contains about the introduction , causative agents , transmission , clinical features , diagnosis , management and guidelines in Nepal , breaking the chain of transmission
contains about the introduction , causative agents , transmission , clinical features , diagnosis , management and guidelines in Nepal , breaking the chain of transmission
All about Malaria in a brief.
It is prepared for medical undergraduates for passing their written, clinical and viva exam.
About sign symptoms, investigation, treatment of malaria. It will be helpful in diagnosing and giving treatment of malaria especially for Bangladesh and Indian Sub-continent.
Reference: Davidsons Medicine, WHO guideline of Malaria.
this lecture will help students from any medical field to learn more about the five species of Plasmodium Malaria, the clinical presentation of malaria, various strategies of malaria diagnosis, management of both complicated and non-complicated malaria, and management of malaria during pregnancy according to the recommendation of WHO.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tmk71zeydbw&t=12s
All about Malaria in a brief.
It is prepared for medical undergraduates for passing their written, clinical and viva exam.
About sign symptoms, investigation, treatment of malaria. It will be helpful in diagnosing and giving treatment of malaria especially for Bangladesh and Indian Sub-continent.
Reference: Davidsons Medicine, WHO guideline of Malaria.
this lecture will help students from any medical field to learn more about the five species of Plasmodium Malaria, the clinical presentation of malaria, various strategies of malaria diagnosis, management of both complicated and non-complicated malaria, and management of malaria during pregnancy according to the recommendation of WHO.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tmk71zeydbw&t=12s
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
3. • Malaria is the most important parasitic
disease of humans and often the most
common cause of fever in the tropics .
• The term Malaria originate from Italian
( mala air ) which means bad air .
3
4. •World wide :
• 2.3 billion people at risk.
• 300 – 500 million cases annually .
• 1.5 – 2.7 million deaths annually .
• One death every 20 – 30 seconds , somewhere in
the world .
• 300,000 children deaths per day under the age of
5 years.
5. • It is caused by the protozoa plasmodium.
• There are more than 400 species of plasmodium,
but the most important human species are :
• P.falciparuum.
• P.vivax .
• P.ovale .
• P.malare .
• P.knowlesi.
6. • P. falciparum :
• In Africa , New Guinea and Haiti .
• P. vivax :
• In Central and South America , North Africa , The horn
of Africa , Middle East and India.
• P.ovale :
• In West Africa
• P.malarae:
• Uncommon outside Africa .
7.
8. • In SUDAN :
• P.falciparum is the most common cause of
infection ( 87.3%), and also responsible for
about 80% of malarial deaths.
• P.vivax is increasing in incidence. (13%)
9. • Malaria is a vector borne disease , transmitted by the
bite of the female Anopheles mosquito.
• Many species can transmit malaria :
- North America--------An.free borni
- Central America------An.albimanus
- Asia----------------------An.kolienses
- Mediterranean------------An.atroparvus
- Afro-tropical------------An.arabienses , An.gambiae .
21. • Uncomplicated malaria should be suspected in:
• Any child with fever, headache, aches and pains.
• A young child who is irritable, refuse to eat and has vomiting.
• Children with pallor or a hemoglobin concentration of <8 g/dL.
• In any case laboratory confirmation with microscopy or RDTs
is mandatory, as diagnosis based only on clinical features has
very low specificity and results in overtreatment .
• Other possible causes of fever ,and whether alternative or
additional treatment is required must always be carefully
considered
26. • First line treatment in Sudan:
ARTEMETHER – LUMEFANTRINE (AL) :
• Fixed dose combination 20/120 & 80/480 as dispersible
tablets.
• The recommended dosage regimen as follows :
The 2nd dose should be taken 8 hours after the 1st dose .
The 3rd dose should be taken 24 hours after the 1st dose
The remaining 3 doses should be taken every 12 hours.
The total is 6 doses.
• The recommended dose :5-24mg/kg body weight for
artemether and 29-144mg/kg body weight for lumefantrine.
• No serious adverse reactions and no cardiotoxicity.
27. •Treatment Failure :
•Consider treatment failure if fever
and parasitaemia persist or recur
within 4 weeks after the initial
treatment .
•What are the causes of treatment
failure?
28. • Second line Treatment :
• DIHYDROARTEMISININ + PIPERAQUINE (DHAP) :
• Fixed dose combination 20/160 & 40/320 as dispersible
tablets .
• The recommended regimen is :
Once daily for 3 consecutive days.
• The recommended dose :
For dihydroartemisinin is : 4 mg/kg body weight (2-10) .
For piperaquime is :
• 16-27 mg/kg bodyweight for children weighing more than
or equal to 25 kg.
• 20-32 mg/kg for children weighing less than 25 kg .
29. • Alternative treatment for the second line is
ORAL QUININE :
10 mg salt/kg bodyweight, 8 hourly ,for 7 days .
