The document provides guidance on positioning a patient for a cranio-caudal (CC) mammogram view. Key points include:
1. The CC view visualizes the sub-areolar, central, medial, and posteromedial breast tissue. Proper positioning brings the breast into its natural anatomical position with the nipple perpendicular to the chest wall.
2. Landmarks like the retroglandular fat space and pectoral muscle should be included when possible. The patient is positioned by leaning slightly forward at the waist with shoulders relaxed to allow medial breast tissue to fall onto the image receptor.
3. The image is assessed to ensure inclusion of key anatomical structures and adequate visualization of breast paren
Mammography positioning technique for MLO View Selin Prasad
The document provides guidance on proper positioning technique for medio-lateral (MLO) mammography views. Key points include:
1. Positioning aims to visualize the entire breast parenchyma while avoiding superimposition of structures.
2. Prerequisites for successful positioning include choosing an appropriate tube angle and image receptor height/position based on the patient's anatomy.
3. Technique involves pulling the breast gently but firmly upward and outward, away from the chest wall, while applying compression to separate tissues for clear visualization.
Mammography Positioning Technique for Additional Views Selin Prasad
This document discusses additional views that can be performed in mammography, including magnification views, spot compression views, and views for patients with breast implants. Magnification views use a smaller focal spot size and elevated breast position to provide higher resolution of areas of interest, though at the cost of increased radiation dose and potential for motion blur. Spot compression views apply targeted compression over areas of concern to spread overlapping tissues and better define lesion features. Views for implants displace the implant posteriorly during compression to exclude it from the image and allow improved visualization of breast tissue.
This document provides information about mammography projections and techniques. It begins with the anatomy of the breast and then describes the basic projections used in mammography including craniocaudal, mediolateral oblique, magnification, and others. It explains the positioning of the patient and technical factors for each projection. It also discusses indications for mammography and evaluation criteria for the images. The purpose of the different projections is to visualize different areas of the breast to detect abnormalities. Proper technique is important for high quality images.
This document provides information about mammography, including its indications, types of examinations, basics, instrumentation, and procedures. Mammography uses low-energy x-rays to detect breast pathologies. It can be used for screening asymptomatic women, investigating breast lumps, or following up after breast surgery. Diagnostic mammograms use two or three views of each breast, while screening mammograms use a two-view protocol. Modern instrumentation includes flat panel detectors, grids, compression paddles, and automatic exposure control. Procedures involve craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views. Reporting follows the BI-RADS system for risk assessment.
This document provides an overview of various breast imaging modalities including mammography, galactography/ductography, stereotactic guided procedures, digital tomosynthesis, ultrasound elastography, and MRI of the breast. Key imaging techniques are described such as mammography positioning, ductography technique, stereotactic biopsy procedures, and interpretation of ultrasound elastography images. Evaluation of breast lesions and interpretation of different imaging findings are also discussed.
Mammography is the cornerstone imaging modality for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. It involves two standard views - craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique. Additional spot views may be needed based on findings. Image quality is optimized through use of specific equipment like molybdenum targets, grids, and compression to reduce thickness. Mammography finds masses and suspicious calcifications and uses the BI-RADS assessment system to characterize findings and guide need for biopsy. Regular screening can detect cancers early and improve outcomes.
1) Mammography is an x-ray exam used to detect breast changes, with modern machines using low doses of radiation.
2) The document discusses mammography techniques, including standard craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views as well as additional views.
3) Contraindications and recommendations for screening are provided based on risk factors and age. The document provides an overview of mammography procedures and guidelines.
Mammography and recent advances dr avinashAvinashDahatre
mammography and recent advances includes some physics regarding x ray mammography with different views taken. then some recent advances in mammography like optical mammo and dual energy etc refrence taken from Yochum rowe essential of skeletal radiology, christensen radiology.
Mammography positioning technique for MLO View Selin Prasad
The document provides guidance on proper positioning technique for medio-lateral (MLO) mammography views. Key points include:
1. Positioning aims to visualize the entire breast parenchyma while avoiding superimposition of structures.
2. Prerequisites for successful positioning include choosing an appropriate tube angle and image receptor height/position based on the patient's anatomy.
3. Technique involves pulling the breast gently but firmly upward and outward, away from the chest wall, while applying compression to separate tissues for clear visualization.
Mammography Positioning Technique for Additional Views Selin Prasad
This document discusses additional views that can be performed in mammography, including magnification views, spot compression views, and views for patients with breast implants. Magnification views use a smaller focal spot size and elevated breast position to provide higher resolution of areas of interest, though at the cost of increased radiation dose and potential for motion blur. Spot compression views apply targeted compression over areas of concern to spread overlapping tissues and better define lesion features. Views for implants displace the implant posteriorly during compression to exclude it from the image and allow improved visualization of breast tissue.
This document provides information about mammography projections and techniques. It begins with the anatomy of the breast and then describes the basic projections used in mammography including craniocaudal, mediolateral oblique, magnification, and others. It explains the positioning of the patient and technical factors for each projection. It also discusses indications for mammography and evaluation criteria for the images. The purpose of the different projections is to visualize different areas of the breast to detect abnormalities. Proper technique is important for high quality images.
