This power point is about syndromic approach - management of lower abdominal pain in females and genital ulcers. This is an easier approach to treat such conditions as it covers for numerous causative microorganisms at the same time. Moreover treatment can be started earlier and one might not wait for Culture and Sensitivity test to start treatment.
Secretions produced by the glands of vaginal wall and cervix that drain from the vaginal opening.
Vaginal discharge is a common presentation of women to the STI clinic
Can be physiological or pathological
Related with some common STIs
Leucorrhoea
Dr. Yashika
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge
Frequent complaint.
Discharge may vary from excess to normal.
Discharge may be blood-stained / contaminated with urine or stool.
Characteristics of normal vaginal fluid
Nature - watery
Colour - white
Odour - Odourless
pH - 4.0
Microscopically - Squamous epithelial cells,
Leucorrhoea
Leucorrhoea is defined as excessive normal vaginal discharge.
Features of vaginal discharge in leucorrhoea :
Excess secretion.
Non purulent
Non offensive
Non irritant
Never causes pruritis.
Etiology :
Physiological excess
Cervical causes
Vaginal causes
Physiologic excess
Puberty
Menstrual Cycle
Pregnancy
Sexual excitement
Cervical causes:
Cervicitis
Cervical ectopy
Cervical polyp
Treatment
General health improvement
Surgical treatment of cervical factors
Pill users are asked to stop pill immediately
Local hygiene
Secretions produced by the glands of vaginal wall and cervix that drain from the vaginal opening.
Vaginal discharge is a common presentation of women to the STI clinic
Can be physiological or pathological
Related with some common STIs
Leucorrhoea
Dr. Yashika
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge
Frequent complaint.
Discharge may vary from excess to normal.
Discharge may be blood-stained / contaminated with urine or stool.
Characteristics of normal vaginal fluid
Nature - watery
Colour - white
Odour - Odourless
pH - 4.0
Microscopically - Squamous epithelial cells,
Leucorrhoea
Leucorrhoea is defined as excessive normal vaginal discharge.
Features of vaginal discharge in leucorrhoea :
Excess secretion.
Non purulent
Non offensive
Non irritant
Never causes pruritis.
Etiology :
Physiological excess
Cervical causes
Vaginal causes
Physiologic excess
Puberty
Menstrual Cycle
Pregnancy
Sexual excitement
Cervical causes:
Cervicitis
Cervical ectopy
Cervical polyp
Treatment
General health improvement
Surgical treatment of cervical factors
Pill users are asked to stop pill immediately
Local hygiene
what is endometriosis? Theories in endometriosis, sites of endometriosis. types and clinical presentation. signs and symptoms.
Investigations :TVS, CA125
laparoscopic findings
chocolate cyst and extrapelvic endometriosis.
Classification of endometiosis
Diffential diagnosis
Management :of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases
drugs and minimally invasive surgery
surgey and preventive measures in endometiosis.
In this introductory remark at workshop on vaginal hysterectomy where Dr Shirish Seth was operating faculty.
I spoke “lets promote and propagate vaginal hysterectomy which is an indigenous surgery in line with PM Modi’s mission of MAKE IN INDIA.
Vaginal hysterectomy is like Aam admi surgery which is in the best interest of patients and has best scientific evidences in its favour."
Let us not be driven by glamour,gadgets and gimmicks."
what is endometriosis? Theories in endometriosis, sites of endometriosis. types and clinical presentation. signs and symptoms.
Investigations :TVS, CA125
laparoscopic findings
chocolate cyst and extrapelvic endometriosis.
Classification of endometiosis
Diffential diagnosis
Management :of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases
drugs and minimally invasive surgery
surgey and preventive measures in endometiosis.
In this introductory remark at workshop on vaginal hysterectomy where Dr Shirish Seth was operating faculty.
I spoke “lets promote and propagate vaginal hysterectomy which is an indigenous surgery in line with PM Modi’s mission of MAKE IN INDIA.
Vaginal hysterectomy is like Aam admi surgery which is in the best interest of patients and has best scientific evidences in its favour."
Let us not be driven by glamour,gadgets and gimmicks."
Overview of Illness Scripts - based on Exercises in Clinical Reasoning Published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine. Accompany and related content available at http://sgim.org/jweb-only
Dr. Guy Nicastri, Associate Professor of Surgery and Family Medicine at the Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University takes us through some of the pearls of the Acute Abdomen Examination in the Adult
An overview of acute abdomen,a medical emergency,based on information provided in Sabiston textbook of medicine 20th edition and ACS surgery 7th edition,2 of the best textbooks in surgery.
acute abdomen is a must know for every medical student and medical care practitioners,especially surgeons.
The most common presenting complaint of Ophthalmology in Emergency dept. is Foreign body sensation, so just to recall the basics of Ophthalm in ED, read the following PPT.