• Treatment of Uncomplicated Vivax Malaria :
AlL must be followed by PRIMAQUINE :
0.25mg/kg bodyweight for 14 days.
32. Laboratory
1. Severe anemia :
In children : Hb less than 5 g/d , PCV less than 15%
In adults : Hb less than7 g/d , PCV less than 20%
2. Hypoglycemia :
less than 2.2 mmol/l i.e. less than 40mg /l.
3. Metabolic Acidosis :
plasma bicarbonate less than 15 mmol/l.
33. • Laboratory
4. Hyperlactataemia :
Lactate more than 5 mmol/l.
5. Hyperparasitaemia :
Parasite count more than 100,000/ml in low
transmission area , and more than 250,000/ml in high
transmission area (more than or equal to 5%
parasitaemia of RBCs)
6. Renal Impairment :
Serum creatinine more than 265mmol/l.
34. • Consider the following (8 + 8 + 4) points in the managementof patient
with severe malaria:
• Do the following 8 immediate measures:
• 1. Start resuscitation, particularly maintenance of a
patent ABCs.
• 2. Establish IV line.
• 3. Make a thick blood smear for immediate malaria
parasite count. RDTs can be useful in certain areas
• 4. Classify the degree of dehydration, assess
patient’s fluid requirements and correct
accordingly.
35. 5. Control fever if the axillary temperature is
38.5ºC or above: Tepid sponge, fanning and oral
or rectal paracetamol (15mg/kg every 4 to 6 hours)
6. Control convulsions .
7. Detect and treat Hypoglycemia
8.. Start Quinine IV or Artesunate IV(if not
accessible, Quinine IM or Artesunate suppositories
can be administered; notably in case of
Hyperparasitaemia).
36. • Look and deal withthe following 8 complications:
1. Shock, algid malaria.
2. Consider the need for blood transfusion. Transfuse blood if
there is:
1. Cardio respiratory symptoms e.g. severe anaemia.
2. PCV<20 or Hb<5g/ dL.
3. In case of metabolic acidosis.
4. If there is spontaneous bleeding and coagulation disorder :
Transfuse screened fresh whole blood or clotting factors; give
vitamin K 1 mg/day for infant, 2 -3 mg/day for children, and 5
-10 mg/day for adolescent. Vitamin K should be given SC or
IV.
37. 5. Detect &Treat cute renal failure.
6.Detect &Treat Malarial haemoglobinuria
(black-water fever):Continue with suitable
anti-malarial treatment; transfuse screened
fresh blood if needed.
7.Detect &Treat Acute pulmonary oedema.
8. Exclude common infections/conditions
that present like severe malaria.
38. • Monitor considering the following 4 points:
• 1. Level of consciousness .
• 2. Fluid input/output: Detect dehydration and
avoid fluid overload. Prevent pulmonary
oedema
• 3. Vital signs.
• 4. Level of parasitaemia
39. • Specifictreatment of patientswith SM:
1 . Pre-referral treatment at peripheral units:
This could be Quinine I.M. or Artesunate suppositories .
2.Treatment of SM at hospital settings:
1/ Treatment with IV quinine:
• Quinine can be given in one of the 3 ways depending on the patient
condition and according to the level of health facility.
1.Quinine I.V. for 7 days .
2.Quinine I.M.
3.Quinine I.V. for at least 3 days and then first-line.
• Quinine side effects:
• Rapid intravenous administration of Quinine can precipitate
hypoglycemia, hypotension and fatal cardiovascular toxicity.
40. 2. Treatment with intravenous artesunate:
Artesunate side effects:
Artesunate is generally well-tolerated and has a
better safety profile than quinine in severe
malaria .
It side-effects includes hypersensitivity reactions,
gastrointestinal disturbances, cough, rash,
arthralgia and dizziness. Clinically, the most
significant side effect is haemolysis, which has
been reported up to weeks after treatment.
41. Treatment of severe P. vivaxmalaria:
• It can also occasionally result in severe disease, as in P. falciparum
malaria.
• Severe P. vivax malaria manifestations that have been reported are
cerebral malaria, severe anemia , severe thrombocytopenia or
pancytopenia, jaundice, spleen rupture, acute renal failure and acute
respiratory distress syndrome.
• Severe anemia and acute pulmonary edema are not uncommon.
• The underlying mechanisms of severe manifestations are not fully
understood.
• Prompt and effective treatment and case management should be the
same as for severe and complicated falciparum malaria in addition
to primaquine
42. • Other antimalarial drugs that can be used :
1/ Halofantrine :
S.E. : Cardiotoxicity .
2/ Mefloquine :
S.E.: Hallucination
treatment failure could be due to inadequate dose ,poor compliance , vomiting ( the dose should be repeated if vomiting occur within 30 minutes after dose ),or drug resistense.