This document discusses the management of a dairy farm to maintain cow health and productivity. Key points include: - Monitoring cow diet, environment, and health to prevent issues like acidosis and retain nutrition. Supplementing feed as needed. - Testing and treating the farm's water supply to ensure quality and prevent spread of diseases among cows. - Managing manure and waste to avoid pollution while providing nutrients for crops and land. Proper disposal is important for environmental and cow health.

3. IrjnbnS-§-fnse ck-X-{´w

4. taÂa®pw ASn-a®pw taÂa-®v- þ- D-]-cn-X-e-¯n \n¶pw 25 sk.-ao. hsc XmgvN-bn-ep-ÅXpw Xmc-X-tay\ Idp¸p \ndhpw Cf-¡-hp-apÅ a®v Dg-hp-]m-fn þ Inf-¡p-t¼mgpw Dghv \S-¯p-t¼mgpw Cf-¡p¶ apI-fn-es¯ 12-þ18 sk.-ao. a®v.

5. a®p-­m-Ip-¶Xv shbnÂ, ag, Imäv XpS-§nb {]IrXniàn-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-¯m ]md kmh-[m\w s]mSnªv a®p­mIp¶p. CXn-s\m¸w kky P´p Ah-in-jvS-§Ä, kq£vam-Wp-¡Ä, Pew, hmbp F¶nh Ie-cp-¶p.

6. a®nse ssPhmwiw hnim-e-amb AÀ°¯n kky-P-´p-Pm-e-§-fpsS Agp-Im¯ Awi-§Ä, \¶mbn AgpIn cq]m-´cw kw`-hn¨ t¢Zw (lyq-a-kv), a®nse Øqekq£va Pohn-IÄ Ch-sbÃmw ssPhmw-i-amWv.

7. a®nsâ ^e-]pjvSn hf-¡q-dp-Å-Xp-sIm-­p-am{Xw ^e-]pjvSn D­m-I-W-sa-¶n-Ã. a®nsâ cmk,- `u-XnIKpW-§Ä A\p-tbm-Py-am-I-Ww. a®nsâ cN-\, LS-\, kpjn-c-Ø-ew, KmV-X, Pe kw{K-l-W-ti-jn, \ndw, ssPhmw-iw, A¾-X, eh-Wmw-iw, [\m-b-W-hn-\n-a-b-£-aX XpS§n Ht«sd khn-tij LS-I-§-fpsS BsI-Xp-I-bmWv ^e-]p-jvSn.

8. ^e-]pjvSnbpÅ a®v

9. a®nse sImtfm-bvUp-IÄ Hcp ssat{Im-ao-ä-dn Ipd-hphep-¸apÅ Xcn-IfpÅ Ifn-a®pw t¢Z-hp-w a®nse sImtfmbvUv kz`m-h-apÅhbmWv. Ch¡v (þ) sshZypX NmÀPp­v. AXn-\m ]c-kv]cw hnIÀjn-¡pw. NmÀPp-Å hkvXp¡Ä tNÀ¯m sImtfmbvUv kz`m-hanÃm-Xm-Ipw. ]m Hcp sImtfmbvUv. ]pfntbm Dt¸m tNÀ¯m ]ncn-bpw.

10. hnfI-fpsS Blmcw hnf-IÄ¡v t]mj-I-aq-ey-§Ä Atbm-Wp-I-fmtb kzoI-cn-¡m-\m-Iq. IqSp-Xepw [\-A-tbm-Wp-I-fm-bmWv kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-I. sImtfm-bvUp-IÄ¡v EW NmÀPmWv F¶-Xn-\m [\ NmÀPpÅ Atbm-Wp-IÄ sImtfm-bvUp-Ifn ]än-¸n-Sn-¡pw. Hcp {Kmw Ifn-a-®nsâ BsI {]X-e-hn-kvXoÀ®w Hcp {Kmw aW-ensâ 1000 Cc-«n. AXn-\m IqSp-X [\-A-tbm-Wp-IÄ ]än-¸n-Sn-¡pw.

