This document discusses additional mammography projections that may be performed beyond standard views. It describes the purpose and technique for localized/focused compression views, magnified views, axillary views, oblique views, and others. These additional projections are used to better visualize areas not fully covered in standard views, like the axilla, or to characterize findings like microcalcifications at higher resolution. Compression and positioning techniques are modified for each special view to optimize image of the specific breast tissue being examined.
Temas tratados:
*Código de Ética Profesional para el Licenciado en Imágenes Médicas y el Técnico en Radiología.
*Protocolo de atención al paciente, en el área de Radiología.
*Concepto de Proyecciones Radiográficas (Especiales y de Rutina).
*Principios Relacionados con las Proyecciones
*Tamaños del Receptor de Imagen
*Puntos de reparo óseo
*Hábito Corporal
*Observación de Imágenes en Radiología
Temas tratados:
*Código de Ética Profesional para el Licenciado en Imágenes Médicas y el Técnico en Radiología.
*Protocolo de atención al paciente, en el área de Radiología.
*Concepto de Proyecciones Radiográficas (Especiales y de Rutina).
*Principios Relacionados con las Proyecciones
*Tamaños del Receptor de Imagen
*Puntos de reparo óseo
*Hábito Corporal
*Observación de Imágenes en Radiología
A mammography, or mammogram, is an X-ray of the breast. It's a screening tool used to detect and diagnose breast cancer. Together with regular clinical exams and monthly breast self-examinations, mammograms are a key element in the early diagnosis of breast cancer.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 009 First week of develoment B embryo .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
During the first week of embryonic development, implantation marks a crucial stage where the blastocyst, a hollow sphere of cells, adheres to the uterine lining. Normally, this occurs within the endometrium of the uterus, specifically in the fundus or body regions.
The process involves the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst forming a syncytium, which facilitates implantation and eventually gives rise to the placenta.
However, abnormal implantation sites can lead to complications such as ectopic pregnancy, where implantation occurs outside the uterus, commonly within the fallopian tubes.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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7. FACTORES DE RIESGO
MAYOR DE 35 AÑOS
ANTECEDENTES FAMILIARES
NULIPARIDAD
PRIMER EMBARAZO MAYOR DE 30 AÑOS
MENARQUIA ANTES DE LOS 12 AÑOS
MENOPAUSIA DESPUES DE LOS 50 AÑOS
TRATAMIENTO HORMONALES
DIABETES
OBESIDAD
10. Las proyecciones
complementarias:
Son aquellas que a criterio del radiólogo se realizan para ver
mejor una imagen o zona adyacente a la mama que no
quede incluida en la imagen principal (axila, cola de mama,
pliegue intermamario).
Proyección localizada
11. Proyecciones adicionales:
¿Cómo, cuándo y por qué?
Proyección localizada con máxima
compresión:
mejora la resolución espacial y el contraste de
una zona de la mama
acerca el objeto al detector por medio de una
compresión más intensa.
Se utiliza para evaluar mejor los bordes de una
lesión y para confirmar o no la existencia de la
misma.
12. Proyección localizada o focalizada:
Puede realizarse en cualquiera de las proyecciones anteriores.
Se comprime, exclusivamente, un área determinada de la
mama con un compresor de menor tamaño.
La colimación no es necesaria, así se puede corregir la
localización si esta no coincide con la zona deseada.
13.
14.
15. Proyección magnificada:
La magnificación se consigue
acercando la mama al foco. Para ello
contamos con la torre de
magnificación.
Elevamos la mama por encima del
plano de la torre, traccionando hacia
arriba y hacia fuera a la vez que la
separamos de la pared torácica.
Esta proyección produce un
incremento de la dosis, por lo que es
aconsejable colimar para reducir la
radiación dispersa.
16. Proyección magnificada:
Se realiza ante la existencia de
microcalcificaciones.
visualizarlas mejor, para su
caracterización.
Las microcalcificaciones son un objeto
pequeño y para agrandarlo se deben
alejar del detector, así como utilizar
fotones de baja energía para
aumentar el contraste.
17. Proyecciones axilar y de cola axilar en
cráneo-caudal:
son proyecciones de zonas
que no han quedado
totalmente incluidas.
19. Proyección oblicua medio-lateral de
la prolongación axilar:
Generalmente, el tubo tendrá una inclinación menor de 30º.
Se tracciona de la mama, separándola de la pared torácica, hacia arriba y
hacia delante. Sólo se incluirá la prolongación axilar de la glándula
mamaria.
Esta proyección permite la demostración de posibles lesiones localizadas
en esa zona y se mejora la visualización de las adenopatías.
21. Proyecciones de rotación o combo de
poco uso actualmente:
Ayudan a desmontar
estructuras.
Se realizan generalmente
en cráneo caudal y se
desplazan los cuadrantes
superiores sobre los
inferiores en sentido
interno o externo.
22. Proyección cráneo-caudal forzada o
exagerada externa:
Elevamos la mama por encima del plano del portachasis, se
tracciona hacia arriba y hacia fuera, separándola de la pared
torácica.
La mujer se debe girar ligeramente hacia el lado contrario
de la mama radiografiada. Se expone la parte externa de la
mama.
Se mostrarán los tejidos más externos y axilares de la mama
para visualizar posibles lesiones localizadas en esa zona.
23. Proyección cráneo-caudal del surco
intermamario:
Elevamos las mamas por encima del plano del portachasis, se tracciona
hacia arriba y hacia fuera, separándolas de la pared torácica.
Las dos mamas se apoyan sobre el portachasis y el haz de rayos se centra
en el surco intermamario.
Esta proyección se realiza para demostrar el tejido mamario que se localice
sobre el esternón.