An Obstetrics and gynecology presentation: A 20 years old single female undergraduate presents to the emergency unit with fever, lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal discharge of 5 days duration. Discuss her management
Syndromic approach to sexually transmitted diseasesgautam patil
slide about management of sexually transmitted diseases by classifying according to their symptoms like urethral discharge, vaginal discharge, inguinal bubo, genital ulcer, lower abdominal pain in females, pelvic inflammatory disease, management of the partners of the clients and management of the pregnant clients and pregnant partners
-Management of various of forms of epilepsies including treatment of status epilepticus
-Status of newer anti-epileptic drugs in treatment of epilepsies
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
5. History
Site of pain- lower abdomen
Associated features
Fever
Vaginal discharge
Menstrual irregularities
Dysmenorrhea
Dyspareunia
Dysuria, tenesmus
Contraceptive use eg. IUD
6. Examination
General examination + vitals
Per speculum examination
Vaginal/ cervical discharge, congestion, ulcers
Per abdomen examination
Lower abdominal tenderness
Pelvic examination
Uterine tenderness, cervical movement tenderness
Note:
urine pregnancy test should be done in all women
suspected of having PID to rule out ectopic pregnancy
7. Laboratory Investigations
Wet smear examination
Gram stain for gonorrhea
Complete blood count and ESR
Urine microscopy for pus cells
8. Treatment – Out Patients
Mild – moderate PLD cases
Cover Neisseria gonorrheae, chlamydia
trachomatis and anaerobes
Treatment
Tab. Cefixime 400mg orally twice daily for 7 days +
Tab. Metronidazole 400 mg orally twice daily for 14
days + Doxycycline 100mg orally twice daily for 2
weeks
Tab. Ibruprofen 400 mg orally 3 times a day for 3-5
days
Tab. Ranitidine 150 mg orally twice daily
9. Remove IUD, if present, under antibiotic cover of
24-48 hrs
Advice abstinence during the course of treatment
and educate on correct and consistent use of
condoms
Observe for 3 days. If there is no improvement or
symptoms worsen refer to in patient treatment
Caution:
PID can be serious condition. Refer patient to hospital if
she does not respond to treatment within 3 day or even
earlier if condition worsen
10. Hospitalisation of Patient
Hospitalisation of patient with acute PID should
be seriously considered when
Diagnosis – uncertain
Surgical emergencies eg: appendicitis or ectopic
pregnancy cannot be excluded
Severe illness precludes management on an out
patient basis
Woman- pregnant
Patient is unable to follow or tolerate an out patient
regimen
11. Management in Pregnant Women
PID is rare in pregnancy
Refer to district hospital for hospitalisation
Parenteral regimen- safe in pregnancy
Doxycycline contraindicated
Metronidazol usually not recommended during
the first 3 months of pregnancy but should not be
withheld in case of severe acute PID (emergency)
12. Syndrome Specific Guidelines For
Partner Management
• Treat all partners in past 2 month
• Treat all male partners for urethral discharge (gonorrhea
and chlamydia)
• Provide condom and educate on correct and consistent use
• Refer for voluntary counseling and testing for HIV, Syphilis
and Hepatitis B
• Inform about the complication if left untreated
• Follow up visits- 3,7,14 days - compliance
17. History
Genital ulcer/ vesicles
Burning sensation in the genital region
Sexual exposure of either partner to high risk
practices including orogenital sex
18. Examination
Presence of vesicles
Presence of genital ulcers
Single or multiple
Associated inguinal lymph node swelling
19. Ulcer characteristics
Painful vesicles/ ulcers, single or multiple – herpes
simplex
Painless ulcers with shotty lymph node – syphilis
Painless ulcer with inguinal lymph node –
granuloma inguinale and LGV
Painful ulcer usually single, sometimes –
chancroid associated with painful bubos
21. Treatment
Vesicle or multiple painful ulcers present
Treat for herpes :
Tab Acyclovir 400 mg orally, 3 times a day for 7 days
Only ulcers seen ( no vesicles)
Treat for syphilis and chancroid
Counsel on herpes genitalis
22. To cover syphilis:
Inj Benzathine penicillin 2.4 million IU IM after test
dose in two divided doses
[Allergic individual : Doxycycline 100 mg daily orally,
twice daily for 14 days]
+ Azithromycin 1g orally single dose OR
Tab. Ciprofloxacin 500mg orally, twice a day for 3 days
to cover chancroid
Treatment should be continued beyond 7 days if
ulcers have not epitheliased
23. Refer to higher centers
Not responding to treatment
Genital ulcers co-exist with HIV
Recurrent lesion
24. Management of Pregnant Women
Quinolones - contraindicated
Women who test positive for RPR – considered
infected unless
Adequate treatment is documented
Sequential serologic antibody titres have declined
Inj Benzathine penicillin 2.4 million IU IM after test
dose
A second dose of benzathine penicillin should be
administered IM 1 week after initial dose for women
who have primary , secondary and early latent syphilis
25. • Allergic women- erythromycin
– Tab erythromycin 500 mg oraly QID for 15 days
– Erythromycin base or ethyl succinate should be used
(estolate- hepatotoxicity)
• Neonates should be treated for syphilis
• Should be asked for h/o of genital herpes and carefully
examined for herpetic lesions
• Asymptomatic women can deliver vaginally
• Women with genital herpes at onset of labor- CS
• Acyclovir can be administered orally – first episode or
recurrent genital herpes
26. Syndrome Specific Guidelines For Partner
Management
Treat all partners who are in contact with patient in last 3
month
Partners should be treated for syphilis and chancroid
Advise sexual abstinence during the course of treatment
Provide condoms, educate about correct and consistent use
Refer for voluntary counseling and testing for HIV, syphilis
and hepatitis B
Schedule return visit after 7 days.