11. A¾ a®n A¾-a-®n ssl{U-P³ Atbm-Wp-IÄ IpSp-X-ep-­m-Ipw. Ip½mbw tNÀ¡p-t¼mÄ [mcm-f-ambn ImÕyw a®n-te¡v F¯p-w. a¬X-cn-I-fn ]än-¸n-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ssl{U-Ps\ XÅn-amän ImÕyw Øm\w ]nSn¡pw. a®n\v £mc-Kp-W-ambn amdpw.

12. H H H Ca Ca Ca

13. [\m-bWhn\n-abw Cu a®n-te¡v s]m«mkyw C«mÂ, s]m«mkyw ImÕys¯ XÅn-am-äp-Ibpw sNSn¡v e`y-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. C¯-c-¯n [\-A-tbm-Wp-IÄ ]c-kv]cw Øm\w amdp-¶-XmWv [\mbWhn-\n-abw. a®nsâ [\m-b-W-hn-\n-a-b-tijn IqSp-t´mdpw ^e-]p-jvSnbpw IpSpw.

14. H H H Ca Ca Ca K K K

15. sImtfm-bvUnsâ KpW-§Ä hf-¯nse aqe-I-A-tbm-Wp-IÄ Ifn-a-®n-tâbpw t¢Z-¯n-tâbpw Xcn-Ifn ]än-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m shÅ-¯n-eqsS Hen¨v t]mIp-¶n-Ã. s]m«m-kyw, Atam-Wnbw Atbm-Wp-IÄ¡v a®n-eq-sS-bpÅ k©m-cX (Mobility) IqSp-X-em-Wv. Ifn-a-®n-tebpw t¢Z-¯n-tebpw Xcn-I-fnse EW-NmÀPv Chsb ]nSn¨p h¡p-¶-Xn-\m a®n-eq-sS-bpÅ k©mchpw Ipd-bp¶p.

16. sImtfm-bvUnsâ KpW-§Ä aen\ Pe-¯nse hnj-ab teml Atbm-Wp-I-fmb ImUvanbw, Cubw, \n¡Â F¶n-hsb sImtfm-bvUp-IÄ ]nSn¨p h¡p-¶-Xn-\m D]-cn-Xe/`qKÀ`-P-e-¯nsâ aen-\o-I-cWw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc XS-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. a®nse ]n.-F¨v hyXym-k-§Ä AXn-Po-hn-¡m-\pÅ Ign-hmWv D`b {]Xn-tcm-[-\w.- CXv [-\m-b-W-hn-\n-abtijn IqSp-¶-X-\p-k-cn¨v IqSpw.

17. Ifn-a-®pw t¢Zhpw a®n Ifn-a-®ntâbpw t¢Z-¯n-tâbpw km¶n²yw F{X-t¯mfw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW¶v t_m²y-am-bn-tÃ.

18. sN¦Â a®n sN¦Â a®n Ccp-¼v, Aeq-an-\obw ssl{Ukv HmIvssk-Up-IÄ [mcm-f-ambn D­v. Ch cmk-kw-tbm-P\w hgn t^mkv^-d-kns\ _Ôn-¸n¨v \nÀ¯n sNSn-IÄ¡v e`y-a-Ãm-Xm¡pw. Ip½mbw tNÀ¯m ]n.-F-¨v. aqeyw Db-cpw. OH - Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS F®w hÀ²n¡pw. OH - t^mkv^-d-kv kwbp-à-§-fpambn tNÀ¶v Aeq-an-\obw ssl{Ukv HmIvssk-Up-IÄ ho­pw D­m-¡pw. ]Icw t^mkv^-d-kns\ a®n-te¡v Ab-¡pw. AXv sNSnIÄ¡v e`y-am-Ipw.

