Genetics and heredity
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This document discusses several key genetics and heredity concepts including: 1. Probability and how it relates to inheritance through examples like coin flips and offspring traits. 2. Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics including his studies of dominant and recessive traits using pea plants. 3. Punnett squares and how they can be used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes resulting from genetic crosses. 4. More complex inheritance patterns like codominance, multiple alleles, sex-linked traits, and analyzing pedigrees.
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Genetics and heredity
- 2. Probability
- 7. Are these inherited traits? Your eye color Your height Your hair color and texture
- 8. Are these inherited traits? Your personality Your musical, athletic, and artistic abilities
- 22. Practice! Cross a HOMOZYGOUS dominant female with a HETEROZYGOUS male using the same trait. AA AA Aa Aa What is the genotypic ratio? What is the phenotypic ratio? 2:2 or 50% 4 white fur A A A a
- 31. Can I inherit a sex-linked disease? Fathers (XY) can only pass disorders to daughters (XX) Mothers (XX) can pass disorders to both sons (XY) and daughters (XX) Most disorders are carried on the X chromosome, so males are more likely to inherit them.
- 33. What’s wrong with this Karyotype? Is this a male or a female?
- 34. What’s wrong with this Karyotype? Turner’s Syndrome
- 35. What’s wrong with this Karyotype? Klinefelter’s Syndrome
- 36. What’s wrong with this Karyotype? Down Syndrome
- 38. Royal Hemophilia Pedigree http://www.sciencecases.org/hemo/hemo.asp
Editor's Notes
- After this slide you should do the Genetics Overview and Genetics Problems #1.
- In humans, the term sex-linked traits usually refers to X-linked traits. The human X-chromosome is much larger than the Y. Thus, there are more X-linked than Y-linked traits. Most X-linked genes have no homologous loci on the Y chromosome. Most genes on the Y chromosome not only have no X counterparts, but they encode traits found only in males (e.g. testis- determining factor). Examples of sex-linked traits in humans are color blindness and hemophilia. Fathers pass X-linked alleles to only and all of their daughters. Males receive their X chromosome only from their mothers. Fathers cannot, therefore, pass sex-linked traits to their sons. Mothers can pass sex-linked alleles to both sons and daughters. Females receive two X-chromosomes, one from each parent. Mothers pass on one X-chromosome (either the maternal or paternal homologue) to every daughter and son.
- The link to the website at the bottom gives a complete history and breakdown of royal hemophilia
- Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait. You can ask questions about each individual, you could also ask genotypes/phenotypes. (See below for sample questions) Questions you can ask: Individual 2 is most likely a: carrier female If individual 8 is not color blind, what is the probability that this individual is a carrier?: 0 Let us say individual 12 marries a normal, non-carrier female. What is the probability that one of his sons will be color-blind? : 0 (males don’t donate X to sons)