This document provides information about maize (corn) including:
- Maize was domesticated over 8,700 years ago in Central America from its wild ancestor teosinte.
- There are many varieties that differ in color, including purple, dark brown, blue, yellow, and white.
- Major types include flour corn, popcorn, dent corn, flint corn, and sweet corn.
- The document also discusses maize production, harvesting, milling, and the nutritional components and uses of maize such as starch, protein, and oils.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Major and minor millets Importance, present status and scope in J&K.pdfSUBHASHKASHYAP10
Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for human food and as fodder.
Two major millet crops currently growing in India are
Bajra (pearl millet)
Jowar (sorghum),
Other indigenous varieties of “small millets” like
Ragi (Finger millet).
Sanwa (Barnyard Millet)
Proso millet ( Cheena)
Kangni (Foxtail Millet)
why to grow millets
Low input cost: These are good for the soil, have shorter cultivation cycles and require less cost-intensive cultivation.
Climate resilience: These unique features make millets suited for and resilient to India’s varied agro-climatic conditions.
Drought tolerance: Millets are not water or input-intensive, making them a sustainable strategy for addressing climate change and building resilient agri-food systems.
The following attributes are aptly applied to millets.
a. Good for the consumer: they can help overcome some of the biggest
nutritional and health problems (iron, zinc, folic acid, calcium, diabetes);
b. Good for the planet: they have a low water footprint, are able to survive
in the hottest driest climates and will be important in coping with climate change)
c. Good for the farmer: can increase yields up to 3 fold, have multiple uses
(food, fodder, fuel), and are typically the last crop standing in times of drought being a good risk management strategy for farmers.
“Millets are beneficial for the farmers and especially the small and marginal farmers”
Millet crops do not require much water and get matured in a very short period
Superfood: Millets contain plenty of protein, fiber, and minerals
Along with reducing obesity, they also reduce the risk of iabetes, hypertension, and heart-related diseases
Millets are also very beneficial in fighting malnutrition since they are packed with energy as well as protein.”
2023, has been declared by the United Nations as International Year of Millets.
This message has reached millions of people and created mass awareness of the importance of millet.
What can be done to promote millets as nutri-cereals? कदन्न को पोषक अनाज के रूप में बढ़ावा देने के लिए क्या किया जा सकता है?
Rebranding the cereals as nutri-cereals
2) Incentive through hiking MSP
3) Providing steady markets through inclusion in PDS
4) Increasing area, production and yield
5) Intersection of agriculture and nutrition
1) setting up nutri-gardens,
2) promoting research on the inter linkages between crop diversity and dietary diversity
3) running a behaviour change campaign to generate consumer demand for nutri-cereals.
Constraints and Remedies बाध्यताएं तथा उपाये
Availability of improved and high yielding varieties of small millets
Improvement in dehulling efficiency and separation.
Improvement of shelf life of the millet-based product.
Innovative millet-based products- Innovative packaging.
Govt. Policies
Deficit mind-set: Till recent past, policies were based on the mind-set of the 19
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Major and minor millets Importance, present status and scope in J&K.pdfSUBHASHKASHYAP10
Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for human food and as fodder.
Two major millet crops currently growing in India are
Bajra (pearl millet)
Jowar (sorghum),
Other indigenous varieties of “small millets” like
Ragi (Finger millet).
Sanwa (Barnyard Millet)
Proso millet ( Cheena)
Kangni (Foxtail Millet)
why to grow millets
Low input cost: These are good for the soil, have shorter cultivation cycles and require less cost-intensive cultivation.
Climate resilience: These unique features make millets suited for and resilient to India’s varied agro-climatic conditions.
Drought tolerance: Millets are not water or input-intensive, making them a sustainable strategy for addressing climate change and building resilient agri-food systems.
The following attributes are aptly applied to millets.
a. Good for the consumer: they can help overcome some of the biggest
nutritional and health problems (iron, zinc, folic acid, calcium, diabetes);
b. Good for the planet: they have a low water footprint, are able to survive
in the hottest driest climates and will be important in coping with climate change)
c. Good for the farmer: can increase yields up to 3 fold, have multiple uses
(food, fodder, fuel), and are typically the last crop standing in times of drought being a good risk management strategy for farmers.
“Millets are beneficial for the farmers and especially the small and marginal farmers”
Millet crops do not require much water and get matured in a very short period
Superfood: Millets contain plenty of protein, fiber, and minerals
Along with reducing obesity, they also reduce the risk of iabetes, hypertension, and heart-related diseases
Millets are also very beneficial in fighting malnutrition since they are packed with energy as well as protein.”
2023, has been declared by the United Nations as International Year of Millets.
This message has reached millions of people and created mass awareness of the importance of millet.
What can be done to promote millets as nutri-cereals? कदन्न को पोषक अनाज के रूप में बढ़ावा देने के लिए क्या किया जा सकता है?
