This presentation prepared by Mr. KVS Kartha on behalf of Parishath Padanakendram Kottarakkara for Science Classes Campaign in connection with the International Year of Chemistry. You can use and share this presentation as per the terms of CC BY.

1. ck-X{´hÀjw 2011
tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j¯v

2. amUw tacn Iyqdn
Ah-X-cWw X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv
]T--tI-{µw, sIm«m-c-¡-c.

3. • 1903 Â s_Iz-dÂ, ]nbdn
Iyqdn, amUw Iyqdn F¶n-
hÀ¡v ^nkn-Ivkn-pÅ
tm_Âk-½mw.
• 1911 Â amUw Iyqdn¡v ck-
X-{´-¯n-epÅ tm_Â
k½m-w.
• ^nkn-Ivknepw sIan-kv{Sn-
bnepw tm_Âk½mw
e`n¨ Htc Hcp hyàn
amUw Iyqdn-bm-Wv.

4. • tdUntbmBIvSn-h-X-bpsS
XpSÀ]-T--¯npw Kth-j-
W-¯n-p-apÅ kw`m-h--
IÄ¡mbncp¶p ^nkn-Ivkn-
pÅ tm_Âk-½mw.
• s]mtfm-Wn-bhpw tdUn-
bhpw I−p-]n-Sn-¨Xnpw
Ah thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡m-
pÅ cmk-{]-{Inb hnI-kn-
¸n-¨Xn-p-amWv ck-X-{´-¯n-
epÅ tm_Â k½m-w.

5. 1867 hw_À 7 v
t]mf−nse
hmÀkbn Pn¨p.
tacn kvt¢mtUmhvkvIn
F¶mWv bYmÀ° t]c.v
Iq«pImcpw ho«pImcpw
Ahsf enänÂanb F¶p
hnfn¨p.

6. ]nXmhv `uXnIimkv{X þ
KWnXimkv{X
A[ym]Imbncp¶p.
amXmhv A[ym]nI, ]m«pImcn,
Nn{XImcn F¶oneIfnÂ
{]ikvXbmbncp¶p.
]{´−mas¯ hbkn A½
£b-tcmKw _m[n¨v acn¨p.

7. ]¯p hb-Êm-b-t¸mÄ
A½ S-¯n-bn-cp¶
t_mÀUn§v kvIqfnÂ
tNÀ¶v ]Tn-¡m³ XpS-§n.
]n¶oSv s]¬Ip«n-
IġpŠkvIqfn tNcp-
Ibpw 1884 Â AhnsS n¶v
]mkm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

8. • t]mf-−nse tZiob ka-c-§-fn tacn-bpsS
AÑ-tâbpw A½-bp-tSbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-§Ä
kPoh ]¦mfn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
• AXp-aqew Ah-cpsS kz¯p-¡Ä jvS-am-bn.
• tacn-bpsS Xe-apd AXn-m km¼-¯nI
]cm-[o--X-I-fn s]«p.

9. • tacn-¡pw aq¯ ktlm-Zcn
“t{_mWn-Ém-h”¡pw ]Tn-
¡Wsa¶v B{K-l-ap-−m-bn-
cp-¶p.
• F¶m AXn-pÅ ]Ww
D−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
• BZyw tacn tPmen sNbvXv
]W-ap-−m-¡m-sa¶pw c−p
hÀjw Ignªv tacnsb
]Tn-¡m³ klm-bn-¨mÂ
aXn-sb¶pw AhÀ Iq«mbn
Xocp-am-n-¨p.

10. • ktlm-Z-cn-amÀ Ah-cpsS hm¡p ]men-¨p.
• AX-p-k-cn¨v t{_mWn-Ém-hsb ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ aq¶p
hoSp-I-fn tacn tPmen-sN-bvXp.
• t{_mWn-Ém-hbpsS nÀ_-Ô-¯nv hg§n 1891 Â
]T--¯n-mbn tacn ]mco-kn-te¡v t]mbn.

11. 1891 Â ]mcoknse
tkmÀt_m¬
kÀÆIemimebn tNÀ¶v
KWnXw, `uXnIimkv{Xw,
ckX{´w F¶nh
]Tn¡m³ XpS§n.
1893 Â `uXnIimkv{X
¯nepw 1894 Â
KWnX¯nepw _ncpZwtSn

12. • kvIqÄ Hm^v ^nknIvkv
B³Uv sIan-kv{Sn-bnÂ
C³kv{S-IvSÀ Bbn tPmen
tm¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p
]nb-dn.
• tacn-bpsS BZy Kth-j-W-
ta-J-e-bmb Im´n-I-X-bn-
epÅ Xmev]-cy-amWv
]nb-dntbbpw tacn-tbbpw
ASp-¸n-¨-Xv.

