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Major Affective Disorder
Major affective disorders are characterized by disordered feelings or emotions and include bipolar disorder and unipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder involves extreme shifts between manic and depressive states, while unipolar disorder only involves periods of depression without manic episodes. Both conditions require long-term treatment including medication and therapy to control symptoms and prevent new episodes. Biological and genetic factors may contribute to the development of major affective disorders.
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Major Affective Disorder
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- 2. DEFINITION Affect, as anoun, refers to feelings or emotions. Characterized by disordered feelings.
- 3. TYPES OF AFFECTIVE DISORDER •BIPOLAR DISORDER • UNIPOLAR DISORDER
- 4. BIPOLAR DISORDER • Bipolardisorder is a mental illness marked by extreme shifts in mood ranging from a manic to a depressive state. • A person with mania will feel excited, impulsive, euphoric, and full of energy. He or she might engage in risky or unhealthy behavior. Drug use, spending sprees, and impulsive or unprotected sex are common during manic episodes.
- 5. • The depressiveepisodes might bring on deep sadness and hopelessness. Depression causes a loss of energy and interest in activities the patient once enjoyed. This phase can include periods of too little or too much sleep. Also, suicidal thoughts or attempts may come with deep depression.
- 6. TYPES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER •Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar I disorder will show at least one manic episode and one or more major depression episodes. Bipolar I disorder is equally common in men and women. The first episode in men is usually mania. In women, the first episode is typically major depression.
- 7. • Bipolar IIDisorder People with bipolar II experience major depression. But instead of mania they experience hypomania. With hypomania, a person will still exhibit high energy, impulsiveness, and excitability. However, the mood is not as extreme as full-fledged mania, and these patients never experience hallucinations or delusions during a hypomanic episode. • Cyclothymic Disorder This is a “mild” form of bipolar disorder, with mood swings that are less severe and episodes shifting from hypomania to mild depression.
- 8. • Rapid-Cycling BipolarDisorder This type of bipolar disorder causes rapid changes in mood. Sometimes a patient may have four or more episodes of major depression, mania, hypomania, or mixed symptoms within a year. Some people experience more than one episode in a week or even within one day. Rapid cycling seems to be more common in people who have their first episode at a younger age.
- 9. Common signs andsymptoms of mania include: • Feeling unusually “high” and optimistic or extremely irritable • Unrealistic, grandiose beliefs about one’s abilities or powers • Sleeping very little, but feeling extremely energetic • Talking so rapidly that others can’t keep up • Racing thoughts; jumping quickly from one idea to the next • Highly distractible, unable to concentrate • Impaired judgment and impulsiveness • Acting recklessly without thinking about the consequences • Delusions and hallucinations (in severe cases)
- 10. Common symptoms ofbipolar depression include: • Feeling hopeless, sad, or empty • Irritability • Inability to experience pleasure • Fatigue or loss of energy • Physical and mental sluggishness • Appetite or weight changes • Sleep problems • Concentration and memory problems • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt • Thoughts of death or suicide
- 11. TREATMENT Basics of bipolardisorder treatment • Bipolar disorder requires long-term treatment. Since bipolar disorder is a chronic, relapsing illness, it’s important to continue treatment even when you’re feeling better. Most people with bipolar disorder need medication to prevent new episodes and stay symptom- free. • There is more to treatment than medication. Medication alone is usually not enough to fully control the symptoms of bipolar disorder. The most effective treatment strategy for bipolar disorder involves a combination of medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and social support. • It’s best to work with an experienced psychiatrist. Bipolar disorder is a complex condition. Diagnosis can be tricky and treatment is often difficult. For safety reasons, medication should be closely monitored. A psychiatrist who is skilled in bipolar disorder treatment can help you navigate these twists and turns.
- 12. UNIPOLAR DISORDER A seriousmood disorder that consists of unremitting depression or periods of depression that do not that alternate with the periods of mania.
- 13. SYMPTOMS • Feelings ofsadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness • Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters • Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports • Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much • Tiredness and lack of energy, so even small tasks take extra effort • Changes in appetite — often reduced appetite and weight loss, but increased cravings for food and weight gain in some people • Anxiety, agitation or restlessness • Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
- 14. TREATMENT Medication: • Monoamine oxidaseinhibitors – drugs that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin. • Electroconvulsive therapy - is a type of biomedical therapy in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of a patient in order to produce a chemical change. • REM Sleep Deprivation • Tricyclic Antidepressants- drugs that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin.
- 15. CAUSES OF MAJORAFFECTIVE DISORDER • Biological differences. People with depression appear to have physical changes in their brains. The significance of these changes is still uncertain, but may eventually help pinpoint causes. • Brain chemistry. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that likely play a role in depression. Recent research indicates that changes in the function and effect of these neurotransmitters and how they interact with neurocircuits involved in maintaining mood stability may play a significant role in depression and its treatment.
- 16. • Hormones. Changesin the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. Hormone changes can result with pregnancy and during the weeks or months after delivery (postpartum) and from thyroid problems, menopause or a number of other conditions. • Inherited traits. Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives also have this condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression.