Male reproductive system
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The document provides an overview of the male reproductive system including terminology, anatomy and physiology, sexually transmitted diseases, and prostate health. It defines key terms related to the male genitalia and reproductive processes. The anatomy section describes the structures of the scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, glands and penis. Sexually transmitted diseases discussed include HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, herpes, HPV, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis. Finally, prostate health conditions like prostatitis, BPH, cancer, and treatments such as PSA testing and TURP are outlined.
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Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. It is the reason why offspring look like their parents. It also explains why cats always give birth to kittens and never puppies. The process of heredity occurs among all living things including animals, plants, bacteria, protists and fungi. The study of heredity is called genetics and scientists that study heredity are called geneticists.
Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents. Traits are physical characteristics. You resemble your parents because you inherited your hair and skin color, nose shape, height, and other traits from them.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Tiny biochemical structures inside each cell called genes carry traits from one generation to the next. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are strung together to form long chains of DNA in structures known as chromosomes. Genes are like blueprints for building a house, except that they carry the plans for building cells, tissues, organs, and bodies. They have the instructions for making the thousands of chemical building blocks in the body. These building blocks are called proteins. Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids. Differences in genes cause the building of different amino acids and proteins. These differences cause individuals to have different traits such as hair color or blood types.
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3. Punnett squares and how they can be used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes resulting from genetic crosses.
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Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key terms include:
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, phenotype is observable traits.
- Genes hold information to build cells and pass traits to offspring. The human genome contains 25,000-35,000 genes located on 23 chromosome pairs in the nucleus.
- DNA is transcribed to RNA and translated to proteins, which determine an organism's traits. Variations in genes and chromosomes can result in genetic disorders. Common methods to study genetics include karyotyping, analyzing pedigrees, and identifying alleles and mutations. Understanding genetics provides insight into inheritance patterns and human health.
Meiosis
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This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
Pedigree charts
A pedigree is a chart that depicts a family's genetic history over multiple generations. It is used by scientists and genetic counselors to analyze patterns of inheritance for genetic traits or disorders. A pedigree shows relationships between family members and can indicate whether a disorder is autosomal or sex-linked based on who is affected. It can also reveal if a trait is dominant or recessive based on whether the disorder appears in every generation or can skip generations.
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3) Multiple alleles where a single gene can have more than two forms.
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This document provides information on assisted reproduction including definitions of infertility, prevalence of infertility by age, forms of infertility, causes of female and male infertility, investigation of infertility, treatment of ovulation disorders, and in vitro fertilization and embryotransfer (IVF-ET). Key points include that infertility is defined as no conception after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse, prevalence increases with female age from 2.1% at age 15-19 to 15.9% at age 40-44, causes of female infertility include ovulatory disorders (40%), anatomical factors (50%), and psychological factors (10%), and IVF-ET involves oocyte retrieval, fertilization in vitro, and embryo transfer.
PEDI GU REVIEW intersex
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Male infertility can be caused by issues with the testes, sperm ducts, or other parts of the male reproductive system. Common causes include varicocele, genetic conditions, infections, environmental factors, and lifestyle factors like smoking and drinking alcohol. Diagnosis involves physical exam, hormone tests, semen analysis, and sometimes ultrasound or biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, surgery, lifestyle changes, or assisted reproduction.
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Infertility.pptx
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The document discusses intersexuality and sexual differentiation. It defines key terms like sex, gender, sexual identity and discusses normal sexual differentiation in humans. Intersex is defined as discordance between chromosomal, gonadal, genital or phenotypic sex. Common types of intersex include virilization of genetic females, incomplete masculinization of genetic males, and true hermaphroditism. The document outlines evaluation, diagnosis, sex assignment and management of intersex conditions at birth and in adolescence.
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The document discusses intersexuality and sexual differentiation. It defines the different levels of sex including chromosomal, gonadal, genital and hormonal sex. Normal sexual differentiation is described where XY fetuses develop testes and masculinize, while XX fetuses develop ovaries. Intersex conditions occur when there is discordance between levels of sex. They include virilization of genetic females, incomplete masculinization of genetic males, and true hermaphroditism. The most common cause of intersex is congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Management of intersex newborns involves medical evaluation and counseling, with the goal of assigning sex by 18 months of age based on surgical and medical potential.
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Medicare provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older, or younger with disabilities. It has two parts: Part A covers inpatient care while Part B covers outpatient care. Individuals are eligible if they worked for 10 years in Medicare-covered employment and are a US citizen or permanent resident. Premiums and deductibles apply depending on income and prior payments. Supplemental Medigap plans are offered by private insurers to cover costs not paid by Medicare. The Physician Fee Schedule determines payment rates using the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale. Medicare acts as either the primary or secondary payer depending on an individual's other insurance coverage.