Rebranding the cereals as nutri-cereals
2) Incentive through hiking MSP
3) Providing steady markets through inclusion in PDS
4) Increasing area, production and yield
5) Intersection of agriculture and nutrition
1) setting up nutri-gardens,
2) promoting research on the inter linkages between crop diversity and dietary diversity
3) running a behaviour change campaign to generate consumer demand for nutri-cereals.
Constraints and Remedies बाध्यताएं तथा उपाये
Availability of improved and high yielding varieties of small millets
Improvement in dehulling efficiency and separation.
Improvement of shelf life of the millet-based product.
Innovative millet-based products- Innovative packaging.
Govt. Policies
Deficit mind-set: Till recent past, policies were based on the mind-set of the 19
Oats have been shown to reduce the risks of cardiovascular diseases, lower fasting blood sugar, HbA1C and high blood pressure, The health claim for oat as a "health food" was approved by FDA in 1997
Oats have been shown to reduce the risks of cardiovascular diseases, lower fasting blood sugar, HbA1C and high blood pressure, The health claim for oat as a "health food" was approved by FDA in 1997
Wheatgrass Powder is one product which has multiple health & wellness benefits such as:
Helps strengthen immune system (body resistance).
Alkaline food that helps balance blood pH towards normal.
Helps increases Haemoglobin (RBC count) in blood.
Help combat health problems like Anaemia, Thalassemia, Leukemia, Blood Cancers, Diabetes, Obesity (Weight loss), Constipation, Acidity, Piles (Hemorrhoids), Ulcers, Arthritis, etc.
For more details
Visit: https://www.wheatgrassindia.com/index.html
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. ABOUT
• Maize is the third largest planted crop after
wheat and rice.
• Maize was domesticated from its wild grass
ancestor more than 8,700 years ago in Central
America. The wild grass called teosinte.
• Teosinte had bigger kernels and more rows of
kernels , Over the time they select other
useful traits and lastly a new type was form
known as maize
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3. • The colors can also vary between varieties. :
purple,dark brown, blue, yellow, and white
maize varieties are available.
• Maize contains the pigment cryptoxanthin,
which is the precursor of vit.A.
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5. CHEMISTRY OF MAIZE
STARCH
• Starch consists of amylopectin (72-77%) and
amylose (21-28%).
• Distribution of starch in grain components
reveals that 98% is deposited in the
endosperm, embryo 1.3% and 0.7% in
pericarp.
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6. PROTEIN
• Proteins, in proportion of 15 to 18%, contain
45% prolamins (predominant is zeina) 35%
glutenin and 20% globulin. 73.1% accumulates
in the endosperm of total protein, 23.0% in
embryo and 2.2% in pericarp.
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7. • Iodine index of maize oil is 111-130. The oil
composition enters: 46% oleic acid, 41.5%
linoleic acid, 7.8% palmitic acid, 3.5% stearic
acid and others.
• Grains contain vitamins B1, B2, and E in greater
proportion, provitamin A (yellow grain
varieties), vitamin C is missing.
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9. GROWTH FACTOR AND LAND PREPARATION
OUTLINE
• Climate requirements
• Soil requirements
• Planting depth and plant technique
• Weeds removing
• Soil tillage
• Fertilisation of land Land Preparation
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10. GROWTH FACTORS
• Water / Moisture
• Temperature
• Maize crops is strongly affected by climate :,
Frost free period is require to prevent damage
between 120-140 days. Low temperature will
cause frost at all stages of maize. The critical
temperature affecting yield is approximately
32˚C. Maize is a warm weather crops of 19˚C
to 23˚C
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11. • The yield loss due to water stress will depend
on the growth stage of corn during the
drought stress as well as the length and
severity of the drought.
• At maturity, each plant will used 250l of water
in absence of moisture stress.
• Approximately 10-16kg of grain are produce
per millimetre of water use.
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12. • Moisture stress during pollination is the most
critical for reducing yield potential of corn.
• Water stress during vegetative growth stages
results in reduced plant height and leaf area,
and lower yield potential.
• Corn is most sensitive to water stress during
pollination, followed by grain-filling, and
vegetative growth stages.
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13. SOIL REQUIREMENT
• Maize production take place on soils with a
clay content of less than 10% sandy soils or in
excess 30% clay and clay-loam, texture classes
between 10 and 30% have air and moisture
regimes
• Land preparation. Deep ploughing up to 45 cm
is favourable for maize that have deep growth.
Ridges can be made at 60cm apart for maize
planting
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14. LAND PREPARATION
• Soil pH 6.5—7.5
• Well drain heavy soils with high organic matter content
and good water holding capacity.
• Maize is adapted to wild variety of soil and climate
SOIL TILLAGE
• Aims of soil tillage are weed control, incorporation of
residue, reducing wind and water erosion, improving
soil structure and prepare seedbed
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15. • Some weeds are parasitic and poisonous to
maize.
• Some weeds become alternative hosts of
pests and diseases.
• Weeds compete with the maize plant for
water, nutrients, space and light.