19. EWm-b-W-hn-\n-abw Ip½mbw CSp-t¼mÄ sN¦Âa-®n \S-¡p¶ Cu {]{Inb EWm-b-W-hn-\n-a-b-am-Wv. EWm-b-W-hn-\n-a-b-abhpw sNSn-IÄ¡v t]mjWw In«p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¡p-¶p-­v. Ip½mbw CSp-¶Xv [\m-b-W-hn-\n-a-b-ab¯n\pw EWm-b-W-hn-\n-a-b-ab¯n\pw klm-b-I-am-hp¶p F¶p \½Ä I­p.

20. Ip½mbw tNÀ¡Â tIc-f-¯nse `qcn-`mKw a®p-Ifpw A¾o-b-amWv. Cu a®n ImÕy-¯nsâ A`m-h-ap-­mIpw F¶-Xn-\m Ip½mbw tNÀ¡Â Bh-iy-ambn hcp-¶p. [\m-b-W-, EWm-b-W hn-\n-a-b-ab§Ä¡pw Ip½mbw tNÀ¡Â {][m-\-am-Wv.

21. ssPhmw-i-¯nsâ KpWw a®nsâ cN\ tami-am-b-Xp-sIm-­pÅ Zqjy-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶p. ssPh-h-kvXp-¡-fnse t]mfn-km-¡-ssd-Up-IÄ BWv a¬I-Wn-I-Isf Dd-¸n-¨p-\nÀ¯p¶ “ knaâv.” a®nsâ LS\ Ch-bn-sÃ-¦n s]«¶v XIÀ¶v t]mIpw. a®n \n¶pÅ Pe-_m-jv]o-I-cWw Ipd-¡p-¶p.

22. ssPhmw-i-¯nsâ KpWw aW IqSnb a®nsâ Pe-kw-{K-l-W-tijn Iq«p-¶p. Ifn-a-®m-sW-¦n hmbp, Pew F¶n-h-bpsS a®n-eq-sS-bpÅ k©mcw Ffp-¸-am-¡p-¶p. D]-cn-X-e-¯n Hcp ]pX¸p t]mse {]hÀ¯n¨v as®m-en¸v Ipd-¡p-¶p.

23. ssPhmw-i-¯nsâ KpWw ssPhmwiw tNcp-t¼m-gpÅ Xhnt«m Idpt¸m \ndw a®nsâ Dujvam-hns\ kzm[o-\n¡pw. ssPhmwiw IqSp-X-epÅ a®n Pemw-ihpw IqSn-bn-cn-¡pw. AXn-\m A[nIw NqSv hen-s¨-Sp-¡n-Ã. NqSp-Im-e¯v XWp¸pw inin-c-¯n NqSpw ]IÀ¶v a®nse PohnXw kpJ-I-c-am-¡pw.

24. ssPhmw-ihpw t]mj-I-e-`y-Xbpw cmk-h-f-an-ÃmsX Irjn-sN¿pt¼mÄ ss\{SPsâ 90-þ95 % hpw ssPhmw-i¯n \n¶v. ssPhmwiw 2% epw IqSp-X-epÅ a®n t^m-kv^-dkntâbpw kÄ^dn-tâbpw {][m\ t{imXÊv ssPhmwiw Xs¶. DjvW-ta-Jema®nepw sN¦Âa-®nepw kq£vaaq-e-I-§Ä Ipd-hv. Nmc¯n 5% kq£vaaq-e-I-§Ä BWv.

25. ssPhmw-ihpw teml-aq-e-I§fpw Ccp-¼v, Aeqan\o-bw, sN¼v, kn¦v, amwK-\okv XpS-§nb teml-aq-e-I-§Ä sNSn-IÄ¡v hen-s¨-Sp-¡-¯-¡-hn[w teb-cq-]-¯nembncn-¡n-Ã. ssPhmw-ihpw teml-A-tbm-Wp-Ifpw _Ô-\§Ä hgn dnwKv BIrXnbnepÅ X·m-{X-Ifmbn amdpw. Cu _Ôw kq£va-aq-e-I-§sf sNSn-IÄ¡v In«p¶ Xc-¯n-em-¡pw.

