The document discusses the major landforms of Earth, which include mountains, valleys, plains, plateaus, islands, lakes, oceans, coasts, deserts, and rivers. Landforms are the result of internal geologic processes like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics, as well as external processes including erosion, deposition, floods, landslides, glaciers, and more. Different landforms provide various conditions for human habitation - it is easier for people to live on plains than mountains, for example. The document also notes landforms are useful resources but should be protected from overuse.

1. Major Landforms
of Earth
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Landforms of Earth:

3. Types of Landforms
1. Mountains 6. Lakes
2. Valleys 7. Ocean
3. Plains 8. Coast
4. Plateau 9. Deserts
5. Islands 10. Rivers
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4. Internal processes: This
process leads to the upliftment
and sinking of the earth’s surface
at several places.
Landforms are a
result of:
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which are the Internal processes?

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Internal processes:
examples:
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions
Movement of earth plates

7. External process: It is the
continuous wearing down and
rebuilding of the land surface.
The wearing down of earth’s
surface is called erosion. The
surface is rebuilt by the process
of deposition.
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External processes:
examples:
Landslides
Floods
Tsunami
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Glaciers

9. Landforms: Mountain
A mountain is any
natural elevation
of the earth’s
surface.
In some mountains
,there are
permanently
frozen river of
ice called glaciers
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11. The Himalayas - India, Asia
the Alps- Europe
the Andes- South America
The Appalachians- North America
Mountains vary in their
heights and shape.
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Mountains may be arranged in
a line known as range.
Many mountain systems
consist of a series of parallel
ranges extending over
hundreds of kilometres.

13. TYPES OF
MOUNTAINS
• FOLD MOUNTAINS
• BLOCK
MOUNTAINS
• VOLCANIC
MOUNTAINS
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14. 1.Fold mountains:
The Himalayan
Mountains and the Alps
are young fold
mountains.
The Aravali range in
India is one of the
oldest fold mountain
systems in the world.
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15. Block Mountains are
created when large
areas are broken and
displaced vertically.
The uplifted blocks:
horsts and the lowered
blocks: graben.
The Rhine valley and in
Europe is an example of
block mountain.
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16. Volcanic mountains
are formed due to
volcanic activities.
Mt.Kilimanjaro in Africa
and Mt. Fujiyama in
Japan are examples.
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Mountains are very useful.
• Storehouse of water.
• Rivers have their source.
• in Reservoirs the water is
harnessed.
• Water used for irrigation and
• Generation of hydro-electricity.

18. Plateaus
A plateau is an elevated
flat land.
•a flat-topped table
land standing above the
surrounding area.
• The height varies
from few hundred
metres to several
thousand metres.
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The Deccan plateau in India is one of
the oldest plateaus.
The East African Plateau in Kenya,
Tanzania and Uganda and the
Western plateau of Australia are
other examples.
The Tibet plateau is the highest
plateau in the world with a height of
4,000 to 6,000 metres above mean s.l.
* Rich in mineral deposits.

20. * African plateau is famous for
gold and diamond mining.
* In India huge reserves of iron,
coal and manganese are found in
the Chhotanagpur plateau.
* waterfalls :
In India the Jog falls in
Karnataka biggest waterfall.
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21. Plains
* Plains are large
stretches of flat land.
* They are, generally,
not more than 200
metres above mean
sea level.
* Plains are formed as
a result of deposition
by rivers.
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Generally, plains are very
fertile.
Construction of transport
network is easy.
Plains are very thickly-
populated regions of the
world.

23. largest plains: in Asia, Ganga and
the Brahmaputra in India and the
Yangtze in China.
Plains are most useful:
* great concentration of people
* Easy to construct houses
• highly productive for cultivation.
•Indo-Gangetic plains are the most
densely populated regions in India.
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24. Valley
A valley is a
low area
between
higher lands
such as
mountains.
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25. Island
An island is
land that
has water
all around it.
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26. Lake
A lake is
water that
has land all
around it.
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27. Ocean
Oceans are
the largest
bodies of
water on
earth.
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28. Coast
A coast is
the area
where the
ocean
touches the
land.
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29. Desert
A desert is
a hot dry
place with
little or no
rain.
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30. River
A river is
a long
flowing
body of
water.
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31. Humans have been living on different kinds of
landforms in different ways. Life is difficult in
mountainous areas. Plains provide much better
conditions. It is easy to grow crops, build a
house or a road in a plain than a mountain. Can
you point out some differences in the ways
people live on different kinds of landforms?
Sometimes, natural calamities such as
earthquakes, volcanic eruption, storms and
floods cause widespread destruction. Huge loss
of life and property takes place.
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32. By creative awareness about such
incidences we may lower the risks. You
may find out from your own surroundings
in how many ways we use the land and
water. Quite often we use the land in a
wasteful manner, for example constructing
houses on a fertile land. Similarly we throw
garbage on land or in water making them
dirty. We should avoid using such
important gifts of nature in a careless
manner. The available land is not only for
our use. It is our duty to leave the earth a
better place for future generations as well.
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33. Now let’s review!
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34. A _________ is water with
land all around it.
A. Ocean
B. Island
C. Lake
Hint
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35. What is the largest body of
water on Earth?
A. Ocean
B. Lake
C. River
Hint
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36. A _______ is higher than the
land around it.
A. Island
B. Mountain
C. Valley Hint
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37. What is a flowing body of water?
A. Plateau
B. Lake
C. River
Hint
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38. I am land and have water all
around me. What am I?
A. Island
B. Coast
C. Desert Hint
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