This document provides information about mammography, including its indications, types of examinations, basics, instrumentation, and procedures. Mammography uses low-energy x-rays to detect breast pathologies. It can be used for screening asymptomatic women, investigating breast lumps, or following up after breast surgery. Diagnostic mammograms use two or three views of each breast, while screening mammograms use a two-view protocol. Modern instrumentation includes flat panel detectors, grids, compression paddles, and automatic exposure control. Procedures involve craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views. Reporting follows the BI-RADS system for risk assessment.
This document provides an overview of various breast imaging modalities including mammography, galactography/ductography, stereotactic guided procedures, digital tomosynthesis, ultrasound elastography, and MRI of the breast. Key imaging techniques are described such as mammography positioning, ductography technique, stereotactic biopsy procedures, and interpretation of ultrasound elastography images. Evaluation of breast lesions and interpretation of different imaging findings are also discussed.
Mammography is the cornerstone imaging modality for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. It involves two standard views - craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique. Additional spot views may be needed based on findings. Image quality is optimized through use of specific equipment like molybdenum targets, grids, and compression to reduce thickness. Mammography finds masses and suspicious calcifications and uses the BI-RADS assessment system to characterize findings and guide need for biopsy. Regular screening can detect cancers early and improve outcomes.
1) Mammography is an x-ray exam used to detect breast changes, with modern machines using low doses of radiation.
2) The document discusses mammography techniques, including standard craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views as well as additional views.
3) Contraindications and recommendations for screening are provided based on risk factors and age. The document provides an overview of mammography procedures and guidelines.
Mammography and recent advances dr avinashAvinashDahatre
mammography and recent advances includes some physics regarding x ray mammography with different views taken. then some recent advances in mammography like optical mammo and dual energy etc refrence taken from Yochum rowe essential of skeletal radiology, christensen radiology.
This document provides an overview of breast anatomy and mammography techniques. It describes the internal structures of the breast including lobes, lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. Lymph node drainage pathways are explained. Mammography views including craniocaudal, mediolateral oblique, and magnification views are illustrated along with positioning techniques. Breast composition changes with age. Ultrasound techniques and common breast lesions seen on ultrasound are also reviewed. The document concludes with an explanation of BI-RADS assessment categories used in breast imaging.
Mammography uses low-dose x-rays and specialized equipment to detect breast cancers and abnormalities. Key points:
1) Low-energy x-rays are used to maximize contrast between tissues. Specialized tubes with molybdenum or rhodium targets produce optimal x-ray spectra.
2) Equipment includes compression paddles, antiscatter grids, and screens optimized for low doses. Automatic exposure control regulates time based on breast thickness and density.
3) Films are processed to precise standards and viewed using high-luminance boxes in low-light rooms to detect subtle lesions. Together, specialized technology and quality control enable early cancer detection.
This document provides an overview of mammography presented by Sumanjali N. of Manipal Hospital in Whitefield, Bengaluru. It begins with an introduction to mammography and breast anatomy. It then discusses breast cancer and various imaging modalities used including mammogram, ultrasound, tomosynthesis, PET mammogram, MR mammogram, and thermography. The role of a mammography technologist is outlined. Standard mammographic views and the breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) for assessing findings are described. Common mammographic artifacts are also reviewed. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the importance of screening mammography in early breast cancer detection and reassurance of patients.
Mammography positioning technique for Lateral Views (LM/ML)Selin Prasad
This document provides instructions for performing lateral mammography views. It discusses:
- The ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle of using low radiation doses. Repeats should only be done if necessary.
- Lateral mediolateral (LM) and mediolateral (ML) views provide orthogonal views to the craniocaudal projection. They can help localize and triangulate lesions.
- Proper positioning techniques are described for the LM and ML views, including patient positioning, breast positioning, compression, and centering of the breast on the image receptor. Rotating the breast brings the nipple into profile for localization.
Mammography : quality control (quality assurance)Kajal Jha
Mammography quality control. This is the class presentation for the syllabus of BSC MIT at BPKIHS Dharan. It is the concise ppt dealing with the quality control of mammography and hence quality control. Mammography is an x-ray imaging
method used to examine the breast for the early detection of cancer and other breast diseases. It is used as both a diagnostic and screening tool.
- also known as Mastography
Digital mammography has largely replaced film mammography. Digital mammography provides higher resolution images and allows radiologists to adjust brightness and magnification. Standard views include craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views of each breast. Digital mammography is more accurate than film for premenopausal women under 50 with dense breasts but film may be slightly better for women over 65 with fatty breasts.
A comprehensive study about new and upcoming modalities in imaging and screening of breast lesions with description about every new modalities with their advantages and pitfalls.
This document provides information about small bowel imaging techniques. It discusses barium follow through examinations, where barium is ingested and x-rays are taken periodically to image the small bowel. It also describes dedicated small bowel follow through exams using single contrast techniques and positioning to visualize different parts of the bowel. Other small bowel imaging methods discussed include enteroclysis, peroral pneumocolon, and reflux examinations. The document provides details on the indications, contraindications, and interpretation of small bowel imaging studies.
This document provides an overview of mammography. It discusses normal breast anatomy and its relationship to the chest wall. It describes the three zones of the breast - premammary, mammary, and retromammary zones. The document then discusses the physics of mammography, including the generator, x-ray tube, targets, filters, compression device, grids, and automatic exposure control. It provides details on patient preparation and standard views for mammography, including craniocaudal, mediolateral oblique, and supplementary views. Finally, it compares mammography equipment to general x-ray equipment and provides a brief introduction to digital mammography.
