Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in England to a wealthy family. He studied medicine but found he preferred natural history. In 1831, he joined the HMS Beagle expedition as a self-funded naturalist to explore South America over 5 years. During the voyage, Darwin made many discoveries that challenged existing theories, such as finding fossils of extinct giant mammals in Patagonia and observing marine invertebrates and finches that varied between islands. These observations formed the foundation of his later theory of evolution by natural selection.
Charles Robert Darwin was a famous English naturalist born in 1809 who developed the theory of evolution through natural selection. After graduating from university, he traveled on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836, studying plants and animals. Upon his return, he published On the Origin of Species in 1859 introducing his theory of evolution. He married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and they had ten children, though some died young. Darwin made significant contributions to scientific thought and our understanding of life on Earth.
Charles Robert Darwin was undoubtedly the first naturalist who put the idea of Organic evolution on sound footing.
His statements and theories were based upon practical experiences and large number of proofs which he collected directly from the nature.
He devoted his whole life for the purpose of finding out proofs in support of the theory of organic evolution.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations between species on the Galapagos Islands. He proposed that organisms change over generations through a process of natural selection, where individuals with traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits, leading to evolution of species over time. The fossil record and similarities in anatomy and DNA between living and extinct species provide supporting evidence for Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection.
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations between species during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. His findings showed that isolated populations evolve distinct traits, like the varied tortoises on the Galapagos Islands. He hypothesized that organisms better adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and pass on their traits, leading to the emergence of new species over generations. Fossils, anatomical similarities, and biogeography provide evidence that all life shares a common ancestry.
Slides describes the journey of great naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin and his research at Galapagos islands.Darwin visited Galapagos islands during 18th century on his famous voyage. The main aim of the voyage was to study zoology and different animal species in each continent.
While his stay at Galapagos Darwin observed species of Giant tortoises and the Finches( also called as Darwin Finches in honor of his work). He found that there was difference in the appearance in animals of the same species relative to their habitat. This research helped Darwin to deliver the famous Theory Of Evolution. Ecuador Government established Charles Darwin Research Center at Galapagos Islands in honor of his work.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations and evidence from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He proposed that (1) natural variation exists between individuals of a species, (2) there is a struggle for existence as members of a species compete for limited resources, and (3) the individuals best suited for their environment (the fittest) will survive and pass on their traits, leading to the evolution of species over time. Darwin provided evidence from fossils, biogeography, embryology, and homologous structures to support his theory of common descent and evolution.
1) Charles Darwin was a British naturalist born in 1809 who studied medicine and divinity before joining a scientific expedition on the HMS Beagle as their geologist from 1831-1836.
2) While traveling on the Beagle, Darwin was influenced by the ideas of Charles Lyell and observed unique species of finches on the Galapagos Islands, sparking his theory of evolution by natural selection.
3) After corresponding with Alfred Russel Wallace, Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, introducing his theory that organisms change over generations through a process of natural selection, survival of the fittest, and gradual speciation from common ancestors.
Darwin's theory of evolution proposed that all species evolved over time from common ancestors through a process of natural selection acting on hereditary variation in populations. His main ideas included common descent, whereby all organisms are related through descent from some unknown ancient ancestor; gradualism, where new species slowly accumulate adaptations to different environments over time; and natural selection, as the mechanism driving evolution by preferentially reproducing individuals with advantageous traits.
Charles Robert Darwin was a famous English naturalist born in 1809 who developed the theory of evolution through natural selection. After graduating from university, he traveled on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836, studying plants and animals. Upon his return, he published On the Origin of Species in 1859 introducing his theory of evolution. He married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and they had ten children, though some died young. Darwin made significant contributions to scientific thought and our understanding of life on Earth.
Charles Robert Darwin was undoubtedly the first naturalist who put the idea of Organic evolution on sound footing.
His statements and theories were based upon practical experiences and large number of proofs which he collected directly from the nature.
He devoted his whole life for the purpose of finding out proofs in support of the theory of organic evolution.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations between species on the Galapagos Islands. He proposed that organisms change over generations through a process of natural selection, where individuals with traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits, leading to evolution of species over time. The fossil record and similarities in anatomy and DNA between living and extinct species provide supporting evidence for Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection.
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations between species during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. His findings showed that isolated populations evolve distinct traits, like the varied tortoises on the Galapagos Islands. He hypothesized that organisms better adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and pass on their traits, leading to the emergence of new species over generations. Fossils, anatomical similarities, and biogeography provide evidence that all life shares a common ancestry.
Slides describes the journey of great naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin and his research at Galapagos islands.Darwin visited Galapagos islands during 18th century on his famous voyage. The main aim of the voyage was to study zoology and different animal species in each continent.
While his stay at Galapagos Darwin observed species of Giant tortoises and the Finches( also called as Darwin Finches in honor of his work). He found that there was difference in the appearance in animals of the same species relative to their habitat. This research helped Darwin to deliver the famous Theory Of Evolution. Ecuador Government established Charles Darwin Research Center at Galapagos Islands in honor of his work.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations and evidence from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He proposed that (1) natural variation exists between individuals of a species, (2) there is a struggle for existence as members of a species compete for limited resources, and (3) the individuals best suited for their environment (the fittest) will survive and pass on their traits, leading to the evolution of species over time. Darwin provided evidence from fossils, biogeography, embryology, and homologous structures to support his theory of common descent and evolution.
1) Charles Darwin was a British naturalist born in 1809 who studied medicine and divinity before joining a scientific expedition on the HMS Beagle as their geologist from 1831-1836.
2) While traveling on the Beagle, Darwin was influenced by the ideas of Charles Lyell and observed unique species of finches on the Galapagos Islands, sparking his theory of evolution by natural selection.
3) After corresponding with Alfred Russel Wallace, Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, introducing his theory that organisms change over generations through a process of natural selection, survival of the fittest, and gradual speciation from common ancestors.
Darwin's theory of evolution proposed that all species evolved over time from common ancestors through a process of natural selection acting on hereditary variation in populations. His main ideas included common descent, whereby all organisms are related through descent from some unknown ancient ancestor; gradualism, where new species slowly accumulate adaptations to different environments over time; and natural selection, as the mechanism driving evolution by preferentially reproducing individuals with advantageous traits.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed the first theory of evolution in 1809, suggesting that organisms acquire characteristics during their lifetime to adapt to their environment, and pass these acquired traits to their offspring. Over many generations, the accumulation of acquired characteristics leads to the emergence of new species. Lamarck's theory was later disproven when genetics showed that acquired characteristics are not heritable, but it represented the first scientific attempt to explain the evolution of life on Earth.
Evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits. The evidence for evolution includes fossils showing gradual changes over time, similarities in anatomy across species, and molecular comparisons showing closer genetic relatedness between more closely related organisms. Disruptions to genetic equilibrium such as mutations, genetic drift, and natural selection can drive evolutionary changes within populations over many generations.
