1) _joÀ F¶ Fgp- ̄p-¡m-c3 `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ' F¶ sNdp-I-Y-bn apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ]mcn-Øn-XnI ZÀi-\s ̄ hne-bn-cp- ̄p-¶p. 2) ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c3 F¶ \ncq-]-I3 Cu IY-sb-¡p-dn ̈v ka-Im-enI temI ̄v {]k

1. ]pXp-a-bm˦ ]mTm-kq-{XWw
A[ym-]n-I-bpsS t]cv : BXn-c. F³.-Fkv ¢mkv:H³]Xv
hnZym-e-b¯nsâ t]cv : hn.-F-¨v.-F-kv.-F-kv.t^mÀtKÄkv,Xncp-hÃw kabw:45annäv
hnjbw : ae-bmfw XobXn : GIIw :
hkp-ss[h IpSpw-_Iw
D]-G-IIw : `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ
]mT-`mKw : ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ þ IYm ]cn-Nbw

2. BapJw
]mTm-]-{K-Yw
Bi-b-]cw
kmln-Xy-]cw
ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ F¶ sNdp-IYmkm{am-«nsâ {]IrXn ZÀiw hnfw-_cw sN¿p¶ krjvSn-bmWv `pan-bpsS
Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ sNdp-IY. Xsâ kzX-kn-²-amb ssien-bn B[p-nI ap-jysâ {]Ir-Xn-tbm-SpÅ kao-]--t¯bpw
AXnsâ ]cn-WnX ^e-t¯bpw Ipdn¨v _joÀ hymIp-e-m-Ip-¶p. Ah-K-Wn-¡m³ km[y-X-bpÅ Cu sNdp-I-Y-bnse
Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]cn-ØnXn ZÀi-s¯ hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv kaImenI ncq-]W temI¯v {it²-b-mb
]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³.
Hcp InWdpw ]gb hoSpw DÄs¸-Sp¶ ct­-¡
À ]pc-bn-Sw hm§n-b-tXmsS `mhn-Po-hnXw kpc-£n-X-ambn F¶v
Icp-Xp¶ _jo-dnpw `mcybv¡pw CS-bn `qan-bpsS aäv Ah-Im-in-IÄ IS¶p h¶v krjvSn-¡p¶ {]iv-§-fm-Wv.
‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ F¶ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS CXn-hr-¯w. kÀh Pohn-Ifpw `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I-fm-sW¶
_joÀ ne-]m-Snp hncp-²-ambn ]pc-bn-S-¯nsâ `mK-amb P´p-¡sf in-¸n-¡mpw HmSn-¡m-p-apÅ Xo{h-{i-a-
¯n-emWv At±-l-¯nsâ `mcy. ho«p-I-e-l-¯nsâ cq]-¯n Cu hncp-²m-i-b-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS _joÀ
apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ssPh-o-Xn-t_m-[s¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I-bmWv ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³ ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’
hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ F¶ teJ--¯n-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv.
]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³
ae-bmf ocp-]W cwK¯v {it²-b-mb Fgp-¯p-Im-c-mWv ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³. 1966 Â Xncp-h--´-]p-c-¯mWv

3. At±-l-¯nsâ P-w. ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³, ncq-]-I³ F¶o ne-I-fn {it²-b³. ]nXr-L-Sn-Imcw þ H.-hn. hnP-bsâ Iebpw
ZÀi--hpw, AÔ-mb ssZhw þ ae-bmf tmh-ensâ qdp hÀj-§Ä, GIm´ K-c-§Ä, hm¡nsâ aq¶mw-I-c, tmh :
t_m[hpw {]Xn-t_m-[hpw (F-Un-äÀ) XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv {][m IrXn-IÄ.
ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ
1908 Pp-hcn 19v ssh¡w Xmeq-¡n Xe-tbm-e-¸-d-¼n Pn-¨p. kvIqÄ ]T--Im-e¯p Xs¶ C´y³ kzmX-{´y-k-a-c-t
¯mSv Ap-`mhw ]peÀ¯n. D¸p kXym-{K-l-¯n ]s¦-Sp-¯-Xnsâ t]cn aÀ±w Gäp-hm-§p-Ibpw PbnÂhmkw
Ap-`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-­v.
k©m-cn-bm-bn-cp¶ _joÀ Xsâ kzX-kn-²-amb lmky-ssi-en-sIm­v
ae-bm-f-
¯nse sNdp-IYm {]Øm--¯n thdn«p n¡p-¶p. C´y³ `mj-I-fnepw hntZi `mj-I-fnepw At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn-IÄ
XÀÖa sNbvXn-«p-­v.
_mey-Ime kJn, Fâp-¸p-¸m-s¡m-cm-t-­mÀ
¶v, ]m¯p-½m-bpsS BSv, aXn-ep-IÄ, i_vZ-§Ä,
t{]a-te-Jw XpS-§n-bh {it²b IrXn-IÄ, kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-I-fpsS (tI-{μ, -tI-c-f) s^tÃm-jn¸v e`n-¨n-«pÅ At±lw
]ß{io _lp-a-Xn¡pw AÀ-lm-bn-«p-­v.
1994 Â ncym-Xm-m-bn.
1) _joÀ F¶ Fgp-¯p-¡m-c-s-¡p-dn¨v Adn-bp-I.
2) _joÀ apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ]mcn-Øn-XnI ZÀi-s¯ Adn-bp-I.
3) `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ sNdp-IY ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-I.