Mammography is the cornerstone of breast imaging and offers the necessary reliability to diagnose curable breast cancers. It involves using low-dose x-rays of the breast to detect tumors that are too small to feel. Digital mammography offers superior contrast resolution in dense breasts compared to conventional mammography but has lower spatial resolution, potentially missing some lesions. Mammography equipment includes an x-ray tube, compression device, and digital detectors to capture and process images, allowing diagnosis according to the BI-RADS assessment categories.
Breast imaging techniques have advanced significantly since the 1950s. Mammography was introduced in the 1960s and digital mammography in the 2000s improved image quality and reduced radiation exposure. Tomosynthesis was developed in the 2010s to reduce tissue superimposition by creating 1mm slices. Ultrasound is used as an adjunct to mammography to differentiate cysts from solid masses and guide biopsies. The BI-RADS classification system standardizes how breast imaging findings are reported and communicated. While mammography remains the primary breast cancer screening tool, tomosynthesis and ultrasound have improved cancer detection rates by reducing false negatives, especially for women with dense breasts.
Mammography is a radiographic technique used to detect breast cancer. It can find small cancers years before they could be felt. While no screening tool is perfect, mammography finds 85-90% of cancers. The document discusses the principles of mammography, including equipment used, techniques, breast anatomy, preparation, and interpretation of results. Early detection through regular mammograms is important as patients diagnosed at earlier stages have a better chance of survival.
Introduction to mammography and its equipment.
Different views on mammography & supplementary views.
Birads mammographic lexicon
Birads ultrasound lexicon
Imaging of suspicious mammary lymph nodes
Categories in BIRADS 2013.
Breast ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to map the internal structures of the breast. Though it should not be used alone for screening, ultrasound can detect cancers not seen on mammography when used together with mammography. With new transducers, ultrasound can also detect malignancy associated with clustered microcalcifications seen on mammograms. Ultrasound provides high quality images of the normal and abnormal breast and can help differentiate between cystic and solid lesions.
This document provides an overview of mammography, including its definition as an x-ray examination of the breast to detect changes, a brief overview of breast anatomy and the history of mammography, different types of mammography machines and procedures, indications and contraindications for mammography, how to read mammography results including different findings and the BI-RADS assessment category, and some recent advances in mammography technology including tomosynthesis, scintimammography, and its potential use for males.
The document discusses computed tomography (CT) of the chest and protocols for performing chest CT scans. It provides details on how chest CT is used to examine abnormalities found on other imaging tests and help diagnose conditions causing chest symptoms. It describes the CT scanning process and equipment. Common uses of chest CT are outlined, along with lung disorders it can demonstrate and benefits compared to other imaging modalities. Specific protocols for routine chest CT, high-resolution CT, low-dose CT, airway CT, and aortic angiography CT are enumerated.
This document provides guidance for pediatric radiography technicians. It discusses preparing children for exams, building trust, using immobilization devices, evaluating developmental abnormalities, minimizing radiation exposure, and reporting suspected child abuse. Successful exams require preparing the room in advance, explaining the process to the child and parents, and using communication skills and immobilization as needed based on the child's age and cooperation level. Common pediatric conditions seen radiographically are also outlined.
This document provides positioning guidelines for radiographic imaging of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, lumbo-sacral spine, and sacrum. It describes the standard views, patient preparation, positioning, tube and cassette centering, and exposure settings for each anatomical region. Proper patient positioning and radiographic technique are important to obtain diagnostic images while minimizing radiation dose.
This document provides information on various radiology procedures including aspirations, drainages, and biopsies. It describes how cyst aspirations are performed using ultrasound guidance to insert a needle and drain fluid from cysts in the breast or elsewhere. It also discusses paracentesis for draining ascites and thoracocentesis for draining pleural effusions. The document outlines patient positioning and technical steps for each procedure. Biopsy procedures are also summarized, including how ultrasound is used to precisely guide needle placement and obtain tissue samples from organs like the liver and kidneys.
1. The document discusses various mammography views and techniques used to image the breast including standard craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views, additional views like tangential, axillary, and cleavage views, and spot compression, magnification, and rolled views.
2. It provides details on mammography equipment requirements including low energy radiation tubes, small focal spots, and grids to reduce scattered radiation. Proper breast positioning and compression techniques are also covered.
3. Indications for different mammography views and techniques are outlined to better visualize specific breast tissues or suspicious findings seen on other views.
This document provides an overview of breast anatomy and mammography techniques. It describes the internal structures of the breast including lobes, lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. Lymph node drainage pathways are explained. Mammography views including craniocaudal, mediolateral oblique, and magnification views are illustrated along with positioning techniques. Breast composition changes with age. Ultrasound techniques and common breast lesions seen on ultrasound are also reviewed. The document concludes with an explanation of BI-RADS assessment categories used in breast imaging.
Mammography uses low-dose x-rays and specialized equipment to detect breast cancers and abnormalities. Key points:
1) Low-energy x-rays are used to maximize contrast between tissues. Specialized tubes with molybdenum or rhodium targets produce optimal x-ray spectra.
2) Equipment includes compression paddles, antiscatter grids, and screens optimized for low doses. Automatic exposure control regulates time based on breast thickness and density.
3) Films are processed to precise standards and viewed using high-luminance boxes in low-light rooms to detect subtle lesions. Together, specialized technology and quality control enable early cancer detection.