Darwin's theory of evolution proposed that all species evolved over time from common ancestors through a process of natural selection acting on inheritable variation within populations. His key ideas included common descent, whereby all organisms are related through descent from some unknown ancient ancestor; gradualism, where new species slowly accumulate adaptations to different environments over time; and natural selection, in which individuals with favorable traits that aid survival are more likely to reproduce and pass on those traits.
Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, with four main ideas: 1) Common descent, that all organisms are related through descent from a shared ancestor, 2) Gradualism, that new species arise gradually through accumulation of adaptations, 3) Multiplication of species, whereby gradual changes lead to diversification, and 4) Natural selection, the mechanism by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and produce offspring.
This document provides an overview of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses how Darwin made careful observations as a naturalist which led him to question how the diversity of life arose and why so many species had become extinct. His theory proposed that life changes over generations through a process of natural selection, where traits that aid survival and reproduction are passed on. Offspring often outnumber resources, creating competition, and only the best adapted individuals survive to reproduce and pass on their traits. Over long periods of time, this process of gradual change leads to the descent of species with modification.
All living things evolved from a common ancestor through the process of evolution by natural selection over long periods of time. Evolution is supported by extensive evidence from various scientific disciplines including genetics, comparative anatomy, the fossil record, and observations of natural selection in present-day populations. While evolution was once controversial, it is now widely accepted in the scientific community as a fundamental principle of modern biology.
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPointMel Anthony Pepito
Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection to explain the diversity of life. Through his travels and observations, he noticed that species varied in different environments and regions. He proposed that species evolve over generations as natural selection favors individuals with traits better suited to their environment, leading to the descent of all species with modification from common ancestors.
The document summarizes several key theories and concepts related to evolution:
1. It describes Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, such as giraffes stretching their necks to reach leaves, and passing longer necks to offspring.
2. Darwin's theory of natural selection is explained, relying on overproduction of offspring, variation between individuals, competition for resources, adaptation, and natural selection of favorable traits.
3. De Vries' mutation theory proposed that new species can suddenly appear through single mutations, providing raw material for evolution.
4. The modern synthesis combines Darwin's natural selection with genetics, explaining evolution as gradual changes in populations through natural selection and accumulation of small genetic
This slide includes information about caring behavior of animals over other animals.It help to increase your knowledge about that how an animals sacrifice his or her need to protect and care other animals.This content also include eamples of Altruism in our daily life .
This document provides an overview of evolution including:
1) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, where organisms change over generations through heritable traits that provide an advantage.
2) Evidence that supported Darwin's ideas like fossils showing gradual changes and biogeography patterns.
3) The mechanisms of evolution including mutation, genetic drift, migration and natural selection acting on variation between individuals.
4) Examples of evolution through changes in species like whales becoming aquatic and Darwin's finches on the Galapagos.
Theory of evolution by natural selectionLekhan Lodhi
Charles Darwin first proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more, passing on those favorable traits. For natural selection to occur there must be genetic variation within a population, the variations must be heritable, individuals must compete for limited resources, and favorable traits must increase reproductive success over time. These conditions lead to adaptations becoming more common and populations changing.
The modern synthetic theory is the most widely accepted theory explaining organic evolution through genetics, molecular biology, and other modern fields of biology. It was first proposed by Dobzhansky in 1937 and further developed by Huxley, Muller, Fisher, Wright, Myer, and Stebbins. The theory explains that evolution occurs through five basic processes: gene mutation, chromosomal aberration, recombination, natural selection of adaptive characters, and reproductive isolation. Genetic drift and hybridization are also considered accessory factors in the modern synthesis theory of evolution.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - through amphibians or reptiles. While amphibian ancestry was proposed, reptilian ancestry is now widely accepted based on fossil evidence. Many characteristics of early mammal-like reptiles called therapsids were mammalian. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period but remained small until after the extinction of dinosaurs. When ecological niches opened up in the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent adaptive radiations into various forms through modifications of limbs, teeth and other features for different habitats like trees, ground, burrows, water and air. Convergent evolution also led to similarities between unrelated mammals adapting to the same nic
- Birds evolved from reptiles and Archaeopteryx possessed both reptilian and avian features. Key avian traits include feathers, hollow lightweight bones, beaks, endothermy, and amniotic eggs.
- Birds have highly specialized organ systems for flight including strong heart and respiratory systems. Their feathers provide insulation and flight abilities.
- There are many orders of birds with varied traits like waterfowl that are aquatic, owls with keen vision and hearing, and songbirds that communicate through song.
Chapter 15.1 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selectionkathy_lambert
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection based on observations from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He noticed that species on the Galapagos Islands were closely related but had adapted to their environments in slightly different ways. Darwin hypothesized that natural selection - the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits to offspring - could lead to the emergence of new species over many generations. The key principles of natural selection are that traits vary between individuals, traits are heritable, and some traits make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce.
I tried to integrate basic and important concepts of evolution from different ppt that can be downloaded here in slideshare to have a consolidated theme about evolution.
Human evolution began with early hominids like Proconsul that lived 20 million years ago. Early humans included Australopithecines like Lucy that walked upright 3.9-3 million years ago. Genus Homo emerged around 2.5 million years ago including Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Neanderthals lived in Europe 200,000-24,000 years ago before being replaced by modern humans with globular brains and flatter faces 130,000-90,000 years ago.
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )Al Nahian Avro
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems.
Charles Darwin nació en 1809 en Inglaterra. Después de estudiar medicina y teología, se unió al HMS Beagle como naturalista en un viaje alrededor del mundo de 5 años. Sus observaciones sobre la diversidad biológica en las Galápagos lo llevaron a desarrollar la teoría de la evolución por selección natural, que propuso que las especies cambian gradualmente a través de la selección natural de variaciones hereditarias ventajosas. Publicó El origen de las especies en 1859, causando un gran impacto
Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed the first theory of evolution in 1809, suggesting that organisms acquire characteristics during their lifetime to adapt to their environment, and pass these acquired traits to their offspring. Over many generations, the accumulation of acquired characteristics leads to the emergence of new species. Lamarck's theory was later disproven when genetics showed that acquired characteristics are not heritable, but it represented the first scientific attempt to explain the evolution of life on Earth.
Evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits. The evidence for evolution includes fossils showing gradual changes over time, similarities in anatomy across species, and molecular comparisons showing closer genetic relatedness between more closely related organisms. Disruptions to genetic equilibrium such as mutations, genetic drift, and natural selection can drive evolutionary changes within populations over many generations.
Darwin's theory of evolution proposed that all species evolved over time from common ancestors through a process of natural selection acting on inheritable variation within populations. His key ideas included common descent, whereby all organisms are related through descent from some unknown ancient ancestor; gradualism, where new species slowly accumulate adaptations to different environments over time; and natural selection, in which individuals with favorable traits that aid survival are more likely to reproduce and pass on those traits.
Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, with four main ideas: 1) Common descent, that all organisms are related through descent from a shared ancestor, 2) Gradualism, that new species arise gradually through accumulation of adaptations, 3) Multiplication of species, whereby gradual changes lead to diversification, and 4) Natural selection, the mechanism by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and produce offspring.