26. hnäm-an\pw aäpw ssPh-hkvXp¡-fpsS hnL-S-\w- hgn -hn¯p-ap-f-¡Â, thcv hfÀ¨, hnfhv F¶n-hsb kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ hn-äm-an-\p-IÄ, Bâo_-tbm«n¡pIÄ, kkytlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ F¶nh a®n-te-¡v. Bâo_-tbm«n¡pIÄ tcmKm-Wp-¡-fpsS kwJy Ipd-¡pw. a®nsâ ^e-]pjvSn \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ kq£vaPohnI-fpsS t{imXÊv ssPhmwiw.

27. ssPhmwi kwc-£Ww ssPhmwiw \ne-\nÀ¯m³ a®n ss\{S-P³ D­m-I-Ww-þ- ss\{S-P\v ]-bÀhÀ¤-§Ä, ss\{S-P³ cmk-h-f-§Ä, ssPh-h-kvXp-¡Ä. Bh-c-W-hn-f-Ifpw ]¨ne-hn-f-Ifpwþh-«, D§v, ioas¡m¶, kp_m-_pÄ-þ-sU-bn-©, Inep¡n, NW-¼v, sImgnªnÂ. slIvS-dn\v 5þ6 S¬ ssPh-h-fw. as®m-en¸v XS-b-Ww. hmbp k©mcw Iq«m\pw If-Isf HXp-¡m\pw am{Xw Dghpw Inf-¡epw

28. t]mjI aqe-I-§Ä {]Ir-Xn-bn 92þ kky-tIm-i-§-fn 60þ hfÀ¨¡v 17. ImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³, HmIvkn-P³, ss\{S-P³,- t^m-kv^-d-kv, s]m«m-kyw, ImÕyw, aáojyw, KÔ-Iw, amwK-\o-kv, Ccp-¼v, sN¼v, \mIw, tamfn-_vUn-\w, t_mtdm¬, t¢mdn³, \n¡Â. IqSmsX acp-`q-an-bnse Nne sNSn-IÄ¡v tkmUn-bw, ss\{S-P³ kw`-cn-¡p¶ _mIvSo-cn-b-IÄ¡v tIm_mÄ«v, s\Ãn\pw Icn-¼n\pw knen-¡¬

29. Ah-iy-aq-e-I-§Ä 17  3 þ D-W-§nb kky`mK¯nsâ 94 % hpw ImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³, HmIvkn-P³þhm-bp-hn \n¶pw Pe-¯n \n¶pw e`y-am-Ipw. _m¡n 14 \v a®v Xs¶ B{ibw {]mY-anI t]mjIaqe-I-§Ä/ hfaqe-I-§Äþ ss\{S-P³,- t^m-kv^-d-kv, s]m«m-kywþIq-Snb Af-hn thWw. ZznXob t]mjIaqe-I-§Äþ ImÕyw, aáojyw, KÔ-Iw. kq£va aqe-I-§Ä-þ-_m¡n 11 F®w.

30. e`yX {]mY-anI t]mjIaqe-I-§Ä hf-ambn \ÂI-Ww. ZznXob t]mjIaqe-I-§fpw kq£vaaqe-I-§fpwþ-h-f-ambn \ÂtI­n hcm-dn-Ã. ]s£ as®m-en-¸pw ssPh-h-f-{]-tbm-K¯nsâ Ipdhpw kq£va-a-q-eI ZuÀe`yw krjvSn-¡mw.

31. hf-{]-tbmKw t]mj-I-aq-e-I-§Ä a®n-eq-sStbm t\cnt«m \ÂIp-I. aq¶v Xcw ssPh-hfw cmkhfw Pohm-Wp-hfw

32. ssPh-hfw It¼m-ÌvþN¸p-N-h-dp-IÄ, Ce-IÄ, Agp-In-t¨-cp¶ ssPhm-h-in-jvS-§Ä, NIn-cn-t¨mdv + NmW-Iw, tKmaq{Xw ssPhm-h-in-jvS-§Ä \¶mbn hnL-Sn¨v sNSn¡v Ffp¸w hen-s¨-Sp-¡m-hp¶ AhØ ImÀ_¬-þ-ss\-{S-P³ A\p-]mXw 10 : 1 BIWw ss\{S-P³ t{imX-Êp-IÄþNmW-Iw, io-a-s¡m-¶, ]b-dp-hÀ¤-]-¨n-e-IÄ, tImgn-¡m-jvTw, Noª-aÕyw.