This document provides an overview of mammography presented by Sumanjali N. of Manipal Hospital in Whitefield, Bengaluru. It begins with an introduction to mammography and breast anatomy. It then discusses breast cancer and various imaging modalities used including mammogram, ultrasound, tomosynthesis, PET mammogram, MR mammogram, and thermography. The role of a mammography technologist is outlined. Standard mammographic views and the breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) for assessing findings are described. Common mammographic artifacts are also reviewed. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the importance of screening mammography in early breast cancer detection and reassurance of patients.
Mammography positioning technique for Lateral Views (LM/ML)Selin Prasad
This document provides instructions for performing lateral mammography views. It discusses:
- The ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle of using low radiation doses. Repeats should only be done if necessary.
- Lateral mediolateral (LM) and mediolateral (ML) views provide orthogonal views to the craniocaudal projection. They can help localize and triangulate lesions.
- Proper positioning techniques are described for the LM and ML views, including patient positioning, breast positioning, compression, and centering of the breast on the image receptor. Rotating the breast brings the nipple into profile for localization.
Mammography : quality control (quality assurance)Kajal Jha
Mammography quality control. This is the class presentation for the syllabus of BSC MIT at BPKIHS Dharan. It is the concise ppt dealing with the quality control of mammography and hence quality control. Mammography is an x-ray imaging
method used to examine the breast for the early detection of cancer and other breast diseases. It is used as both a diagnostic and screening tool.
- also known as Mastography
Digital mammography has largely replaced film mammography. Digital mammography provides higher resolution images and allows radiologists to adjust brightness and magnification. Standard views include craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views of each breast. Digital mammography is more accurate than film for premenopausal women under 50 with dense breasts but film may be slightly better for women over 65 with fatty breasts.
A comprehensive study about new and upcoming modalities in imaging and screening of breast lesions with description about every new modalities with their advantages and pitfalls.
This document provides information about small bowel imaging techniques. It discusses barium follow through examinations, where barium is ingested and x-rays are taken periodically to image the small bowel. It also describes dedicated small bowel follow through exams using single contrast techniques and positioning to visualize different parts of the bowel. Other small bowel imaging methods discussed include enteroclysis, peroral pneumocolon, and reflux examinations. The document provides details on the indications, contraindications, and interpretation of small bowel imaging studies.
This document provides an overview of mammography. It discusses normal breast anatomy and its relationship to the chest wall. It describes the three zones of the breast - premammary, mammary, and retromammary zones. The document then discusses the physics of mammography, including the generator, x-ray tube, targets, filters, compression device, grids, and automatic exposure control. It provides details on patient preparation and standard views for mammography, including craniocaudal, mediolateral oblique, and supplementary views. Finally, it compares mammography equipment to general x-ray equipment and provides a brief introduction to digital mammography.
Mammography is the cornerstone of breast imaging and offers the necessary reliability to diagnose curable breast cancers. It involves using low-dose x-rays of the breast to detect tumors that are too small to feel. Digital mammography offers superior contrast resolution in dense breasts compared to conventional mammography but has lower spatial resolution, potentially missing some lesions. Mammography equipment includes an x-ray tube, compression device, and digital detectors to capture and process images, allowing diagnosis according to the BI-RADS assessment categories.
Breast imaging techniques have advanced significantly since the 1950s. Mammography was introduced in the 1960s and digital mammography in the 2000s improved image quality and reduced radiation exposure. Tomosynthesis was developed in the 2010s to reduce tissue superimposition by creating 1mm slices. Ultrasound is used as an adjunct to mammography to differentiate cysts from solid masses and guide biopsies. The BI-RADS classification system standardizes how breast imaging findings are reported and communicated. While mammography remains the primary breast cancer screening tool, tomosynthesis and ultrasound have improved cancer detection rates by reducing false negatives, especially for women with dense breasts.
Mammography is a radiographic technique used to detect breast cancer. It can find small cancers years before they could be felt. While no screening tool is perfect, mammography finds 85-90% of cancers. The document discusses the principles of mammography, including equipment used, techniques, breast anatomy, preparation, and interpretation of results. Early detection through regular mammograms is important as patients diagnosed at earlier stages have a better chance of survival.
Introduction to mammography and its equipment.
Different views on mammography & supplementary views.
Birads mammographic lexicon
Birads ultrasound lexicon
Imaging of suspicious mammary lymph nodes
Categories in BIRADS 2013.
Breast ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to map the internal structures of the breast. Though it should not be used alone for screening, ultrasound can detect cancers not seen on mammography when used together with mammography. With new transducers, ultrasound can also detect malignancy associated with clustered microcalcifications seen on mammograms. Ultrasound provides high quality images of the normal and abnormal breast and can help differentiate between cystic and solid lesions.
This document provides an overview of mammography, including its definition as an x-ray examination of the breast to detect changes, a brief overview of breast anatomy and the history of mammography, different types of mammography machines and procedures, indications and contraindications for mammography, how to read mammography results including different findings and the BI-RADS assessment category, and some recent advances in mammography technology including tomosynthesis, scintimammography, and its potential use for males.
The document discusses computed tomography (CT) of the chest and protocols for performing chest CT scans. It provides details on how chest CT is used to examine abnormalities found on other imaging tests and help diagnose conditions causing chest symptoms. It describes the CT scanning process and equipment. Common uses of chest CT are outlined, along with lung disorders it can demonstrate and benefits compared to other imaging modalities. Specific protocols for routine chest CT, high-resolution CT, low-dose CT, airway CT, and aortic angiography CT are enumerated.