This document provides an overview of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses how Darwin made careful observations as a naturalist which led him to question how the diversity of life arose and why so many species had become extinct. His theory proposed that life changes over generations through a process of natural selection, where traits that aid survival and reproduction are passed on. Offspring often outnumber resources, creating competition, and only the best adapted individuals survive to reproduce and pass on their traits. Over long periods of time, this process of gradual change leads to the descent of species with modification.
All living things evolved from a common ancestor through the process of evolution by natural selection over long periods of time. Evolution is supported by extensive evidence from various scientific disciplines including genetics, comparative anatomy, the fossil record, and observations of natural selection in present-day populations. While evolution was once controversial, it is now widely accepted in the scientific community as a fundamental principle of modern biology.
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPointMel Anthony Pepito
Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection to explain the diversity of life. Through his travels and observations, he noticed that species varied in different environments and regions. He proposed that species evolve over generations as natural selection favors individuals with traits better suited to their environment, leading to the descent of all species with modification from common ancestors.
The document summarizes several key theories and concepts related to evolution:
1. It describes Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, such as giraffes stretching their necks to reach leaves, and passing longer necks to offspring.
2. Darwin's theory of natural selection is explained, relying on overproduction of offspring, variation between individuals, competition for resources, adaptation, and natural selection of favorable traits.
3. De Vries' mutation theory proposed that new species can suddenly appear through single mutations, providing raw material for evolution.
4. The modern synthesis combines Darwin's natural selection with genetics, explaining evolution as gradual changes in populations through natural selection and accumulation of small genetic
This slide includes information about caring behavior of animals over other animals.It help to increase your knowledge about that how an animals sacrifice his or her need to protect and care other animals.This content also include eamples of Altruism in our daily life .
This document provides an overview of evolution including:
1) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, where organisms change over generations through heritable traits that provide an advantage.
2) Evidence that supported Darwin's ideas like fossils showing gradual changes and biogeography patterns.
3) The mechanisms of evolution including mutation, genetic drift, migration and natural selection acting on variation between individuals.
4) Examples of evolution through changes in species like whales becoming aquatic and Darwin's finches on the Galapagos.
Theory of evolution by natural selectionLekhan Lodhi
Charles Darwin first proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more, passing on those favorable traits. For natural selection to occur there must be genetic variation within a population, the variations must be heritable, individuals must compete for limited resources, and favorable traits must increase reproductive success over time. These conditions lead to adaptations becoming more common and populations changing.
The modern synthetic theory is the most widely accepted theory explaining organic evolution through genetics, molecular biology, and other modern fields of biology. It was first proposed by Dobzhansky in 1937 and further developed by Huxley, Muller, Fisher, Wright, Myer, and Stebbins. The theory explains that evolution occurs through five basic processes: gene mutation, chromosomal aberration, recombination, natural selection of adaptive characters, and reproductive isolation. Genetic drift and hybridization are also considered accessory factors in the modern synthesis theory of evolution.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - through amphibians or reptiles. While amphibian ancestry was proposed, reptilian ancestry is now widely accepted based on fossil evidence. Many characteristics of early mammal-like reptiles called therapsids were mammalian. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period but remained small until after the extinction of dinosaurs. When ecological niches opened up in the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent adaptive radiations into various forms through modifications of limbs, teeth and other features for different habitats like trees, ground, burrows, water and air. Convergent evolution also led to similarities between unrelated mammals adapting to the same nic
- Birds evolved from reptiles and Archaeopteryx possessed both reptilian and avian features. Key avian traits include feathers, hollow lightweight bones, beaks, endothermy, and amniotic eggs.
- Birds have highly specialized organ systems for flight including strong heart and respiratory systems. Their feathers provide insulation and flight abilities.
- There are many orders of birds with varied traits like waterfowl that are aquatic, owls with keen vision and hearing, and songbirds that communicate through song.
Chapter 15.1 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selectionkathy_lambert
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection based on observations from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He noticed that species on the Galapagos Islands were closely related but had adapted to their environments in slightly different ways. Darwin hypothesized that natural selection - the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits to offspring - could lead to the emergence of new species over many generations. The key principles of natural selection are that traits vary between individuals, traits are heritable, and some traits make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce.
I tried to integrate basic and important concepts of evolution from different ppt that can be downloaded here in slideshare to have a consolidated theme about evolution.
Human evolution began with early hominids like Proconsul that lived 20 million years ago. Early humans included Australopithecines like Lucy that walked upright 3.9-3 million years ago. Genus Homo emerged around 2.5 million years ago including Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Neanderthals lived in Europe 200,000-24,000 years ago before being replaced by modern humans with globular brains and flatter faces 130,000-90,000 years ago.
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )Al Nahian Avro
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems.
Charles Darwin nació en 1809 en Inglaterra. Después de estudiar medicina y teología, se unió al HMS Beagle como naturalista en un viaje alrededor del mundo de 5 años. Sus observaciones sobre la diversidad biológica en las Galápagos lo llevaron a desarrollar la teoría de la evolución por selección natural, que propuso que las especies cambian gradualmente a través de la selección natural de variaciones hereditarias ventajosas. Publicó El origen de las especies en 1859, causando un gran impacto
1) Charles Darwin nasceu em 1809 na Inglaterra e tornou-se um naturalista famoso.
2) Durante 5 anos, Darwin participou de pesquisas nas Américas do Sul e Central, Austrália e Nova Zelândia.
3) Após a viagem, Darwin tentou descobrir a razão da diversidade de plantas e animais e escreveu "A Origem das Espécies" e "A Descendência do Homem", onde apresentou suas ideias sobre evolução.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection after making observations on his voyage on the Beagle and gathering evidence that species adapt to their environments over generations. Through natural selection, individuals with traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on those traits, causing populations to evolve over time. Darwin's observations of related but different species on the Galapagos Islands provided evidence that all life shares a common ancestor that diverges through this process of descent with modification.
Biographical Scrapbook of Charles Darwin- Colby Romecisasteelersfan
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was a famous British scientist known for developing the theory of evolution by natural selection. As a naturalist on the HMS Beagle's voyage around the world from 1831-1836, Darwin observed similarities between plants and animals on the Galapagos Islands and South America, leading him to develop his theory of evolution and natural selection. Darwin spent many years researching and conducting experiments to support his theory, which he published in his influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species. Though controversial at the time due to contradicting religious views, the book was very successful and helped establish evolutionary theory as the predominant scientific explanation for biological change.
Charles Darwin embarcou na viagem do HMS Beagle em 1831 para mapear a costa sul-americana. Durante a viagem, ele fez observações científicas que o levaram a desenvolver sua teoria da evolução das espécies através da seleção natural, incluindo a descoberta de diferentes espécies relacionadas nas Galápagos. Suas descobertas durante a viagem do Beagle forneceram as bases para sua teoria revolucionária da evolução.
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
- Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during his voyage on the HMS Beagle from 1831 to 1836.