13. 1895 PqssebnÂ
]nbdnbpw tacn-bp-am-bpÅ
hnhmlw S¶p.

14. FIvkvþtd ¡v kam--amb
HcpXcw civan-IÄ
bp-td-nb¯n n¶pw
]pd¯p hcp¶Xmbn
sl³{Sn _Iz-d Is−¯n.
Cu hnIn-c-W-§-sf-¸än
Bbn-cp¶p
tacn-bpsS Kth-j-W-hn-j-bw.

15. •bptd-nbw kwbp-à-§-
fn F´p-sN-bvXmepw
bptd-nb¯nsâ Af-hn--
p-k-cn¨p am{XamWv hnIn-c-
W-¯nsâ km{µ-X F¶v
tacn {i²n¨p.
•AXp-sIm−v X·m-{X-IÄ
X½n-epÅ {]hÀ¯--
¯n n¶Ã Bä-¯nÂ
n¶p-X-s¶-bmWo hnIn-c-
W-§Ä F¶ Ap-am--
¯n tacn F¯n-t¨À¶p.

16. Bä-¯n-p-Ån-Â S¡p-
¶ GtXm {]{In-bbmWv
Cu hnIn-c-W-ap−m¡p-
¶-sX¶ nK-a--¯nÂ
AhÀ F¯nt¨À¶p.
tacn CXnv ‘tdUntbm
BIvSn-hnän’ F¶p
t]cn«p.

17. A¶v
tdUntbmBIvSohv
Bbn Adn-b-s¸-«ncp¶
c−p aqe-I-§tf
D−m-bn-cp-¶p-Åp.
bptd-n-bhpw
tXmdn-b-hp-w.

18. tacntbm-sSm¯p
{]hÀ¯n¡p-¶-Xn-mbn
]nbdn
{InÌ-ep-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
Xsâ ]Tw nÀ¯nh-¨p.
k¦oÀ®-X-bpÅ Hcp
[mXp-hmb
‘]n¨v»³UnÂ’ tacn
Xsâ {]hÀ¯w
XpS˦p.

19. 1898 Pqssebn bptd-n-b-
t¯-¡mÄ tdUn-tbm- B-
IvSnhXbpÅ Hcp ]pXnb
]ZmÀ°w AhÀ thÀXn-cn-s¨-
Sp-¯p.
Xsâ P·-m-SntmSpÅ
AZ-ay-amb {]Xn-]¯n-
sIm−v Cu ]pXnb
]ZmÀ°s¯ tacn
‘s]mtfm-Wnbw’ F¶p
hnfn-¨p.

20. 1899 Pp-h-cn-bnÂ
bptd-n-b-t¯-¡mÄ
]¯p-e£w C-c«n
tdUn-tbm-B-IvSn-h-X-
bpÅ Hcp aqeIw IqSn
Is−-¯n. CXnv
‘tdUnbw’ F¶v t]cv
ÂIn.

21. tacnbpsS ]T§fn n¶pÅ {][m
Is−-¯epIÄ tdUnbw {]Im-ihpw NqSpw
]pd-¯p-hnSp¶p F¶Xpw Cu hnIn-c-W-§Ä
ssPh-tIm-i-§sf in-¸n¡p¶p F¶-Xpam-Wv.

22. •tdUnbw shÅn-t]mse
shfp-¯-Xm-Wv.
•C¶v Iym³kÀ
NnIn-Õ¡pw ^vfqd-kâv
s]bnâv nÀam-W-
¯npw Ipdª
Af-hn tdUnbw
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

23. tdUn-b-hpw AXn-tmSv
kmay-apÅ KpW-[À½-§-
fpÅ t_cn-bhpw AS-
§nb k¦oÀ®-amb Hcp
[mXp-hmWv ]n¨v»³Uv.
AXn-m tdUnbw am{Xw
thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡pI Gsd
t¢i-I-c-am-Wv. 1898 Bb-
t¸m-tg¡pw IyqdnZ¼-Xn-amÀ
t_cnbw H«pw Ie-cm¯
Hcev]w td-Unbw
thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¯p.

24. • 1902 Bb-t¸mtg¡pw Hcp S¬
]n¨v»³Un n¶pw 0.1 {Kmw tdUnbw
t¢mssdUv AhÀ thÀXncn-s¨-Sp-¯p.
• 1910 Bb-t¸mtg¡pw IqSnb Af-hnÂ
tdUnbw Hä¡v thÀXncn-s¨-Sp-¡mpÅ
sshZKv[yw tacn BÀPn¨p Ign-ªn-cp¶p.