This document provides guidance for pediatric radiography technicians. It discusses preparing children for exams, building trust, using immobilization devices, evaluating developmental abnormalities, minimizing radiation exposure, and reporting suspected child abuse. Successful exams require preparing the room in advance, explaining the process to the child and parents, and using communication skills and immobilization as needed based on the child's age and cooperation level. Common pediatric conditions seen radiographically are also outlined.
This document provides positioning guidelines for radiographic imaging of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, lumbo-sacral spine, and sacrum. It describes the standard views, patient preparation, positioning, tube and cassette centering, and exposure settings for each anatomical region. Proper patient positioning and radiographic technique are important to obtain diagnostic images while minimizing radiation dose.
This document provides information on various radiology procedures including aspirations, drainages, and biopsies. It describes how cyst aspirations are performed using ultrasound guidance to insert a needle and drain fluid from cysts in the breast or elsewhere. It also discusses paracentesis for draining ascites and thoracocentesis for draining pleural effusions. The document outlines patient positioning and technical steps for each procedure. Biopsy procedures are also summarized, including how ultrasound is used to precisely guide needle placement and obtain tissue samples from organs like the liver and kidneys.
1. The document discusses various mammography views and techniques used to image the breast including standard craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views, additional views like tangential, axillary, and cleavage views, and spot compression, magnification, and rolled views.
2. It provides details on mammography equipment requirements including low energy radiation tubes, small focal spots, and grids to reduce scattered radiation. Proper breast positioning and compression techniques are also covered.
3. Indications for different mammography views and techniques are outlined to better visualize specific breast tissues or suspicious findings seen on other views.
Mammography uses low-dose x-rays of the breast to detect breast cancer. Standard views include craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique. Compression is used to flatten and separate breast tissue for clearer images. Digital mammography uses solid-state detectors instead of film. Tomosynthesis creates 3D-like images that improve detection. Additional views like spot compression provide targeted views of areas of interest. Mammography is not 100% accurate but can find cancers early and reduce mortality when used regularly.
Mammography uses low-dose x-rays to produce images of breast tissue. It can detect tumors and distinguish between benign and malignant breast diseases. Mammograms are used for both screening purposes to detect early-stage cancers and diagnostic purposes when abnormalities are found. The breast contains lobules that produce milk, ducts that transport milk, connective tissue, fat, and other structures. Mammography compresses the breast to create a thin layer for imaging and uses differences in tissue density to identify abnormalities that may indicate cancer.
This document presents an educational exhibit on identifying subtle signs of breast cancer at mammography through a series of case examples. It emphasizes three key concepts: 1) paying attention to mammographic technique and positioning, 2) developing a standard search pattern, and 3) comparing current exams to prior exams. The cases demonstrate how adherence to these concepts can enhance diagnostic accuracy by helping detect subtle changes indicative of cancer that may otherwise be overlooked. The document reviews important signs of appropriate positioning and areas radiologists should focus their search, such as the glandular-fat interface and lymph nodes. Comparing prior exams allows subtle tissue changes to be noticed.
Mammography -A ppt bt J K PATIL, Prof,dept of radiologydypradio
Mammography uses low-dose x-rays to image the breast and detect cancers. Key aspects include using a molybdenum target and filter to produce low-energy x-rays for high soft tissue contrast. Breast compression is important to reduce scatter and motion, separate tissues, and highlight rigid masses. Views include craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique to image the entire breast. Digital mammography systems like computed radiography and direct detectors directly convert x-rays to digital images, improving contrast and allowing post-processing.
This document evaluates a portable KUB radiographic image. It finds issues with collimation, positioning, and exposure technique. Specifically, it notes that the collimation does not restrict three sides of the beam, the CR is angled causing shape distortion, and the contrast is too short. It determines that the projection should be repeated due to clipped anatomy and recommends adjusting the collimation, positioning aids, and exposure technique to obtain a perpendicular CR centered on the midline with long scale contrast for better visualization of soft tissues.
3D and 4D ultrasound provide several advantages over traditional 2D ultrasound for assessing female pelvic anatomy and pathology. Multiplanar views allow for more accurate diagnosis of uterine anomalies by visualizing the coronal and true midline planes. Intracavitary lesions can be precisely localized. Ovarian volumes and antral follicle counts are more accurately determined. Endometrial receptivity markers like vascular indices are measurable. Doppler of uterine arteries provides additional information on receptivity. Overall, 3D/4D ultrasound improves evaluation of female pelvic structures and fertility-related conditions.
This document provides instructions for various radiographic techniques to image the large bowel, including positioning the patient and image receptor, central ray direction, and structures visualized. It describes lateral, AP, AP axial, AP oblique, and lateral decubitus projections, as well as the Chassard-Lapine and defecography methods. Precise patient and part positioning are outlined to optimize demonstration of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and other bowel segments.
Mammography.pptx about disease in womenSalmaFarag7
This document provides an overview of mammography. It discusses that mammography is most suitable for women over age 40 due to dense breast tissue in younger women making differentiation difficult. Two standard views are obtained - cranio-caudal and mediolateral-oblique. The document describes how to assess mammographic films by evaluating breast density, masses, calcifications and secondary signs. Common benign and malignant findings are illustrated. The BI-RADS classification system with recommendations from 0-6 is also outlined.