- He noticed that species varied between different locations and began to hypothesize that species evolved over time through natural selection, where individuals better suited to their environment were more likely to survive and pass on their traits.
- In his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, Darwin outlined his theory that evolution occurred gradually through natural selection acting on small inherited variations, resulting in the descent of all species from common ancestors and the diversification of life over deep time.
Darwin proposed four main ideas about evolution: 1) Common descent - all organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor; 2) Gradualism - new species arise gradually through accumulation of small adaptations over time; 3) Multiplication of species - populations tend to increase in size, leading to new species; 4) Natural selection - individuals with traits better suited to the environment will leave more offspring, driving evolution.
The document provides information about human evolution and the theory of evolution. It discusses key topics like the two main theories of evolution proposed by Darwin and Lamarck. It also summarizes the major human ancestors throughout different eras like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Physical evidence and discoveries that have helped support the theory of evolution are also briefly outlined.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in England and showed an early interest in natural history. He studied medicine at university but found it uninteresting. After meeting a professor who invited him to join a scientific expedition, Darwin spent 5 years on the HMS Beagle collecting specimens around the world. His observations of animals in the Galapagos Islands led him to realize that species can change over time through natural selection. In 1859, Darwin published On the Origin of Species, which presented his theory that evolution occurs through natural selection, providing strong evidence and changing scientific thought.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in England and came from a wealthy family. He joined the voyage of the HMS Beagle in 1831 as the ship's naturalist, where he began developing his theory of evolution by natural selection. During the voyage, Darwin made many important discoveries, including observing how species on the Galapagos Islands varied between islands. After returning to England in 1836, he published his theory of evolution in On the Origin of Species in 1859, which generated significant controversy but was also influential. Darwin died in 1882 after making seminal contributions to the fields of biology and geology.
Charles Darwin studied geology under Adam Sedgwick and traveled on the HMS Beagle where he observed different species of Galapagos finches with varying beak sizes that enabled them to access different food sources like hard shells, seeds, insects, and nectar. This observation supported Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, where environmental forces and natural selection processes cause organisms to evolve over time.
This ppt is created by Shrey Saxena of Cambridge school. this PPT contains everything about DARWIN.
~His Childhood
~about his Journey on BEAGLE
~THEORY of EVOLUTION
------------for Queries contact me @--------
d.cool24@yahoo.com
Darwin forms the core UNIX-based foundation of Mac OS X. It includes components like the Mach kernel, BSD kernel, and I/O Kit framework. The Mach kernel handles processor and memory management while BSD provides file system and networking services. The I/O Kit framework supports driver development and plug-and-play functionality. Together these components provide features like improved reliability, performance, and premier networking facilities to the operating system.
Endangered species (Scrapbook Activity)RAMAGYA-ISA
Human activities like population growth have put many life-sustaining systems out of balance, endangering plant and animal species. An endangered species is one that is at high risk of extinction according to the IUCN Red List. Examples include the African penguin, Asian elephant, bonobo, giant panda, and Ethiopian wolf. Students at Ramagya School in Noida, India prepared scrapbooks on endangered species as part of a British Council project to raise awareness.
This document provides information about where cocoa is grown and how chocolate is made. It begins by asking students what they already know about chocolate and where cocoa comes from. It then discusses how cocoa is grown in tropical regions near the equator. The document explains the process of harvesting cocoa pods and fermenting the beans to develop flavor. It describes how the beans are transported, roasted, ground into a paste, and mixed with other ingredients to create chocolate. Students are given activities to label cocoa producing countries on a map, create a storyboard for a cocoa bean's life, and consider what life would be like without chocolate.
Psychological testing and assessment has evolved over thousands of years from early job selection tests in ancient China to modern standardized psychological tests and evaluations. Key developments included early mental ability tests by Binet and Simon, the development of intelligence testing by Terman and Wechsler, the emergence of projective testing techniques like the Rorschach inkblot test, the creation of personality tests like the MMPI and Myers-Briggs, and ongoing work to reduce cultural bias in testing.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory proposed that all species share a common ancestor and evolve over time through gradual processes of variation, competition for limited resources, and natural selection of beneficial traits. Key evidence came from studies of finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands which had adapted in different ways on different islands. Darwin's theory revolutionized scientific understanding of the diversity and relatedness of life on Earth.
2011 15 ppt evolution and natural selectionjjcorrea121
- Before 1850, most people believed the Earth was only a few thousand years old and never changed, with species fixed to their environments.
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed one of the first theories of evolution, suggesting species evolve through inheritance of acquired characteristics.
- Charles Darwin's observations on his voyage on the HMS Beagle led him to propose natural selection as the mechanism of evolution, where individuals better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits.
- Darwin observed related but distinct finch species in the Galapagos Islands, supporting the idea that isolated populations can evolve into new species over time through natural selection.
1) O documento discute várias teorias sobre a origem do ser humano, incluindo o criacionismo bíblico e o evolucionismo de Charles Darwin.
2) É descrito que os primeiros humanos eram caçadores-coletores que viviam em cavernas no Paleolítico.
3) O documento também aborda a Revolução Neolítica e o desenvolvimento da agricultura e assentamentos humanos.
Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859 in his book On the Origin of Species. His theory proposed that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors through a process he called natural selection, in which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits. While his theory was initially controversial, it became widely accepted by the scientific community by the 1870s and established evolutionary descent as the dominant explanation for the diversity of life. Darwin conducted extensive research over many years to gather evidence in support of his theory, including observations from his famous voyage on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836.
Charles Darwin was a renowned British scientist born in 1809. In 1831, he joined a five-year expedition on the HMS Beagle to explore South America. During this voyage, Darwin began developing his theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposed that species evolve over generations through a process of natural selection. He published his theory in his seminal book On the Origin of Species in 1859, which caused significant controversy as it contradicted biblical beliefs. Darwin proposed that animals evolve from each other through a process of survival of the fittest. He died in 1882 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who established the theory of evolution by natural selection. Through his voyage on the HMS Beagle and observations of species on various islands, Darwin began to believe that species evolved over time through natural selection, where favorable variations are preserved and unfavorable ones are destroyed. In 1859, he published On the Origin of Species, which presented his theory that all life on Earth evolved over time from common ancestors through this process. Though controversial at the time due to its conflict with religious beliefs, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection became widely accepted and profoundly influenced scientific thinking.
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was an English naturalist and traveler who demonstrated that all living organisms evolve over time from common ancestors. Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire and studied natural history from a young age. After graduating from university, in 1831 Darwin served as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle expedition, traveling around the world for nearly five years and studying geology and natural history. His observations on the voyage, such as the uniqueness of Australian marsupials, led Darwin to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection. After returning to England in 1836, Darwin worked to publish his theories over several decades, releasing On the Origin of Species in 1859.
This was originally prepared to educate school and college students during Darwin birth bicentenary but I continued to make presentations for the children.