33. ØqessPh-hf§Ä - arKhf§Ä, sXmgp-¯p-h-fw, tImgn-¡m-jvTw, kkym-h-in-jvS-§Ä, Nmcw XpS-§n-bh Ch-bn k-ky-aq-e-I-§Ä Ipd-hv- þ -AXn-\m h-fsc IqSnb Afhv thWw -hne IqSp-X – -F-¯n-¡m-\pÅ _p²n-ap-«v- þ- e-`y-X-¡p-dhv

34. km{µo-Ir-X- ssP-h-h-f-§Ä e£yw t]mj-I-§Ä \ÂIpI th¸n³ ]n®m-¡v, Bh-W-¡n³ ]n®m-¡v-þ-h-fhpw ssPhIoS-\m-in-\nbpw. FÃp-s]m-Sn-þ20-þ25 % t^mkv^-dkvþA-¾-X-Iq-Snb a®n\v A\p-tbm-Pyw. aÕy-h-fw-þ4% ss\{S-P³, 3.9% t^mkv^-dkv cà-h-fw-þ10-þ12% ss\{S-P³

35. cmk-h-fw-þ-D-]-tbm-K-coXn Hmtcm hnfbv¡pw GXp aqeIw GXv ka-b¯v F{X Af-hn F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww. hnf-I-fpsS C\w, Ahbv¡v Bh-iy-amb t]mj-I-aq-e-I-§-fpsS tXmXv, a®nsâ LS-\, kz`mhw F¶n-hsb ASn-Øm-\-am¡n hf-{]-tbm-Kw.

36. cmk-h-f-§Ä t\Àh-f-§Ä-þ-Hcp {]mYanI kky-aq-eIw am{Xw-þ-bq-dnb (ss\-{S-P³), kq¸À t^mkvt^-äv (-t^m-kv^-d-kv) kwbp-à-h-f-§Ä-þ-H-¶n IqSp-X {]mYanI -aq-eI§Ä tNÀ¯v \nÀ½n-¨-Xv-þ-^m-IvSw-t^mkv (20% ss\{S-P³ 20% t^mkv^-d-kv) Iq«p-h-f-§Äþ-H-¶n IqSp-X t\Àh-f-§Ä- Irjn-bn-S-¯nÂh¨v Iq«n-t¨À¯-Xv-þ10:5:20 Iq«phfw

37. hfw tNÀ¡p¶ coXn ASnhfambpw taÂh-f-ambpw þ hnX-dn-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ coXn km[m-cWw þ \jvSw Hgn-hm-¡m³ thcp-]-Sew DÅn-S-t¯¡v t\cn«v C«p-sIm-Sp-¡p-I. ssPh-h-f-§-Ä aqe[mXp-¡fmbn hnL-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ka-b-sa-Sp-¡pw. AXn-\m \Sp-¶-Xn\v c­mgvN ap¼v a®n tNÀ¡-Ww. cmk-h-f-§Ä \Sp¶ ka-b¯pw hnf-I-fpsS hnhn[ hfÀ¨m-Z-i-I-fnepw

38. hfw tNÀ¡p¶ coXn hfÀ¨bv¡v XpSÀ¨-bmbn Bh-iy-apÅ ss\{S-P³ Xh-W-I-fmbn \ÂImw. thcp-I-fpsS hfÀ¨sb klm-bn-¡p¶ t^mkv^-dkv BZy L«-¯n thWw. tdm¡vt^m-kvt^äv a®n ebn-¡m³ ka-b-sa-Sp¡psa¶-Xn-\m 2þ4 BgvN ap¼v. s]m«mkyw hfÀ¨-bpsS FÃm L«-§-fnepw shW-sa-¶-Xn-\m Xh-W-I-fm-bn.