Chapter 12 scarce allocation
This document summarizes key issues around the allocation of scarce medical resources. It notes the large disparity between the number of people on organ transplant waiting lists compared to the number of actual transplants performed. It also discusses ethical dilemmas around issues like selling kidneys in India and guidelines for determining morally right actions. The document outlines five philosophical principles of medical ethics: non-malfeasance, beneficence, autonomy, fidelity, and justice.
Chapters 6 public duties
Physicians have certain public duties that they must perform according to law, including filling out birth and death certificates, reporting communicable diseases and injuries, documenting evidence of abuse, and addressing issues related to substance abuse and vaccinations. They must also properly collect and preserve evidence. Good Samaritan laws provide liability protection for physicians who provide emergency care outside of their normal duties. Failure to fulfill these public duties can result in civil or criminal penalties for physicians.
Chapter 7
CPT codes are organized into six main sections: Evaluation and Management, Anesthesia, Surgery, Radiology, Pathology and Laboratory, and Medicine. The CPT manual indexes procedures alphabetically by procedure name, body organ, and condition. Symbols provide additional information about codes, such as modifiers that specify alterations to services. Evaluation and Management codes consider the extent of history taken and exam performed, medical decision complexity, counseling, care coordination and other factors to determine the level of service provided to the patient.
Chapter 11
A Native American healer performed a purification ritual on an afflicted person before an ambulance crew arrived to treat them, highlighting cultural differences in healing practices. The document discusses that culture defines identities and influences beliefs about illness, acceptable behaviors, and health maintenance. It provides tips for healthcare practitioners, such as understanding a patient's cultural norms to better interpret their reactions and considering how culture may impact willingness to discuss symptoms.
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The document discusses ICD-9-CM coding which is used to code morbidity data from medical records. It covers topics like the structure of ICD-9 codes, conventions for sequencing codes, using supplementary classifications like V and E codes, and locating codes in the tabular list and index. Key aspects of coding neoplasms, hypertension, procedures, and poisoning are also summarized.
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The document discusses consent in medical care, including the definitions of informed consent and the doctrine of informed consent. It explains that informed consent requires the patient understands and voluntarily agrees to examination or treatment after being informed of what the procedure entails, possible risks and alternatives. The vignette shows how a physician can be found liable if a patient refuses a recommended test but is not adequately informed of the risks of not undergoing it. Problems obtaining consent from minors, issues of language or competency are also addressed.
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This document discusses several key legal and regulatory issues related to healthcare privacy, security, and billing standards. It covers federal laws like HIPAA, Medicare, and the False Claims Act. HIPAA established standards for electronic health transactions, privacy of health information, and security of health data. The document also discusses forms of Medicare fraud like unbundling codes, overpayments, provider liability, and the National Correct Coding Initiative to prevent unbundling. It provides an overview of administrative simplification efforts and unique identifiers required under HIPAA.
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This document discusses the life cycle of an insurance claim, including:
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Civil law governs relations between individuals and organizations, and is used when a wrongful act is committed against another person. Criminal law governs relations between individuals and the government, and is used when a wrongful act harms society. The Controlled Substances Act classifies drugs into five schedules based on their potential for abuse and addiction, from Schedule I which has no accepted medical use to Schedule V which has a limited addiction potential. Prescriptions must be issued and signed only by the registered health professional. A subpoena is a court order that can demand a person or medical records, while an expert witness testifies in court about the standard of care in a particular medical field.
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Orthopedics
This document contains information about an orthopedics class, including announcements about midterms and final exams. It also includes terminology related to bones and skeletal structures, medical conditions like arthritis, and a medical terminology bee competition. Key terms are defined in prefixes like osteo/osseo, skeleto, and suffixes like algia/dynia and malacia that indicate bones, skeleton, and pain or softening respectively.
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2) A description of botulinum toxin injections which are used to relax muscles and are injected into specific muscles, lasting 4-6 months with potential temporary bruising.
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For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Male reproductive system
- 2. Terminology Basics Genit/o Didym/o Perine/o Spermat/o or sperm/o Test/o or orchi/o or orch/o Balan/o Semin/o Coit/o or Pareun/o or venere/o Crypt/o troph/o Phim/o Priap/o Gynec/o Mast/o Prostat/o Vas/o Olig/o Hyper- Epi- Dys- Post- Trans- AIDS BPH ED FSH HIV HPV LH PSA STD VD VDRL
- 3. Male Anatomy & Physiology Scrotum Testes and epididymis Vans deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct Glands (prostate, bulbourethral) Penis Spermatogenesis Ejaculation
- 4. Sexually Transmitted Diseases AIDS (HIV) Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) Genital Herpes (HSV type 2) Genital Warts (human papilomavirus) Gonorrhea (Neissersiagonorrhoeae) Syphilis (Treponemapalidum) Trichomoniasis (Trichomonasvaginalis)
- 5. Prostate Health Prostatitis Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) Cancer of Prostate PSA (prostate-specific antigen) TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate) TURP Pre-op TURP procedure
Editor's Notes
- Latin word testis means “witness” or “one who testifies”. In Roman courts, no man was allowed to testify unless he could prove his testes were intact. The testes in the scrotum were a visible witness of manhood. He was required to take an oath with his hand on his testes. Early Greeks saw a resemblance of testes to bulb of an orchid plant and assumed medicinal qualities in the orchid to treat diseases of the testes, including sterility.Penis is also referred to as the phallus (word used in psychology). Both Romans (Latin) and Greeks thought tip of penis resembled an acorn. Greek = balan/o and Latin=glans (glans penis) means acorn.The volume of ovum is 100,000 times larger than spermataozoa.