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was a British naturalist born in Shrewsbury, UK. He studied medicine but later became interested in geology and natural history. He took a 5-year voyage around the world collecting specimens. After 25 years of research, he published his theory of evolution by natural selection in his famous 1859 book, On the Origin of Species, providing compelling evidence that all species evolved over time from common ancestors through a process of natural selection. His theory was initially controversial but was widely accepted by the scientific community by the 1870s. Darwin had 10 children with his wife Emma and died in 1882.
09 Jan 1932 - DARWIN AND THE BEAGLE_.pdfBraydenStoch2
1) Charles Darwin began his famous voyage on the HMS Beagle in 1832 at age 23 as the ship's naturalist.
2) During the nearly 5 year voyage, Darwin made detailed observations of plants and animals in South America and around the world. These observations inspired his theory of evolution and development of natural selection.
3) The article discusses Darwin's impressions of Australia, which he found unimpressive compared to South America. He provided brief descriptions of unique Australian animals like the platypus but showed little interest. He also offered critical views of early Australian society.
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who established the theory of evolution by natural selection. He observed that species have descended over time from common ancestors and developed his theory during a five-year voyage around the world. His 1859 book On the Origin of Species explained how natural selection leads to evolution, but it faced opposition from the church and some scientists. While controversial initially, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is now widely accepted in the scientific community based on significant evidence.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was a British naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection was groundbreaking. After studying at Cambridge, he traveled the world on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836, observing wildlife. Noticing variations between species on the Galapagos Islands, he developed the idea that species change over generations through natural selection. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859, providing evidence that living organisms evolve over time rather than remaining unchanged. Though controversial, his theory became widely accepted and formed the basis of modern biology. Darwin spent his life studying nature from his home, making detailed observations and corresponding with scientists worldwide.
1. Charles Darwin embarked on a 5-year voyage around the world aboard the HMS Beagle as a naturalist. During this trip, he made extensive observations of plants and animals and collected specimens.
2. A stop at the Galapagos Islands was particularly influential, where Darwin observed finches and tortoises that had adapted to their specific islands.
3. Upon returning home, Darwin began developing his theory of evolution by natural selection to explain the diversity of life and adaptations of organisms to their environments. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in England. He showed early interest in natural sciences like collecting beetles. His observations on the voyage of the Beagle from 1831-1836, especially of the Galapagos finches and giant tortoises, helped him develop the theory of evolution by natural selection. He concluded that organisms adapt to their environments and those that are better adapted survive and reproduce, leading to evolution of new species over time. His theory faced resistance but was never disproven. Darwin spent his later life developing and publishing his theory, married and had ten children before passing away in 1882.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in England. He studied medicine but became interested in natural history. He served as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle voyage from 1831-1836. His observations of wildlife in places like the Galapagos Islands led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859, which explained how species evolved over generations through a process of natural selection. The book caused great controversy but became widely accepted by scientists. Darwin spent many years gathering evidence and developing his theory before publishing. He revolutionized scientific thought by establishing evolution as the mechanism that explains the diversity of life.
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist born in 1809 who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He established that all species evolve over time from common ancestors through a process where favorable inherited traits become more common in successive generations. Darwin gained interest in nature as a student which led him to study marine invertebrates. From 1831-1836 he traveled the world, including locations in South America and islands in the Pacific, collecting evidence of how species were similar yet different between locations that informed his theory of evolution. He published his theory most fully in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. Darwin died in 1882 from heart disease.
Charles Darwin travelled the world on HMS Beagle from 1831-1836. During his journey he made several important observations which shaped his Theory of Natural Selection as a Mechanism for evolution of species.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in England. He travelled extensively around the world collecting animal and plant specimens. His most notable journey was to the Galapagos Islands, where he began to understand how evolution creates new species through natural selection over long periods of time. This insight led to his seminal work On the Origin of Species. Darwin made other important contributions including his journal The Voyage of the Beagle and The Descent of Man. His work revolutionized scientific understanding of evolution and natural science. He died in 1882.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in England and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh before abandoning his studies to pursue research in marine invertebrates. He then joined the HMS Beagle voyage that lasted almost five years, sailing around the world. When the Beagle returned in 1836, Darwin had become famous in scientific circles for his work. He then published his seminal work On the Origin of Species in 1859, which established the theory of evolution by natural selection, though it was initially controversial both scientifically and religiously.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in England to an esteemed family with intellectual lineage. He studied medicine at university but found geology more interesting. His mentors introduced him to new ideas in geology and the emerging concept of deep time. In 1831, Darwin joined the HMS Beagle voyage as a naturalist. During the 5-year voyage, Darwin intensely studied geology, actively witnessed earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, discovered giant fossil mammals in Argentina, and began questioning theories about the fixity of species. His geological observations on the voyage formed the basis for his later theories about evolution and natural selection.
The document discusses the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. It describes his hypothesis that all the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart around 200 million years ago. As the continents drifted apart, they formed the landmasses that exist today. The document also provides background on the Bering Land Bridge that connected Asia and North America during the last ice age, allowing humans, plants and animals to migrate between the continents.
Jack oughton the ascent of man - chapter 09Jack Oughton
This document summarizes key discoveries and scientists related to understanding the origins and processes of life:
- Alfred Russell Wallace independently conceived of natural selection in 1858 while sick with fever, inspired by Malthus' theory of population growth. He sent his idea to Darwin.
- Louis Pasteur in 1863 debunked the theory of spontaneous generation, demonstrating that microbes do not spontaneously appear, and that fermentation results from microbes.
- The Miller-Urey experiment in 1952 demonstrated that organic compounds can form from inorganic precursors, supporting the hypothesis that conditions on the early Earth could lead to life's building blocks.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
2. The Parents of Charles Darwin Robert Waring Darwin: 1766 – 1848. Father of Charles Darwin Studied medicine at the University of Leyden in Holland and completed his medical studies at Edinburgh, England, in 1786.
3. Robert was very successful: He was sympathetic and observant and had more than fifty patients within six months. He remained financially successful during sixty years of practice in Shrewsbury. He increased his wealth further through real estate speculation, stock and bond investments, and through lending money to the landed gentry. Standing 6 foot 2 inches tall, and being very portly, “He was an enormous man both physically and in personality. Charles described him as the largest man he had ever seen and compared his return to the family home at the end of the day to the coming in of the tide.”
4. Susannah Wedgwood: 1765 – 1817. Mother of Charles Darwin She was the first child of Josiah Wedgwoood I, who had started the highly successful Wedgwood pottery company. She married Robert Darwin in 1796, increasing his wealth by bringing a large dowry. She attended the Unitarian Chapel in Shrewsbury, and due to her influence Charles attended the Unitarian school, operated by Reverend Case, for two years. She died in 1817, when Charles was only 8 years old. He was subsequently raised by his three older sisters.
5. Childhood and education Charles Robert Darwin was born in the town of Shrewsbury, England on February 12th 1809.On their family home, known as The Mount or Mount House. He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin, and Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood). He was the grandson of Erasmus Darwin on his father's side, and of Josiah Wedgwood on his mother's side. Both families were largely Unitarian, though the Wedgwoods were adopting Anglicanism. On November the 15th, 1809, when Charles was only nine months old, he was baptized in Saint Chad's Anglican Church, where his father was a member. The seven-year-old Charles Darwin in1816.