This document provides guidelines for various radiographic projections of the pelvis, hip, acetabulum, and ilium. It describes patient positioning, part positioning, central ray direction, and image receptor placement for AP, lateral, oblique, and axial projections. Key projections include the AP pelvis, lateral hip, and oblique iliac crest views. Precise positioning is outlined to demonstrate anatomy and detect fractures or dislocations.
This document provides an overview of radiology and imaging of the mammary gland. It describes the normal anatomy of the breast including lobes, ducts, connective tissue, fat, lymph nodes, veins and arteries. It discusses mammography techniques including standard views, compression, magnification and localization. It outlines indications for screening and diagnostic mammography and patient preparation.
This document provides instructions for positioning patients for chest x-rays in PA and lateral positions. It discusses preparing the patient by removing jewelry and protective equipment. For PA x-rays, it instructs having the patient stand with their chest against the film and hold their breath. The top of the lungs should be visible along with ribs and diaphragm. For lateral x-rays, it instructs having the patient stand leaning forward with their shoulder against the grid and arms raised, holding their breath. The sternum and lower diaphragm should be visible. Chest x-rays are used to evaluate the lungs, heart and chest wall and help diagnose conditions like pneumonia.
EBCTCG METAANALYSIS
INDICATION OF POST OP RADIOTHERAPY
Immobilization devices
Conventional planning
Alignment of the Tangential Beam with the Chest Wall Contour
Doses To Heart & Lung By Tangential Fields
Radiography clinical updates - session one menkantozz
The document discusses the radiographic critique of a cervical spine x-ray following a road traffic accident. It analyzes the request form, justifies the procedure, discusses optimization of exposure factors, and critiques the radiographic images. The lateral view shows all cervical vertebrae and the C7-T1 junction. The AP view demonstrates the cervical vertebrae and soft tissues of the neck. Both images have sufficient contrast and density to evaluate for fractures or injuries while minimizing radiation exposure to the patient.
This document discusses additional mammography projections that may be performed beyond standard views. It describes the purpose and technique for localized/focused compression views, magnified views, axillary views, oblique views, and others. These additional projections are used to better visualize areas not fully covered in standard views, like the axilla, or to characterize findings like microcalcifications at higher resolution. Compression and positioning techniques are modified for each special view to optimize image of the specific breast tissue being examined.
I have include all the contain about mammography like introduction,principle,anatomy,general views ,mammography physics (x-ray tube, housing,filter ,collimator and generator) and different advance technology about mammography.
Hope it will help your queries.
Thank you....!!
This document discusses mammography techniques and physics. It describes the different imaging modalities available for breast imaging and explains that mammography remains the cornerstone. It covers topics like xeromammography technology, indications for mammography, the physics of mammography equipment including generators, tubes, filters and grids. It also discusses digital mammography techniques like CCD and selenium-based detectors. The document concludes with an overview of BI-RADS assessment categories.
This document provides guidelines for various radiographic projections of the shoulder, shoulder joint, acromioclavicular joint, and clavicle. It describes patient positioning, part positioning, image receptor size and orientation, central ray angle and direction, and clinical indications for 11 different shoulder projections, 9 shoulder joint projections, 4 acromioclavicular joint projections, and 6 clavicle projections. Precise positioning is emphasized to demonstrate relevant anatomy and identify injuries like fractures or dislocations.
Similar to Mammography positioning technique for Cranio Caudal (CC) (20)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. ALARA Principle
As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)
Mammography uses low dose protocols in accordance
with ALARA, however, all precaution should be taken
not to take unnecessary images/repeats
Repeats should be kept to a very minimum and ONLY
done if absolutely necessary
Repeat of an image should ONLY be done if it serves a
diagnostic purpose, will aid in final diagnosis
5. CC Projection
The craniocaudal projection will best visualize the sub-areolar, central,
medial, and posteromedial aspects of the breast.
6. Basic Concepts/ Application of Positioning
To bring the breast to it’s natural anatomical position ( nipple perpendicular to chest wall)
to maximise visualisation of entire breast anatomy and potential pathology and avoid
superimposition of breast structures.
The lateral and inferior portions of the breast are more mobile than the superior and medial
portions. Therefore standard views have been developed to maximize this mobility and pull
as much breast tissue toward the more fixed borders and onto the imaging device as is
possible.
All mammographic views are defined by the direction of the x-ray beam from the tube
toward the detector. The mediolateral oblique view (MLO) is the single best view to image
the majority of the breast tissue.
The upper inner portion of the breast is the least successfully included portion, and so the
standard mammographic view, the craniocaudal (CC), should include as much medial tissue
as is possible without excluding lateral tissue.
To visualize the posterior and upper-outer quadrants of the breast. This is intrinsic to the
anatomy of the breast, which lies anterior to and follows the line of the obliquely coursing
pectoral muscle. Positioning the breast parallel to this oblique line, which is the natural
course of the tissue, it is possible to demonstrate most of the glandular tissue
8. PNL Used for Image Analysis
PNL measurement of CC should be within 1cm of PNL measurement on the
MLO view
9. PNL Used for Image Analysis
Adequate posterior nipple line (PNL) measurement differences between the
craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views. The difference in
this distance between the two views is less or equal to 1 cm
10. PNL Used for Image Analysis
Inadequate posterior nipple line (PNL) measurement differences between the
craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views. The difference in
this distance between the two views is greater than 1 cm.