39. kwtbm-PnX hf-{]-tbmKw Xmsg ]d-bp-¶-h-sbÃmw ]cn-K-Wn-¨p-sIm-­pÅ hf-{]-tbmKamWv kwtbm-PnX hf-{]-tbmKw a®nsâ `uXn-I, cmknI LS-\-IÄ A\p-Iq-e-am-¡pI. a®n Bh-iy-¯n\v ssPhmwiw e`y-am-¡pI. t]mj-I-aqeI§Ä -Bh-iy-¯n\v e`y-am-¡pI. a®nsâ A¾Xbpw eh-Wmw-ihpw hnf-IÄ¡v tbmPn¨ Xc-¯n-em-¡pI.

40. a®nsâ ^e-]pjvSn agbpw shbnepw þ aqe-I-§Ä s]s«¶v \jvS-s¸-Spw. IqSp-X hnfhv In«p¶ hnf-IÄ þt]m-j-I-\jvSw IqSpw. A\n-b-{´n-X-amb as®m-en¸v þ\jvSw ]ns¶bpw IqSpw. ^e-]pjvSn \ne-\nÀ¯m³ \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v Xpey-ambn aqe-I-§Ä Xncn¨v \ÂIWw

41. ssPh-h-fw-þ-{]-iv\-§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿m-\pÅ _p²n-ap«v DbÀ¶ hne Ipdª e`yX þ C´y-bn Irjn-sN-¿p¶ hnf-I-sfÃmw IqSn a®nÂ\n¶pw Hcp hÀjw 28 Zi-e£w S¬ t]mj-I-§Ä FSp-¡p-¶p. NmW-Iw, a\p-jy-a-ew, hnfm-h-in-jvS-§Ä XpS-§n-bh FÃmw Iq«n-bmepw BsI 5.6 Zi-e£w S¬ t]mj-I-§tf Xncn¨v \ÂIm³ Ign-bq. ssPh-hfw am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¨m slIvS-dn\v 5 S¬ F¶Xv 14 S¬ Bbn DbÀ¯-Ww.

42. cmk-h-fw-þ-{]-iv\-§Ä Aan-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¨m ]mcn-Øn-XnI {]iv\-§Ä ssPh-hfw CÃmsX cmk-hfw am{X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¨m a®nse t]mj-I-tiJcw CÃm-Xm-Ipw. kq£va-aq-e-I-§-fpsS Ipd-hp-­m-Ipw. CXv a®n-s\ Xs¶ _m[n-¡pw.

43. ssPh-Ir-jnþ]cn-anXn-IÄ hym]-I-ambn ssPh-Irjn¡v Bh-iy-amb ssPh-h-f-¯nsâ e`yX C¶nÃ. ]s£ ssPhhfw Bh-iy-¯n\v e`y-amb Øe-§-fn DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bn amä-an-ÃmsX cmk-hfw ]qÀ®-ambn Hgn-hm¡n Irjn km²y-hpam-Wv. C¶v cmk-hfw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Øe¯v cmk-hfw ]qÀ®-ambpw Hgn-hm-¡p-t¼mÄ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bn Ipd-hp-h-cpw. F¶m 5þ6 hÀjw sIm­v DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X- hos­-Sp-¡m-\m-Ipw.

44. hf-{]-tbm-Kw-þ-im-kv{Xo-bX a®nse ImÀ_¬-þ-ss\-{S-P³ A\p-]mXw \ne-\nÀ¯-W-sa-¦n hnf-]-cn-{I-a-¯n ]bÀhÀ¤§Ä DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw ss\{S-P³ hf-§Ä tNÀ¡p-Ibpw thWw. CXv a®n \ne-\n¡-W-sa-¦n ImÀ_¬ IqSn a®n D­mI-Ww. CXn\v ssPhmwiw Xs¶ thWw.