6. At the age of eight, Charles was enrolled in Rev. Case's school by his mother but attended this school for only one year. In this age Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. Unfortunately during this year his mother died and he was enrolled at Doctor Samuel Butler's school also known as the Shrewsbury School. From September 1818, he joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder
7. Darwin spent the summer of 1825 as an apprentice doctor, helping his father treat the poor of Shropshire, before going to the University of Edinburgh Medical School with his brother Erasmus in October 1825. At age 16 his father Robert enrolled him at Edinburgh University. He found lectures dull and surgery distressing, so neglected his studies. He learned taxidermy from John Edmonstone, a freed black slave who had accompanied Charles Waterton in the South American rainforest, and often sat with this "very pleasant and intelligent man". In Darwin's second year he joined the Plinian Society, a student natural history group whose debates strayed into radical materialism.
8. He assisted Robert Edmund Grant's investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth, and on 27 March 1827 presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in oyster shells were the eggs of a skate leech. One day, Grant praised Lamarck'sevolutionary ideas. Darwin was astonished, but had recently read the similar ideas of his grandfather Erasmus and remained indifferent. Darwin was rather bored by Robert Jameson's natural history course which covered geology including the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism. He learned classification of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the University Museum, one of the largest museums in Europe at the time.
9. This neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to Christ's College, Cambridge, for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican parson. As Darwin was unqualified for the Tripos, he joined the ordinary degree course in January 1828.He preferred riding and shooting to studying. His cousin William Darwin Fox introduced him to the popular craze for beetle collecting which Darwin pursued zealously, getting some of his finds published in Stevens' Illustrations of British entomology.
10. He became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Henslow and met other leading naturalists who saw scientific work as religious natural theology, becoming known to these dons as "the man who walks with Henslow". When his own exams drew near, Darwin focused on his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of William Paley's Evidences of Christianity. In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well, coming tenth out of 178 candidates for the ordinary degree.
11. Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June. He studied Paley's Natural Theology which made an argument for divine design in nature, explaining adaptation as God acting through laws of nature. He read John Herschel's new book which described the highest aim of natural philosophy as understanding such laws through inductive reasoning based on observation, and Alexander von Humboldt's Personal Narrative of scientific travels. Inspired with "a burning zeal" to contribute, Darwin planned to visit Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics.
12. In preparation, he joined Adam Sedgwick's geology course, then went with him in the summer for a fortnight to map strata in Wales. After a week with student friends at Barmouth, he returned home to find a letter from Henslow proposing Darwin as a suitable (if unfinished) gentleman naturalist for a self-funded place with captain Robert FitzRoy, more as a companion than a mere collector, on HMS Beagle which was to leave in four weeks on an expedition to chart the coastline of South America. His father objected to the planned two-year voyage, regarding it as a waste of time, but was persuaded by his brother-in-law, Josiah Wedgwood, to agree to his son's participation.
14. The Beagle was one of six brig sloop ships that the British navy had built to do surveying, using the recently developed accurate clocks that made it possible to measure longitude. Only 90 feet long, this sailing ship carried 74 people in very close quarters, and 22 clocks for accuracy in surveying. The voyage was planned to be two years in length, but ultimately lasted five years. Darwin shared quarters with Captain FitzRoy and had a small room near the stern for his samples and workspace. On December 10, 1831, the Beagle sailed out of Devonport, a district of Plymouth, England, but was driven back by strong gale winds. A second attempt on December 21 had the same result. Finally on December 27, the ship successfully left Plymouth, heading for South American. A planned stop at Teneriffe never occurred, because the island was quarantined in hope of preventing the spread of cholera from arriving ships.
15. Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including mussel-beds stranded above high tide. High in the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls. On the geologically new Galápagos Islands Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that slight variations in the shape of tortoise shells showed which island they came from, but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food. In Australia, the marsupial rat-kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work.He found the Aborigines "good-humoured & pleasant", and noted their depletion by European settlement.
16. Beginning on the 27th of December, 1831, the voyage lasted almost five years and, as FitzRoy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while the Beagle surveyed and charted coasts. On their first stop ashore at St. Jago, Darwin found that a white band high in the volcanic rock cliffs included seashells. FitzRoy had given him the first volume of Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology which set out uniformitarian concepts of land slowly rising or falling over immense periods,and Darwin saw things Lyell's way, theorising and thinking of writing a book on geology.
17. At Punta Alta in Patagonia he made a major find of fossil bones of huge extinct mammals in cliffs beside modern seashells, indicating recent extinction with no signs of change in climate or catastrophe. He identified the little known Megatherium by a tooth and its association with bony armour which had at first seemed to him like a giant version of the armour on local armadillos. Further south he saw stepped plains of shingle and seashells as raised beaches showing a series of elevations. He read Lyell's second volume and accepted its view of "centres of creation" of species, but his discoveries and theorising challenged Lyell's ideas of smooth continuity and of extinction of species
18. The Beagle investigated how the atolls of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorizing. FitzRoy began writing the official Narrative of the Beagle voyages, and after reading Darwin's diary he proposed incorporating it into the account. Darwin's Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on natural history. In Cape Town Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel, who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarian's as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".
19. When organizing his notes as the ship sailed home, Darwin wrote that if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds, the tortoises and the Falkland Islands Fox were correct, "such facts undermine the stability of Species", then cautiously added "would" before "undermine". He later wrote that such facts "seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species".
20. Inception of Darwin's evolutionary theory When the Beagle reached Falmouth, Cornwall, on 2 October 1836, Darwin was already a celebrity in scientific circles as in December 1835 Henslow had fostered his former pupil's reputation by giving selected naturalists a pamphlet of Darwin's geological letters. While still a young man, Charles Darwin joined the scientific elite
21. Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist Richard Owen, who had the facilities of the Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinct ground sloths as well as the Megatherium, a near complete skeleton of the unknown Scelidotherium and a hippopotamus-sized rodent-like skull named Toxodon resembling a giant capybara. The armour fragments were actually from Glyptodon, a huge armadillo-like creature as Darwin had initially thought.These extinct creatures were related to living species in South America.
22. Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists and experts such as Charles Babbage, who described God as a programmer of laws. Darwin stayed with his freethinking brother Erasmus, part of this Whig circle and close friend of writer Harriet Martineau who promoted Malthusianism underlying the controversial Whig Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty.
23. Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galápagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and what Darwin had thought was a "wren" was also in the finch group. Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the Beagle, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands. The two rheas were also distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards.
24. In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his "B" notebook on Transmutation of Species,
25. By mid-March, Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as the strange Macrauchenia which resembled a giant guanaco. His thoughts on lifespan, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction developed in his "B" notebook around mid-July on to variation in offspring "to adapt & alter the race to changing world" explaining the Galápagos tortoises, mockingbirds and rheas. He sketched branching descent, then a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, in which "It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another", discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms.