25. • ]n¨vs»³Un n¶pw ip²-amb tdUnbw
thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡m-pÅ cmk-{]-{In-b-bpsS t]äâv
kz´-am-¡m³ tacn B{K-ln-¨n-Ã.
• imkv{X-k-aq-l-¯nv Cu hnZy kz´-am-Is«
F¶m-W-hÀ B{K-ln-¨-Xv.

26. •1906þÂ Hcp IpXn-c-h−nb-]-
I-S-¯n ]nb-dn-Iyqdn ac-W-a-
S-ªp.
•tdUn-tbm-B-IvSohv hnIn-c-W-
§Ä [mcm-f-ambn GäXnmÂ
]nbdn ZpÀ_-e-m-bn-cps¶¶v
Duln-¡ps¶-¦nepw A]-ISw
D−m-bXv AXp-sIm-−mWv
F¶-Xnv hyà-amb sXfn-
shm¶pw CÃ.

27. • ]nb-dn-bpsS acWw
tacnsb hÃmsX
XfÀ¯n.
• Kth-j-W-¯n ebn-¨-
Xp-sIm-−p-am-{X-amWv
B ZpJ-¯n n¶pw
A-hÀ Ic-I-b-dn-b-Xv.

28. • tkmÀ-t_m-¬ kÀh-I-em-
im-e-bn ]nb-dn-sb BZ-
cn-¡p-¶-Xnpth−n D−m-
¡s¸« s{]m^-k-À
]Zhn 1906 Â tacn¡p
ÂIn.
• A§s tacn tkmÀ-t_m-
Wnse BZy hn-Xm-
s{]m-^-k-dm-bn.

29. ]nb-dn-bpsS t]cnÂ
ma-I-cWw sN¿-
s¸« tdUnbw
C³Ìn-«yq-«nsâ
]Wn-IÄ 1914
BKÌnÂ
]qÀ¯o-I-cn¨p.
{^©p-K-h¬saân n¶pÅ [-k-lm-b-t¯msS
nÀ½n¨ C³Ìn-äyq«v {][m--ambpw sshZyimkv{X
ta-J-e-bn-se Kth-j-W§Ä¡p th-−n-bmWv
Øm]n-X-am-bXv.

30. •C³Ìn-äyq«v Bcw`n¨v
A[nIw sshImsX H¶mw
temIalm-bp²w s]m«n-¸p-d-
s¸«p.
•AtXmsS C³Ìn-äyq-«nse
tPmen-¡m-cpsS F®w
sh«n-¡p-d-¡-s¸-«p.
•tacnbpw aIÄ sFdnpw
am{X-am-Wv A¶v C³Ìn-äyq-
«n Ah-ti-jn-¨-Xv.

31. ]nb-dn-þ-tacn Iyqdn
Z¼-Xn-IÄ¡v tm_Â
k½m--t¯m-sSm¸w
e`n¨ kzÀ®-sa-UÂ
bp²-^−nte¡p
kw`m-h sN¿pIbpw
Hcp gvkmbn tkh--a-
p-jvSn-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.

32. •bp²-cw-K¯v
tUmIvSÀamÀ¡v D]-tbm-
Kn-¡m³ k©-cn-¡p¶
tdUn-tbm-{Km^n bqWn-äp-
IÄ nÀ½n-¡m³ tacn
tXrXzw ÂIn.
•A§s k©-cn-¡p¶
20 bqWn-äp-I-f-S¡w 220
bqWn-äp-IÄ
nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«p.

33. •]«m-f-¡msc NnIn-Õn-¡m³
tdUn-b-¯n n¶p-−m-
Ip¶ “dmtUm¬” nd¨
sIm¨p Syq_p-IÄ tacn
Xs¶ tcn«v nÀ½n-¨v
ÂIn.
•“enän Iyqdokv” F¶mWv
Cu Syq_p-IÄ Adn-b-s¸-«-Xv.

34. tUmIvSÀamÀ tcmKn-bpsS tcmK-_m-[n-X-amb
tImi-§sf in-¸n-¡m³ Cu Syq_p-IÄ tImi-
§-fpsS ASp¯v tNÀ¯phbv¡pw.

35. •1918 Â bp²w Ah-km-n-¨-
t¸mÄ tacn Xsâ a¡-fmb
sFdn-tâbpw Cuhn-tâbpw
H¸w Gsd mÄ sNe-
hgn¨p.
•c−p aq¶p hÀj-¯nv
tijw ]mco-knse C³Ìn-
äyq-«n Xncn-s¨¯n Xsâ
tdUnbw Kthj-W-§-fnÂ
apgpIn.

