCl is an acidic solution with
bacteriostatic properties.
Faruk Haznedarogh et al, in their SEM study
revealed that application of tetracycline HCl resulted
in complete removal of smear layer and was
comparable to 50% citric acid.
86
87. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antimicrobial and
reported to bind directly to demineralised dentinal
surfaces and maintain their antimicrobial activity by
being subsequently released.
One disadvantage of tetracycline is that it can chelate
with calcium and cause staining of teeth.
87
88. Criteria for an ideal pulpectomy
obturant (treatment paste)
1. Antiseptic
2. Resorbable
3. Harmless to the adjacent tooth germ
4. Radiopaque
5. Non-impinging on erupting permanent tooth
6. Easily inserted
7. Easily removed
8. Should not shrink
9. Insoluble in water
10. Not discolour teeth.
88
90. ZOE PASTE
• ZnOE – has been the material of choice for the filling
of Root canals of primary teeth. Success rate of 77-
80% has been reported.
• For the large canals in primary anteriors, a thin
mixture of the ZnO and Eugenol can be used to coat
the walls of the canal. A paper point or the last file
used can be coated with this mixture, carried to the
canal and rotated to cover the walls to the same
apical length as the BMP was done.
90
92. The antibacterial activity of ZOE is greater than that of
idoform containing paste .
Cytotoxicity property in direct and indirect contact
with cells is equal to and less than that of KRI paste .
Commonly used material for obturation is ZOE
without catalyst.
92
93. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
The history of use of Ca(OH)2 in primary teeth dates
back to 1950-1960s. Initially it was used as a dressing
material after pulpotomy. But the high rate of internal
resorption discouraged its further uses.
In 1995 two cases of root canal filling with Ca(OH)2
was reported by Rosendal et al.
One case was a rampant caries following radiation
therapy and both were found to be successful .
93
94. The use of Ca(OH)2 has recently been on the increase
due to the expectation that Ca(OH)2 would be less
detrimental to tissue than either phenol or
formaldehyde and provide excellent bactericidal and
sedative effect and prevents exudation.
Ca(OH)2 has a pronounced antimicrobial activity
against most of the bacterial species found in root
canal infections and is now used as an intra canal
medication in endodontic therapy.
Ca(OH)2 has high resorption than that of root
resorption.
94
96. Types of Vehicles are used
Aqueous Vehicles – Water
Saline
LA solution
Viscous Vehicles - Glycerine
Polyethyl glycol
Oily vehicles - Olive Oil
Fatty acids.
Eugenol.
96
97. 97
Direct Pulp Capping
Indirect Pulp Capping
Base
Pulpotomy
Liner
Root canal sealer
Prevention & treatment of Resorption
Repair in perforation
Intra Canal Medicament
Horizontal #
Root fracture
Apexification
CALCIUM HYDROXIDECalcium Hydroxide
98. Maisto’s paste
Composition
- By Maisto
- A modification of Walkhoff’s paste
Zinc oxide –14gms
Iodoform –42gms
Thymol – 2gms
Camphor-3cc and
Lanolin 0.50gms
98
99. Studies by Reddy VVS et al have shown that 86.6% of
the teeth showed bone regeneration and almost
complete healing in the furcation regions.
This is due to the strong antibacterial properties of
Iodoform present in Maisto’s paste.
They promote healing by acting on the
microorganisms in the dental tubules and preventing
reinfection of soft tissues. It also does not cause any
irritation to hard or soft tissues.
99
100. Walkhoff’s paste
Sterilized iodoform as a vehicle for a usefully blended
mixture of parachlorphenol-camphor-menthol.
100
101. IODOFORM PASTE
Rifkin and Garcia –Godoy emphasized the use of
iodoform paste, which is resorbable within one to 2
weeks.
Dominguez et al reported that when combining pure
iodoform with Ca(OH)2 powder, excellent result was
obtained.
They are available as Ca(OH)2 and iodoform in re
mixed syringes and disposable tips. They are
commercially called VITAPEX.
101
102. VITAPEX
Composition:
• Calcium hydroxide and iodoform mixture-
Vitapex,Neo Dental Chemical Products Co;Tokyo,has
been published by Fuchino and Nishino in 1980.
Iodoform – 40.4%
Ca(OH)2 – 30.3%
Silicone - 22.4%
102
103. Properties:
• Non toxic
• Easy to apply
• Resorbs at slightly faster rate than root
• Radio opaque
• 100% success rate.
103
106. OBTURATION TECHNIQUES:
1.Endodontic pressure syringe
These apparatus consist of syringe barrel, threaded
needle.
Needle is withdrawn 3 mm with each quarter turn of
the screw until the canal is visibly filled at the orifice.
The endodontic pressure syringe is also effective for
placing the ZOE into the canals.
The Vitapex system also uses a syringe with the
material in it.
The syringe is introduced up to 1/5th the distance from
the apex of the canal and the material is slowly injected
as the syringe is withdrawn from the canal.
106
107. Mechanical syringe
Cement is loaded into the syringe with 30 gauge
needle as per the manufactures is recommendation
and expressed into the canal.
Press using continuous pressure while withdrawing
the needle.
107
108. Lentulo spiral technique
• Pastes can also be filled by means of a Lentulo spiral
mounted on the micro motor hand piece.
• The direction of rotation needs to be checked for the
material to properly flow into the canal.
108
109. Incremental filling technique
• Endodontic plugger corresponding to the size of the
canal with rubber stopper is used to place thick mix of
cement into the canal.