26. Overwork, illness, and marriage Darwin's health suffered from the pressure. On 20 September he had "an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart", so his doctors urged him to "knock off all work" and live in the country for a few weeks. After visiting Shrewsbury he joined his Wedgwood relatives at Maer Hall, Staffordshire, but found them too eager for tales of his travels to give him much rest. His charming, intelligent, and cultured cousin Emma Wedgwood, nine months older than Darwin, was nursing his invalid aunt.
27. On 11 November, he returned to Marry and proposed to Emma, once more telling her his ideas. She accepted, then in exchanges of loving letters she showed how she valued his openness in sharing their differences, also expressing her strong Unitarian beliefs and concerns that his honest doubts might separate them in the afterlife. Darwin chose to marry his cousin, Emma Wedgwood.
28. While he was house-hunting in London, bouts of illness continued and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest, almost prophetically remarking "So don't be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you." On 29 January Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London and their new home.
29. Darwin was devoted to his wife and daughters but treated them as children, obliging Emma to ask him for the only key to the drawers containing all the keys to cupboards and other locked depositories.
30. Darwin's children Charles and Emma Darwin were both fond of children and would eventually have a total of ten with the first one born towards the end of 1839 and the last one in 1856 when Emma was 48 yeas old. Many stories are told about how Charles liked to play with the children and while doing so made many observations about their behavior. Below is a list of the children in chronological order and a few facts about their lives including their date of birth and death.
31. William Erasmus birth 1839-death 1914. Also called “Doddy” and “Willy” by his parents, who were apparently fond of using nicknames. William was a graduate of Christ’s College at Cambridge University, and became a banker, after Charles Darwin guaranteed the sum of 5,000 pounds enabling William to become a partner in a bank. William married Sara Sedgwick from Massachusetts, in November 1877. They had no children.
32. Anne “Annie” Elizabeth birth 1841- death 1851. Anne died of tuberculosis. This deeply challenged Darwin’s belief in Christianity. Anne Elizabeth 1849
33. Mary Eleanor birth & death-1842. Died a few weeks after birth.
35. birth 1843- death 1930. Henrietta read proofs for Darwin when she was 18, and edited his manuscript for the Descent of Man. She also edited her mother Emma’s personal letters and had them published in 1904 as Emma Darwin: wife of Charles Darwin. A Century of Family Letters. Henrietta married Richard Buckley Litchfield in 1871. They had no children.
36. George Howard Birth1845- death 1912. Studied at Trinity College. George was an astronomer and mathematician. He made statistical studies of cousin marriages and studied the evolution and origins of the solar system. George wrote a paper on the age of the earth that lead to his nomination to the Royal Society in 1877 and his becoming a Fellow in 1879. In 1883 he became the Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge University, and was a Barrister-at-Law. George married Martha (Maud) du Puy from Philadelphia. They had two sons, and two daughters.
38. Elizabeth birth 1847- death 1926 [1928 according to Keynes] Lizzie, Betty, Bessy Apparently had communication difficulties with words and pronunciation. After living awhile in London near Erasmus Darwin, Elizabeth bought Tromer Lodge, a house in Downe near Henrietta’s residence, in 1868. Elizabeth never married and had no children. Elizabeth Darwin
39. Francis birth 1848- death1925. Also called Frank Studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, first studying mathematics, then studying and graduating in natural sciences in 1870. Studied medicine at St. Georges Medical School, London, earning M.B. in 1875, but did not practice medicine. Darwin nominated Francis to the Linnean Society in 1875 and promoted a paper Francis sent to the Royal Society. He became a botanist specializing in plant physiology. He helped his father with his experiments on plants and was of great influence in Darwin's writing of “The Power of Movement in Plants” (1880). He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1879, and taught at Cambridge University from 1884, as a Professor of Botany, until 1904.
40. He married Amy Ruck but she died when their first child, Bernard, was born in September of 1876. Bernard was raised by Emma and Charles Darwin, his grandparents. Francis married Ellen Crofts in September of 1883, and they had one daughter, Frances in 1886. He edited many of Darwin's correspondence and published Life and Letters of Charles Darwin in 1887, and More Letters of Charles Darwin in 1903. He also edited and published Darwin’s Autobiography. Francis was knighted in 1913. Sir Francis Darwin
41. Leonard birth1850 -death 1943. Leonard considered himself the stupidest of the children. He was sent to Clapham School in 1862 and joined the army after school. Attended Woolwich Military Academy and trained as military engineer. He became a soldier in the Royal Engineers in 1871, and was a Major from 1890 onwards. He taught at the School of Military Engineering at Chatham from 1877 to 1882, and served in the Ministry of War, Intelligence Division, from 1885-90. Emma and Leonard Darwin
42. Leonard married Elizabeth Fraser in July of 1882. Later he married Charlotte Mildred Massingberd (1868–1940), but had no children with either wife. Leonard later became a Liberal-unionist MP for the town of Lichfield in Staffordshire 1892-95. He was interested in photography and surveying. [Browne, Power, p.333] He was an officer of the Royal Geographical Society from 1908 to 1911 and then its President. He was Chairman of the British Eugenics Society between 1911 and 1928. Served as President of the First International Congress of Eugenics in 1912.
43. Horace birth 1851 -death 1928. His schooling was interrupted by illness. Around 1860 the apparent illness may have been motivated by feelings for Camilla Ludwig, the Darwin’s young German governess. He had a tutor before entering Trinity College in 1868. He graduated in 1874, later than normally expected. Horace suffered from self-doubts about his abilities. Horace Darwin
44. Horace was also a designer of scientific instruments. In 1885 he founded the leading instrument maker Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company. He was the Mayor of Cambridge from 1896-97, and was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1903. Horace married Emma Farrer in January of 1880 and they had three children.
45. Charles Waring birth 1856- death 1858. Died of scarlet fever. Emma and Charles Waring Darwin
46. On the Origin of Species When Darwin returned to England in 1836 he was welcomed by the scientific fraternity as a colleague and was promptly made a fellow of the Geological Society. The next year he was elected to its governing council. In 1838 Darwin was elected to the Athenaeum, the exclusive club for men distinguished in literature, art, or science, and in 1839 he was elected to the Royal Society. Through his older brother, Erasmus, he met the historian Thomas Carlyle and the feminist Harriet Martineau. He was also a friend of Charles Babbage, whose computing machine was one of a host of scientific interests.
47. At this time, however, Darwin began to lead something of a double life. To the world he was busy preparing his Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle, which was published in 1839. This book, modeled in part on von Humboldt's, established the lucid style enlivened by the sharp descriptions that makes all of Darwin's works both accessible and convincing. Darwin was also preparing his geology books and superintending the analysis and publication by specialists of The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (published between 1839 and 1843 with the help of a £1,000 government grant).