11. CC Projection Aims:
To include as much of the breast
parenchyma as possible Ideally,
there should be a layer of retro-
glandular fat between the posterior
border of the parenchyma and the
edge of the image
Retroglandular fat space in the a
band of fatty tissue seen posterior
to the parenchymal glandular tissue
(arrows)
Preferably, the posterior border of
the parenchyma and retroglandular
fatty tissue, as well as a portion of
the pectoral muscle should be
visualized
12. CC Aims:
Include both medial and
lateral aspect of the breast
tissue
Visualisation of pectoralis
in 30% of all CC’s
13. CC Aims:
Nipple in profile whenever
possible, without
sacrificing breast tissue
Note: Important that one of
the views- either CC or MLO
should have nipple in profile.
14. Prerequisites for successful positioning
The IR should be at 0⁰, with
the IR parallel/horizontal to
the floor. The beam will be
directed superiorly to
inferiorly.
The radiographer stands on
the side opposite to the
breast being imagined
15. Positioning CC Projection
Ensure that the patient’s stance is stable. Have the
patient step back slightly away from the image
receptor, bending forward at the waist just enough to
allow the breast to naturally fall forward- (A)
This positioning brings the chest wall closer to the
positioning surface and allows more medial and
posterior tissue to be captured on the image.
The image receptor will be placed inferior to the
breast-(B)
Instruct the patient to relax or to droop her
shoulders. Place the patient’s hand on the abdomen
below the waist on the side to be examined. This
facilitates relaxation of the shoulder, and brings
medial tissue closer to the image receptor and allows
inclusion of more soft tissue from the upper outer
quadrant and reduces the incidence of skin folds- (C)
A
B
B
C
16. Positioning CC Projection
Raising the image receptor too high
may stop the patient from leaning
forward and relaxing into position.
Over elevating the IMF may also
eliminate posterior and inferior
breast tissue (lower-outer quadrant)
from view and perhaps from the
image – (A)
The centrally located breast tissue
overlaps and may obstruct the lower
outer quadrant tissue on the MLO
projection increasing the importance
of showing this tissue on the CC
projection.
In contrast, if the image receptor is
too low and the breast droops,
superior and posterior tissue will be
lost from visualization during
A
B
A
17. Positioning CC Projection
Have the patient keep the ipsilateral arm
close at her side, prompting the patient
once again to relax her shoulders, assists
in getting greater amount of tissue-(A)
An elevated shoulder tightens the pectoral
muscle and pulls up on the breast,
removing breast tissue from view, and
prohibits good compression-(B)
18. Positioning CC Projection
Rotate the patient’s body
slightly medially for best
visualization of the medial
and posterior tissue, even
if this means losing some
lateral tissue, which is best
imaged with the oblique
view. This is the most
important aspect of the CC
projection.
It is extremely important to
prevent eliminating any
19. Positioning CC Projection
To adequately bring the medial tissue of
the breast onto the image receptor, check
the patient’s body position. As the patient
is facing the C-arm, turn her head slightly
to the contralateral side, curving her neck
and head around the face shield and
toward the unit
Bring the opposite breast onto the image
receptor (but out of the x-ray field). Ask
the patient to lift her chin slightly; if she
tucks her chin in toward her chest, the
chest wall will draw away from the
detector.
20. Positioning CC Projection
After securing the medial aspect of
the breast, try to capture more lateral
tissue. Draw the lateral aspect of the
breast forward and onto the image
receptor; be careful not to rotate the
breast .
This manoeuvre will help to
compensate for lost lateral tissue.
Hold the breast in place, smoothing
skin wrinkles toward the nipple, and
apply compression. As the
compression gradually fixes the
breast in place, slide the stabilizing
hand out toward the nipple. Place one
hand gently on the woman’s back to
prohibit the natural movement away
from the compression
21. Positioning CC Projection
Apply firm compression.
In some women an axillary
fat pad may overlap the
lateral tissue after
compression. To
counteract this effect,
supinate the ipsilateral
hand, which flattens the
shoulder area or adjust the
shoulder back
22. Helpful Hints CC Projection
The patient may be standing too straight and erect. Have the patient
slouch drooping her shoulders. This relaxes the muscles and lets the
breast fall forward onto the IR.
Ask the patient to relax using different words such as “slouch,” “droop,” to
obtain the necessary results.
Many patients push their hips forward. Advise them to step back and lean
forward from the waist.
The contralateral breast of a larger breasted woman may inhibit
visualization of medial tissue. To overcome this, drape the medial aspect
of the contralateral breast over the edge of the image receptor, which will
allow more of the medial tissue of the imaged breast to also be pulled
forward and onto the image.
24. Assessing CC Image
To determine accurate positioning for the CC
projection, assess the image for the following:
1. Retroglandular fat space—This is a band of fatty
tissue apparent posterior to the glandular
island in most women. Although the lateral
glandular tissue may extend off the image at
the posterior aspect of the CC, this anatomical
landmark should be in evidence posterior to the
more central and medial glandular structures
(A, B , C)
A
B
C
25. Pectoral muscle presenting at the medial
aspect of the
breast. This structure, evident on 20% to 30%
of CC
images, is a radiopaque density of varying
size. Often
it has a triangular shape and mirrors itself
when apparent bilaterally. When appearance
is unilateral, the pectoral muscle can imitate
a carcinoma (Figure 7-25). An
superolateral to inferomedial oblique (SIO)
(see later
discussion) of 5 to 20 will show more of the
density
to rule out cancer (Figure 7-26).