45. kwtbm-PnX hf-{]-tbm-Kw ssPh-h-f-{]-tbmKw a®nsâ ^e-]pjvSn \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb `uXn-I, cmk-Kp-W-§Ä sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn ]cn-an-X-s¸-Sp-¯pI. t]mj-I-aq-e-I-§Ä cmk-h-f-§-fn-eqsS \ÂIp-I. A¾X IqSnb a®n Ip½mbw tNÀ¡p-I. Ip½mb¯ntâbpw cmk-h-f¯ntâbpw Afhv Bh-iy-¯n\v am{Xw

46. {i²n-t¡-­h a®v ^e-]p-jvSn-tbmsS \ne-\n¡-W-sa-¦n ssPh-hfw, cmk-hfw, Pohm-Wp-hfw, Ip-½mbw F¶nh Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw tNÀ¡Â, If-\n-b-{´-Ww, Dghv Ipd-¡Â, ]pX-bn-SoÂ, hnf-]-cn-{I-aw, ]b-dp-Ir-jn, a®p-kw-c-£Ww F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw {i²n-t¡­Xp­v.

47. IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ 1845-þ-AbÀem³UnÂþsF-dnjv s]m«täm ^man³-þ-I-cn-¨n tcmKw þacWw 4 tImSn. 1943-þ44-þ-_w-KmÄ £maw-þ-s\-Ãns\ _m[n¨ slÂhnt´m kvt]mdnbw eo^v kvt]m«v F¶ IpanÄ tcmKw-þ-a-cWw B hÀjw am{Xw 15 e£w t]À. C¯cw kml-Ncyw Hgn-hm-¡m-\pÅ {ia-¯n \n¶pw IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ þ “ \nÈ_vZ hk´w” ]p\Àhn-Nn-´-\-¯n\v XpS-¡-an-«p.

48. IoS-\nb{´Ww bm{´nI \nb-{´Ww þ ssIsIm-­v, sIWn D]-tbm-Kn-¨v, kqcy-Xm-]w, NqSv Ch D]-tbm-Kn-¨v. Irjn-coXn D]-tbm-Kn-¨v. ssPhnI \nb-{´Ww þ FXnÀ {]mWn-IÄ, ]cm-Z-§Ä, Cc-]n-Sn-b-·mÀ, tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä F¶nh D]-tbm-Kn-¨v. cmk-\n-b-{´Ww þ cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨v.

49. hÀ¤o-I-cWw {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ coXn DZ-c-Io-S-\m-in-\n--þ-h-b-än-se-¯p¶p (ImÀ_m-dnÂ) kv]Ài\-Io-S-\m-in-\n--þ-Xz¡neqsS (am-e-¯n-tbm¬) [qa-Io-S-\m-in-\n--þizmk\mfn-bn-eqsS (\m-]vX-eo³) cmk-L-S\ ImÀ_-WnI Io-S-\m-in-\n- AImÀ_-WnI Io-S-\m-in-\n-

50. cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄ A]-I-S-km-[y-X-¡-\p-k-cn¨v hnhn[ te_-ep-IÄ Nph¸v aª \oe ]¨ Nph¸pw aªbpw te_-epÅ IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. Ch Ign-hXpw Hgn-hm-¡Ww

51. IoS-\m-in-\n-IfpsS te_epIÄ Nph¸ v BÂUn-ImÀ_v s_µn-tbm-ImÀ_v -^q-d-Um³ ImÀ_-dn³ UnHm-IvtkmÀ_v ^nt\m-_q-ImÀ_v s^t\m-Ivko-ImÀ_v sFtkm-t{]m-ImÀ_v satXm-a-bn aª F³tUm-Ä^m³ t{]mkn-t\m-t^mkv {Snbm-tkm-t^mkv \oe _nIvtkmÄ skhn-tUmÄ skhn-tamÄ

52. ssPh-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄ ]pIbne¡jmbw ths¸-®-¸m-bkw th¸n³Ip-cp-I-jmbw as®® an{inXw Xpf-kn-bn-e-an-{inXw Im´m-cn-ap-fIp emb\n