48. Privately Darwin had begun a remarkable series of notebooks in which he initiated a set of questions and answers about "the species problem." He proceeded to collect facts about species through letters and discussions with breeders, gardeners, naturalists, and zookeepers, as well as through extensive reading. Darwin kept this interest secret while he gathered evidence to substantiate his theory of organic evolution. He was mindful of the fate of other unorthodox scientists. He jotted in his notebook, "Mention persecution of early astronomers--then add chief good of individual scientific men, is to push their science a few years in advance only of their age." Darwin's ideas were not only scientifically radical but also could have been interpreted as actionable under the laws governing blasphemy and sedition.
49. England at the time was intensely evangelical, and the natural world was understood as one in which the spirit of God could be seen in the creation of new species of plants and animals that appeared to come into existence to replace those that became extinct. Darwin gradually became intellectually uncomfortable with this view of life as he confronted puzzling evidence. Upon his return from the voyage Darwin had turned over his specimens to cataloging experts in Cambridge and London. In South America he had found fossils of extinct armadillos that were similar but not identical to the living animals. Argentina he had seen species vary geographically; for example, the giant ostriches (rheas) on the pampas were replaced to the south in Patagonia by much smaller species, both of which were akin to but different from the African ostrich. He had been disturbed by the fact that the birds and tortoises of the Galápagos Islands off the western coast of Ecuador tended to resemble species found on the nearby continent, while inhabitants of similar neighboring islands in the Galapagos had quite different animal populations.
50. The last of Darwin's sequels to the Origin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), was an attempt to erase the last barrier presumed to exist between human and nonhuman animals--the idea that the expression of such feelings as suffering, anxiety, grief, despair, joy, love, devotion, hatred, and anger is unique to human beings. Darwin connected studies of facial muscles and the emission of sounds with the corresponding emotional states in man and then argued that the same facial movements and sounds in nonhuman animals express similar emotional states. This book laid the groundwork for the study of ethology, neurobiology, and communication theory in psychology.
51. Later Works Throughout his career Darwin wrote two kinds of books--those with a broad canvas, such as the evolution quartet, and those with a narrow focus, such as the treatise on barnacles. His interests shifted over the years from geology to zoology to botany. In these later works, however, he included theoretical interpretation, whereas his earlier works had contained mostly data. In On the Various Contrivances by Which British and Foreign Orchids Are Fertilised by Insects (1862) he demonstrated that plants exhibit complicated characteristics that are adaptive and that increase the survival of a species. One such characteristic, for example, is cross-pollination (the mechanism by which pollen is transferred from one flower to another).
52. In explaining the interdependence of bees and orchids, Darwin noted that flowers that are pollinated by the wind have little color, while those that need to attract insects have brightly colored petals and sweet-smelling nectarines. In The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species (1877) he observed that flowers in some species differ in the lengths of their anthers and styles, which is another adaptation for cross-pollination. Darwin experimented in his garden at Down House in Kent where he raised two large beds of Linaria vulgarism, one from cross-pollinated and the other from self-pollinated seeds, both of which he obtained from the same parent plant. He observed, "To my surprise, the crossed plants when fully grown were plainly taller and more vigorous than the self-fertilized ones."
53. He continued horticultural experiments for another 12 years on 57 species and described his results in The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom (1876). Here he developed the theme that there are hereditary advantages in having two sexes in both the plant and animal kingdoms--to ensure cross-fertilization, which, as he knew from experiments, produced healthier, more vigorous offspring. In On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants(1875) Darwin advanced an adaptive explanation for the tendency of the stems of certain plants to spiral toward heat and light, bending either clockwise or counterclockwise.
54. Through experimentation he had discovered that a twining plant would not twine around an object larger than six inches in diameter. This characteristic Darwin interpreted as preventing a vine from climbing up a large tree where the shade from the upper branches would deprive it of sunlight. Still interested in the mechanism that enables some plants to climb and bend, Darwin continued experimenting and pinpointed "some matter in the upper part which is acted upon by light, and which transmits its effects to the lower part." He reported these researches in The Power of Movement in Plants (1880). A chance observation of flies caught on the leaf of the common sundew initiated Darwin's investigation of carnivorous plants. He was especially impressed by the fact that the living cells of plants possess a similar capacity for irritability and response as the cells of animals.
55. Darwin published these findings in Insectivorous Plants (1875). In his last botanical work, The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of Worms, which appeared only six months before his death in 1881, he demonstrated the service that worms perform in digesting leaves and recalculating organic matter. It was a pioneering study in the field of quantitative ecology. Darwin worked alone at home, leading the life of an independent scientist (a privileged existence open to a fortunate few in Victorian England). Money from Robert Darwin made it unnecessary for Charles to seek employment. After his return from the voyage Darwin knew he would never become a clergyman like his mentor, Henslow. Nor would he remain a bachelor like his brother, Erasmus, who was a man-about-town.
56. Darwin noted in The Descent that the young of both sexes resemble the adult female in most species and reasoned that males are more evolutionarily advanced than females. His attitude toward women colored his scientific insights. "The female is less eager than the male," he wrote, "She is coy," and when she takes part in choosing a mate, she chooses "not the male which is most attractive to her, but the one which is least distasteful."
57. Comfortable in English society, Darwin treasured his place and feared alienating those who he knew would be offended by his theory. He benefited at the beginning of his career from the scientific fraternity in London, who helped him understand the specimens from the Beagle, and he appreciated his intellectual give and take with Henslow, Hooker, Lyell, and Huxley. He was a beneficiary of this conservative English society, and his fear of ostracism was one of the forces that prevented him from publishing his theory sooner. He also dreaded the hurt he knew that his ideas would inflict on his close friend Henslow and especially on Emma, both devout Christians, for whom his theory was heresy. The conflict between his science and his realization of what publication would imply for the society he was so much a part of manifested itself in physical pain. The once adventurous young naturalist was a semi-invalid before his 40th year.
58. DEATH OF CHARLES DARWIN Darwin's illness has been the subject of extensive speculation. Some of the symptoms--painful flatulence, vomiting, insomnia, palpitations--appeared in force as soon as he began his first transmutation notebook, in 1837. Although he was exposed to insects in South America and could possibly have caught Chagas' or some other tropical disease, a careful analysis of the attacks in the context of his activities points to psychogenic origins.
59. Throughout the next decades Darwin's maladies waxed and waned. But during the last decade of his life, when he concentrated on botanical research and no longer speculated about evolution, he experienced the best health since his years at Cambridge. Darwin made his home at Down into his laboratory, where he experimented in his garden and observed the local fauna. Dogs and cats were part of the Darwin household, which also was not without a child under school age between 1839 and 1856.
60. By no means a recluse, Darwin often attended scientific meetings in London; he was away from home for about 2,000 days between 1842 and 1881. He was a member of 57 leading foreign learned societies and was no less a prominent figure in the village of Downe, treasurer of the Friendly Club and a Justice of the Peace. Darwin sent his children to village dances, and, even though he was a skeptical agnostic, he participated in church functions that were part of village life.
61. Darwin died at Down House on April 19, 1882. Within hours the news reached London, and a Parliamentary petition won him burial in Westminster Abbey. By this time the theory of evolution through natural selection was generally accepted. His ideas were modified by later developments in genetics and molecular biology, but his work remains central to modern evolutionary theory.