36. •tdUn-b-hp-am-bpÅ nc-´-c-
k-¼À¡w A]-I-S-am-sW¶v
tacn-¡-dn-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.
•tdUn-tbm-B-Iväohv
sFtkm-tSm-¸p-IÄ AS-
§nb Syq_p-IÄ tacn tai-
h-en-¸n kq£n-¡p-Ibpw
t]m¡-än sIm−p--S-¡p-
Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p.

37. tdUn-b-hp-am-bpÅ
nc-´-c-k-¼À¡w
aqew 1911 Bb-t¸m-
tg¡pw tacn ISp¯
hr¡-tcm-K-¯n--Sn-
s¸-«p.

38. kpc-£m-kw-hn-[m--§Ä
H¶p-an-Ãm¯ Hcp
sjUn-emWv tacn
Kth-j-W-{]-hÀ¯--§Ä
sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv.

39. • Cu hnIn-c-W-§Ä aqew D−m-
Ip¶ A¹m-ÌnIv Ao-anb
F¶ tcmKw _m[n-¨-tXmsS
tacnbpsS BtcmKyw Ap-
Znw £bn¨p h¶p.
• tacn ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶
t]¸-dp-IÄ t]mepw hfsc
A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fm-sW¶v Is−-
¯n-b-Xp-sIm−v seUvsse-n-
§pÅ s]«n-I-fn-emWv C¶h
kq£n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

40. 1934 Pqsse 4 v
Ing-¡³ {^m³knse
Hcp km-täm-dn-b-¯n h¨v
B al-¯mb Pohn-X-¯nv
Xnc-Èoe hoWp.

41. • 1903þ^n-kn-Ivkn tm_ k½mw
• 1911-þ-sI-an-kv{Sn-bn tm_ k½mw
• 1903-þ-tUhn saUÂ
• 1904-þ-am-äyqkn saUÂ
• 1909-þ-F-en-b«v {Ik¬ saUÂ
• {^©v eoPn-b³ Hm^v HmWÀ
• t]m-f−nse tem t]mfn-sS-Ivn-Iv,
s]mkvm³ kÀh-I-em-im-e, {Iqt¡mhv
PmKn-sb-tÃm-Wn-b³ - kÀh-I-em-im-e,
hmgvk t]mfn-sS-IvnIv F¶n-h-bpsS
HmW-ddn tUmIvS-tdäv

42. • 1935-þ-hmgvkm tdUnbw C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ
ap¶n amUw Iyqdn-bpsS {]Xna
• 1967þ amUw Iyqdn-bpsS HmÀ½bv¡v
hmgvk-bn ayqkn-bw.
• tdUn-tbm-B-IvSo-h-X-bpsS bqWn-änv
Iyqdn F¶p t]cp ÂIn.
• Atäm-an-IvkwJy 96 DÅ aqe-I-¯nv
Iyqdnbw F¶p t]cp ÂIn.
• Iyqssd-äv, kvtImtkmhv kvssIäv,
Ipt{]m-kvtIm-tkmhvkv kvssIäv
F¶nh bptd-nbw [mXp-¡Ä¡p
ÂInb t]cp-IÄ.
• {^m³knsâ Ìm¼v, ]gb 500 {^m¦v
tm«v, mW-b-§Ä Ch-bn amUw
Iyqdn-bpsS Nn{Xw.

43. • tm_Âk½mw tSnb BZy hn-X.
• c−p taJ-e-I-fn tm_ k½mw
tSnb Htc Hcp hnX.
• tkmÀ-t_m-¬ kÀh-I-em-im-e-bnse
BZy hnXm s{]m^-kÀ.
• ]mcokv ]m´n-tbm-Wn-te¡v tijn-¸p-
IÄ amä-s¸« BZy hnX.
F¶n«pw
{^©v kb³kv A¡m-Uan
tacn¡v AwKXzw ÂIn-bn-Ã.
hnX Bb-Xp-sIm-−p-am-{Xw.

44. bps-kvtImbv¡v th−n
yq kbânÌv amK-kn³ 2009 Â
S-¯nb thms«-Sp-¸nÂ
imkv{X-¯nÂ
Gähpw Bth-iw-sIm-Ån-¡p¶ hn-X-bmbn
sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«Xv aäm-cp-ambn-cp¶n-Ã.
amUw Iyqdn Xs¶.

45. am-hnI aqey-§-fpsS DZm-¯-am-Xr-I.
{]Xn-_-²-X-bpÅ imkv{X-K-th-j-I.
ASn-bp-d¨ kmaq-ly-t_m-[w.
efn-X-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en.
hn-X-I-fpsS hgn-Im-«n.
am-h-cm-in-¡v PohnXw _en-bÀ¸n¨ t]mcmfn.

46. amUw Iyqdn-
F-s¶¶pw
ap¡v Bth-ihpw amXr-Ibpw
Bbn-cn-¡s«.