4. t_m[-tm-t±-iy-§Ä
]T-tm-]-I-c-W-§Ä
4)- ]n.sI. cmP-ti-J-c³ F¶ ncq-]-Is Adn-bp-I.
5) IY-I-fpsS ncq-]-W-§-fpsS {]kàn a-kn-em-¡p-I.
6) ]pXnb ssPh-oXn t_m[w cq]o-I-cn-¡p-I.
7) ap-jysâ hnthI cln-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Xncn-¨-dn-bp-I.
1) ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ IY DÄs¸-Sp¶ Bn-ta-j³ kn.Un
2) _joÀ hmNIw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb NmÀ«v
3) {]hÀ¯ ImÀUv
1) IYm-]-cn-Nbw S-¯p¶ Ipdn¸v

5. ]T-tmÂ-¸¶-§Ä
]T {]hÀ¯--§Ä
Ip«n-I-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä
• Ip«n-I-tfmSv IY-IÄ CjvS-amtWm F¶v Atz-jn-¨p-sIm­v
¢mkv Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p.
• Ip«n-I-tfmSv AhÀ¡n-jvS-apÅ IYm-Ir-¯p-¡-fpsS
‘CjvS-amWv’ F¶v ]d-bp-¶p
Ip«n-IÄ t]cp-IÄ ]d-bp-¶p.

6. t]cp-IÄ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
• ap-¡n¶v Hcp sNdp-IY ¢mkn ]cn-N-b-s¸Smw F¶v ]d-ªp-sIm­v
_jo-dnsâ `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ sNdp-IY
AS-§p¶ ]pkvXI ImWn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p.
• A[ym-]nI _jo-dnsâ ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-inIÄ’ F¶ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Bn-ta-j³ kn.Un ImWn-¡p-¶p.
• Ip«n-I-fpsS Bi-b-§Ä tImÀ¯n-W-¡n-s¡m­v
A[ym-]nI
D]-kw-lmcw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
• `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ ioÀj-I-s¯bpw IY-bpsS
{]k-àn-sbbpw Ipdn¨v ¢mkn eLp NÀ¨ S-¯p-hm-mbn
c­p
{Kq¸p-I-fm¡n Ip«n-Isf Xncn-¡p-¶p.
• Ip«n-I-fpsS Bi-b-§Ä tImÀ¯n-W-¡n-s¡m­v
A[ym-]nI
D]-kw-lmcw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
Ip«n-IÄ{i²-tbmsS tm¡p-¶p.
Ip«n-IÄ {i²-tbmsS Ccn-¡p-¶p.
Ip«n-IÄ {i²-tbmsS tIÄ¡p- Ibpw kn.-Un. bnse cwK-
§sf HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p
_jo-dnsâ IY-sb-¡p-dn¨v ¢mkn NÀ¨ S-¯p-¶p.

7. • NÀ¨-bvs¡m-Sp-hn A[ym-]nI NmÀ«v {]ZÀin-¸n-¨p-sIm­v
{Kq¸v
{]hÀ¯w ÂIp-¶p.
{]hÀ¯w :
ssZh-kr-jvSn-bnÂ, sX§p-I-fnse Icn-¡p-I-fn hmh-ep-IÄ¡v
Ah-Im-i-ap­v;
ssZhw X¼p-cm³ krjvSn-bpsS Znhy aplqÀ¯-¯nÂ
IÂ]n-¨p-sIm-Sp¯ ]pcm-X ]pcm-X--amb Ah-Imiw HmÀ¡pI.
“Pohn-I-fmb kÀh Pohn-Ifpw `qn-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ”.
F¶ _jo-dnsâ hmNIw apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ASn-Øm Bibw ka-Im-enI temI¯v {]k-à-amtWm F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯p-
I.
• Ip«n-I-tfmSv ‘`qan’ F¶ ]Z-¯nv kam--amb ]Z-§Ä ]d-bp-hm³
Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.
`qan = [c, £nXn, [cn-{Xn, Cf
Ip«n-IÄ {i²-tbmsS Ccn-¡p-¶p.
Ip«n-IÄ {]hÀ¯w FgpXn FSp-¡p-¶p.

8. • Ah-bpsS ASn-Øm--¯n mep {Kq¸p-I-fm¡n Ip«n-Isf Xncn-¡p-¶p. -
•{]hÀ¯w sN¿m³ nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p.
• A[ym-]nI anI¨ {]I-Sw S¯nb {Kq¸ns Is­
¯n A`n--μn-¡m³
Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.
• A[ym-]nI ]mT-`m-K-s¯-¡p-dn¨v eLp tNmZy-§Ä tNmZn¨v ¢mkv
Ah-km-n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
Ip«n-IÄ ]Z-§Ä ]d-bp-¶p.
Ip«n-IÄ DÕm-l-]qÀhw {Kq¸p-
Ifmbn Xncn-bp¶p.
{]hÀ¯w sNbvXv
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

9. 1)‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ IY Fgp-Xn-b-Xmcv ?
2) hoSpw ]d¼pw hm§p-t¼mÄ _jo-dnsâ Nn´-IÄ
Fs´m-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p ?
3) kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSv _jo-dnsâ ne-]mSv F´mWv ?
4)_jo-dns `mcy FXnÀ¡p-¶Xv F´p-sIm-­mWv
?
5) aäp P´p-¡sf sIms¶m-Sp-¡n-bm F´v kw`-hn-¡p-sa¶v
_joÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. ?
• A[ym-]nI XpSÀ {]hÀ¯w ÂIp-¶p.
XpSÀ {]hÀ¯ -w :
`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ IYsb Iq«p-ImÀ¡v
A[ym-]n-Ibpw Ip«n-Ifpw tNÀ¶v anI¨ {Kq¸ns
Is­
¯n A`n--μn-¡p-¶p.
Ip«n-IÄ tNmZy -§Ä¡v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.

10. ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Bh-iy-amb IYm-]-cn-N-b-¡p-dn¸v
X¿m-dm-¡p-I.
Ip«n-IÄ {]hÀ¯w FgpXn
FSp-¡p-¶p.