• Thick mix was prepared into a flame shape
corresponding to size and shape of the canal and then
tapped genently into the apical area with the help of
plugger.
109
110. The primary teeth with their larger canals may be
filled with a thin mix coating on the walls of the root
canal with the help of a reamer in a anti-clock wise
direction while taking it out slowly followed by the
placement of the thicker mix which is then pushed
manually.
110
111. Jiffy Tube
The material of choice for filling the root canals of
pulpectomized primary teeth is pure ZOE, first mixed
as slurry and carried into the canals using paper
points, a syringe, a Jiffy tube, or a lentulo spiral root
canal filler.
The standardized mixture of ZOE is back-loaded into
the tube. The tube tip is placed into the simulated
canal orifice and the material expressed into the canal
with a downward squeezing motion until the orifice
appears visibly filled.
This technique was popularized by Rifficin in 1980.
111
113. Tuberculin syringe
This syringe was utilized by Aylord and Johnson in 1987.
The standardized mixture of ZOE was back loaded into the
syringe with a standard 26- gauge, 3/8-inch needle.
The material was expressed into the canal by slow finger
pressure on the plunger until the canal was visibly filled at
the orifice.
The main drawback of the tuberculin syringe technique is
the difficulty of separating the tip during injection, which
results in the need to repeatedly replace the needle
113
114. The Reamer Technique
A reamer coated with ZOE paste was inserted into the
canal with clockwise rotation, accompanied by a
vibratory motion to allow the material to reach the
apex, and then withdrawn from the canal, while
simultaneously continuing the clockwise rotary
motion.
The results of the study by Priya Nagar et al showed
that the obturation quality of both the reamer
technique and insulin syringe technique was found to
be very closely related.
114
115. The Insulin Syringe Technique
A homogeneous mixture of ZOE, according to
manufacturer’s instructions is loaded into the insulin
syringe and a stopper is used after assessing the
working length of the canal.
The needle is inserted into the canal and kept about
2mm short of apex. The material is then pressed into
the canal and while doing so the needle is retrieved
from the canal outwards while continuing to press the
material inside.
115
117. Navi tip
Recently, a thin and flexible metal tip was introduced ,
NaviTip (Ultradent), in the market to deliver root
canal sealer.
This NaviTip comes in different lengths and a rubber
stop may be adjusted to it.
Guelmann et al assessed the quality of root canal
filling by using three filling systems: syringe with
plastic needle (Vitapex), syringe with metal needle
(NaviTip), and lentulo spiral.
117
119. Bi-Directional Spiral
- Dr. Barry Musikant [1998] developed a new
obturation technique with bi-directional spiral.
This technique ensures that a minimal amount of
obturating material will pass the apex.
This controlled coverage is achieved because the
spirals at the coronal end of the instrument spin the
material down the shaft towards the apex, while the
spirals at the apical end spin the material upward
towards the coronal end.
119
120. Pastinject
Pastinject (Micromega) is a specially designed paste
carrier with flattened blades, which improves material
placement into the root canal.
Pastinject seems to favor a better intracanal placement
of calcium hydroxide paste in single rooted teeth.
120
123. References
McDonald and avery’s dentistry for the child and
adolescent.
Kennedy’s paediatric operative dentistry
Cohen’s pathways of pulp
Finn’s clinical pedodontics
Richard j. Mathewson Fundamentals of pediatric
dentistry
Ray .E Stewart pediatric dentistry.
123
124. Fernanda BarjaFidalgo,Michele,Maria, and Branca;A
Systematic Review of Root Canal Filling Materials for
Deciduous Teeth: Is There an Alternative for Zinc
OxideEugenol ISRN Dent. 2011;
Jaya raachandra ,nidhi k nihal,miloni s vora ; root
canal irrigants in primary teeth world jour of dent oct-
dec 2015;6(4) 229-34.
Mahajan N, Bansal A; Various Obturation methods
used in deciduous teeth ,IJMDSJanuary 2015; 4(1)709-
13.
124
125. Pulpectomy in hyperemic pulp and accelerated root
resorption in primary teeth: A review with associated case
report Walia T JISPPD vol 32(1) 2014;255-61
Neeti Mittal, Hind Pal Bhatia, and Khushtar Haider;
Methods of Intracanal Reinforcement in Primary Anterior
Teeth–Assessingthe Outcomes through a Systematic
Literature Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015 JanApr;8(1):
48–54.
Sageena George , S. Anandaraj, Jyoti S. Issac, Sheen A.
John, Anoop Harris; Rotary endodontics in primary teeth –
A review; The Saudi Dental Journal (2016) 28, 12–17
125
126. Mallayya C Hiremath, Pooja Srivastava; Comparative
evaluation of endodontic pressure syringe, insulin
syringe, jiffy tube, and local anesthetic syringe in
obturation of primary teeth: An in vitro study J nsbm
Ahmed HM. Pulpectomy procedures in primary molar
teeth. Eur J Gen Dent 2014;3:310
Bhandari SK, Anita A, Prajapati U. Root canal
obturation of primary teeth: Disposable injection
technique. JIndian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2012;30:138.
126
127. Vashista K, Sandhu M, Sachdev V. Comparative
Evaluation of Obturating Techniques in Primary
Teeth: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent
2015;8(3):176-180.
Guideline on Pulp Therapy for Primary and Immature
Permanent Teeth ; American academy of pediatric
dentistry ; Reference manual v 37(6) 15 -16.
127