- Genit/o genitaliaDidym/o testes (twin structures)Perine/o perineum Spermat/o or sperm/o spermTest/o or orchi/o or orch/o testesBalan/o glans penisSemin/o spermatozoon (sperm)Coit/o or Pareun/o or venere/o sexual intercourseCrypt/o hiddentroph/o or trophy process of developmentPhim/o closed tightPriap/o persistent erectionGynec/o femaleMast/o breast (mastoid process)Prostat/o prostateVas/o vans deferens or blood vesselOlig/o scantyHyper- above, more than normalEpi- upon, aboveDys- painful, difficult, abnormalPost- after, behindTrans- across, throughAIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndromeBPH benign prostatic hypertrophyED erectile dysfunctionFSH follicle stimulating hormone (stimulation of seminiferous tubules to produce sperm)HIV human immunodeficiency virusHPV human papilomavirusLH lutenizing hormone (stimulation of testosterone)PSA prostate-specific antigenSTD sexually transmitted diseaseVD venereal diseaseVDRL venereal disease research laboratory (test for syphilis)
- Scrotum containstestes or testicles (gonads) contain semineferous tubules that produce spermatozoa (sperm)testosterone (hormone) matures spermepididymisattached outer wall of testes. Sperm receive enzyme “coating”;epididymis turns into vans deferens (ductus deferens), then merges with seminal vesicles (glands that produce seminal fluid)ejaculatory duct enters prostate gland, (ejaculatory duct at prostatic end of urethra)Bulbourethral glands secrete mucus to neutralize acidity (urine in urethra)Penis functions both reproductive and urinary systems. Glans penis head of penis with urethral opening. Prepuce (foreskin) covers uncircumsized males.Erectile tissues are corpora cavernosa(upper surface) and corpus spongiosum(center underside). Tissues fill with blood during arousal causing erection, necessary for coitus (sexual intercourse)
- 65 million of people living in the US with STD15 million of new STD cases each year 2/3 of all STD's occurs in people 25 yrs of age or younger; one in four new STD cases occur in teenagers cervical cancer in women is linked to HPVdoctors are required to report newly diagnosed STD cases of gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia and hepatitis B to state health departments and the CDC one in four Americans have genital herpes, 80% of those with herpes are unaware they have it at least one in four Americans will contract an STD at some point in their lives 15% of all infertile American women are infertile because of tubal damage caused by untreated STD 12% of all infertile American men are infertile because of inflammation of the testicles and sterility caused by untreated STD
- Prostatitis generally caused by bacterial infection and can be caused by STD infection or Bladder infection.Many men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have no symptoms. When symptoms (known as lower urinary tract symptoms, or LUTS) occur, they may range from mild and barely noticeable to serious and disruptive. Symptoms may become worse during cold weather or as a result of physical or emotional stress. Some medicines can make your symptoms worse. These include over-the-counter cold medicines, and prescription medicines such as antidepressants, water pills (diuretics and pain medicines (narcotics).The symptoms of BPH may involve problems emptying the bladder or problems with bladder storage. (Difficulty starting a urine stream (hesitancy and straining),Decreased strength of the urine stream (weak flow),Dribbling after urination. Feeling that the bladder is not completely empty. An urge to urinate again soon after urinating. Pain during urination (dysuria). Waking at night to urinate (nocturia). Frequent urination. A sudden, uncontrollable urge to urinate. These symptoms are not always related to prostate enlargement and can be caused by other conditions. Prostate cancer occurs when cells in the prostate gland grow out of control. There are often no early prostate cancer symptoms, but some men have urinary symptoms and discomfort. Prostate cancer treatment options are surgery, chemotherapy, cryotherapy, hormonal therapy, and/or radiation.Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a substance produced by the prostate gland. Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer or a noncancerous condition such as prostatitis or an enlarged prostate.Most men have PSA levels under four (ng/mL) and this has traditionally been used as the cutoff for concern about risk of prostate cancer. Men with prostate cancer often have PSA levels higher than four, although cancer is a possibility at any PSA level.