3. Skin thickening toward the cleavage of th
26. Assessing CC Image
2. Pectoral muscle presenting at the medial aspect of the
breast. This structure, evident on 20% to 30% of CC
images, is a radiopaque density of varying size. Often it
has a triangular shape and mirrors itself when apparent
bilaterally (arrow)
-When appearance is unilateral, the pectoral muscle can
imitate a carcinoma . An lateral or medial bias CC
projection can be performed to further assess this
27. Assessing CC Image
One or all of these indicators may be absent in one or both CC mammograms
because of anatomical differences from one woman to another and from the
left breast to the right breast.
If most of the images do not show these landmarks, consider refining the
positioning method. Discretion should be used in adding subsequent images:
Remember, the goal is to image the whole breast, not the anatomical
landmarks
28. Additional CC Projections
Exaggerated Lateral Craniocaudal (XCCL)
Projection / Lateral Bias/ Extended CC
Exaggerated CC Medial Projection (XCCM)
Cleavage Projection (CV)
The exaggerated views are used to
determine the location in two projections
of a lesion seen only on the MLO
posteriorly.
Rolled CC View ( Medial or Lateral)
Tangential View
29. XCCL Projections
This view is to further evaluate lesions that
are in the extreme lateral/axillary part of the
breast that are not seen or partially seen on
the routine CC view
The XCCL is performed first because more
parenchyma and more lesions, especially
cancers, are located in the upper outer
quadrant than elsewhere
On the XCCL view, the nipple is off centre and
located in the medial aspect of the view with
extra tissue visualized in the lateral aspect of
the breast
Should not be performed as a part of standard
views, except when the posterior breast tissue
is missing in the standard straight CC view
L CC L XXCL
30. Positioning for XCCL Projection
To achieve the XCCL projection, the tube is
not angled.
X-ray beam is directed superiorly to
inferiorly as for a standard craniocaudal.
Have patient facing the unit. Turn the
contralateral side away from the image
receptor( turn the patient 45 º- oblique
position)
The lateral aspect of the ipsilateral breast
should be closest to the image receptor. Tell
the patient to lean slightly toward the
ipsilateral side, relaxing her shoulder down
and back.
Gently lift the breast and rest it on the
image receptor. Raise the image receptor to
meet the posterior lateral tissue. Pull the
breast forward and apply compression
31. XCCM Projection
This view is used to further evaluate lesions that are located in the extreme
medial part of the breast and therefore not seen or partially seen on the
routine CC view.
On the XCCM view, the nipple is off centre and located in the lateral aspect of
the view with extra tissue visualized in the medial aspect of the breast
32. Positioning for XCCM Projection
The patient is rotated anteriorly, extending her chest forward, with the far
medio-posterior aspect of the breast being imaged.
If the lesion is located high in the upper inner quadrant, it may be necessary
to elevate the cassette holder and compress the uppermost aspect of the
breast.
33. CV Projection Application and
Positioning
In addition to the XCCM, the cleavage view is performed for possible medial and
posterior lesions.
For the cleavage view, both breasts are placed over the image receptor with the
cleavage in the centre of the field.
34. Rolled CC Views
The rolled medial CC and/or rolled lateral CC views (also known as RM or RL views)
are utilized to further evaluate a finding seen only on the CC view and not the
MLO or lateral views
The finding may represent a “pseudomass” from overlapping tissue or a real mass
that is not visualized on the MLO or lateral views. If the finding is secondary to a
“pseudomass” from overlapping tissue, the process of rolling the breast medially
(and laterally will separate the overlapping tissue and the mass disappears. O
Spot compression views to the full rolled views to further evaluate the
questionable finding .
Rolled views are used in the workup of an asymmetry on the CC view.
35. Rolled CC View
Prior to compressing, the superior breast is rolled either medial or lateral,
while simultaneously rolling the inferior breast in the contralateral direction .
This motion separates the tissues; superimposed tissue will spread out, while
a true lesion will persist. Alternatively, CC views at varying angles (such as +5
and -5 degrees) may be obtained with the same goal of separating the tissue
and seeing it from a different angle.
36. Tangential View
The basis of the tangential view is to skim the area of interest with the x-ray
beam and image it within the subdermal fatty layer of tissue, where it will be
distinguishable from the surrounding tissue
The tangent view is performed to:
a) assess a palpable lump, (b) confirm that calcifications are dermal.
37. Tangential View Positioning
Place a BB marker on the palpable lump/mass or the area identified by localising
skin calcification
The angle of obliquity will depend on the location of the abnormality. To
determine the angle and direction of obliquity of either the tube, patient or
breast, draw an imaginary line from the nipple to the abnormality. Turn the C-
arm so that the image receptor parallels this line
39. Mosaic /Tile Large Breasts
Some women with large breasts may need more than two views of each breast
to image all the breast tissue adequately in the two standard projections. If
the breast is too large for the IR, it should be imaged in a mosaic/tile
pattern, using several overlapping views
Pic A demonstrates three mosaic images of the CC view, taken to image the
anteromedial, anterolateral, and posterior tissue
A B
A