• The most critical period of weed competition
is during the first four to six weeks after
emergence of the crop
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17. HARVESTING
• Harvesting &Combined Harvester is used
when moisture levels drop below 18% to 24%
and then dried to below 14%
• Traditionally, when red maize cobs have dried
down and it is time for harvest, the cobs are
handpicked, hand shelled and dried in the
sun. This is very labor intensive, which has a
significant impact on the gross margin for
maize.
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18. • Maize is mostly harvested when it is fully
mature., but there are some exceptions.
• Feed maize can be as the whole maize plant
before it is completely ripe, and it can be
stored green.
• Sweetcorn is harvested when the kernals are
not fully mature,but are still rich in sweet
milky liquid.
• Mature maize is normally harvested when its
moisture content is between 10% and 25%.
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19. MILLING
• All traces of cob, dust,chaff, and foreign
materials are removed from the grain before
maize is milled.
• Maize can be processed by either wet or dry
milling.
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21. Dry milling
• The early Indians used the metate method in which the
grain was grounded in a shallow dip of a large flat
stone by the action of a smaller flat stone moved by
hand .
• This method is slightly superior to using grinding
stones.
• Pestle is used for milling ,later maize was ground using
a piece of apparatus .
• Grain was poured in to a central hole an offset handle
was turned to rotate the capstone on the stationary
netherstone.
• These are replaced by modern roller mills.
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23. 1. Sorghum (Jowar)
• Sorghum or jowar is one of the most popular
millets for weight loss
• The calcium content in jowar is closely similar
to the content in wheat and rice.
• It also packs in a neat iron, protein, and fiber
punch.
• Researches have found that a typical sorghum
wax is rich in policosanols which helps in
reducing the levels of cholesterol
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25. • foxtail millet for weight loss
• Foxtail millets are available in the form of rice,
semolina (like rava) or as fine textured flour.
• Like other millets, foxtail millet is rich in smart
carbohydrates, the kind which doesn’t
increase the blood sugar levels immediately
but releases slowly release glucose into the
bloodstream.
2. Foxtail millet
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26. • It is rich in dietary fiber, and minerals like iron
and copper.
• Due to this, it helps to reduce the levels of bad
cholesterol and keeps the immune system
strong as well.
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27. 3. Finger millet (ragi)
• finger millet for weight loss
• One of the most popular and commonly
consumed millet there could be. Due to ragi’s
nutrition, it can be considered a good
replacement for rice and wheat.
• The most notable nutritional feature is that it
is a rich source of calcium and other minerals.
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28. • It is a storehouse of protein and amino acids
that make it a good inclusion in porridges and
even wheat flour.
• Studies have suggested a beneficial role of
finger millet on blood glucose level and hence,
its positive effect on diabetics patients
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29. 4. Pearl millet (Bajra)
• pearl millet flour for weight loss
• The study has shown that Pearl millet or bajra
is said to be a miracle millet with iron content
which 8 times higher than that present in rice.
• Other facts about pearl millet nutrition are
that it is also rich in protein, fibre, and
minerals such as calcium and magnesium.
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30. • Consumption of pearl millet will help ease
constipation issues and any problems with the
digestion as well.
• Because of the nutritional line-up, it can also
make for a good lactagogue. Therefore,
induces lactation and help in efficient milk
secretion
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31. 5.Little Millet
• little millet for weight loss
• The little millet may be called little but in no
means its nutritional content is little. It is a
rich source of B-vitamins, minerals like
calcium, iron, zinc, potassium among others.
• Little millet contains around 5.2 grams of
fat with a good content of unsaturated fats
that ensures healthy metabolism and
subsequently, a healthy weight loss.
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32. • Its high fibre content is yet another positive
making it an ideal part of pongal or even
kheer instead of rice.
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33. 6.Proso Millet
• Proso millet for weight loss
• Like it’s millet cousins, proso millet is rich in
protein and low glycemic index carbs
• The developed world cultivates this millet to use
it as bird feed. It is yet to be consumed as a
mainstream millet.
• Also, because of the high content of antioxidants
and minerals like magnesium, potassium, and
phosphorus, it helps in preventing conditions like
osteoporosis
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35. • If you are looking for a millet that closely
resembles rice, then it is the Kodo millet.
• It is easy to digest and is rich in phytochemicals
and antioxidants, all of which helps prevent the
occurrence of major lifestyle diseases.
• For weight loss enthusiasts, this is the millet
that will assist in healthy weight loss. Cook it
like rice once in a while and relish without any
guilt.
7. Kodo millet
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36. • Kodo millet has shown to reduce knee and
joint pain, helps regularize menstruation in
women among others. This is attributed to
high mineral content like calcium, magnesium
and iron.
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37. 8. Barnyard millet
• Barnyard millet, with its nutritional profile,
should belong to our tables already. It has a
considerable amount of fiber that helps maintain
satiety.
• Apart from this, millet is rich sources of bone-
building minerals calcium and phosphorus.
• Its good antioxidant profile helps in improving the
complications of non-communicable diseases and
degenerative disorders like diabetes,
cardiovascular diseases, etc.
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38. • Therefore, it can be considered as an ideal
replacement for rice in dosa/idli/dhokla batters.
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