]pXp-a-bm˦ ]mTm-kq-{XWw 
A[ym-]n-I-bpsS t]cv : BXn-c. F³.-Fkv ¢mkv:H³]Xv 
hnZym-e-b¯nsâ t]cv : hn.-F-¨v.-F-kv.-F-kv.t^mÀtKÄkv,Xncp-hÃw kabw:45annäv 
hnjbw : ae-bmfw XobXn : GIIw : 
hkp-ss[h IpSpw-_Iw 
D]-G-IIw : `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ 
]mT-`mKw : ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ þ IYm ]cn-Nbw
BapJw 
]mTm-]-{K-Yw 
Bi-b-]cw 
kmln-Xy-]cw 
ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ F¶ sNdp-IYmkm{am-«nsâ {]IrXn ZÀiw hnfw-_cw sN¿p¶ krjvSn-bmWv `pan-bpsS 
Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ sNdp-IY. Xsâ kzX-kn-²-amb ssien-bn B[p-nI ap-jysâ {]Ir-Xn-tbm-SpÅ kao-]--t¯bpw 
AXnsâ ]cn-WnX ^e-t¯bpw Ipdn¨v _joÀ hymIp-e-m-Ip-¶p. Ah-K-Wn-¡m³ km[y-X-bpÅ Cu sNdp-I-Y-bnse 
Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]cn-ØnXn ZÀi-s¯ hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv kaImenI ncq-]W temI¯v {it²-b-mb 
]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³. 
Hcp InWdpw ]gb hoSpw DÄs¸-Sp¶ ct­-¡ 
À ]pc-bn-Sw hm§n-b-tXmsS `mhn-Po-hnXw kpc-£n-X-ambn F¶v 
Icp-Xp¶ _jo-dnpw `mcybv¡pw CS-bn `qan-bpsS aäv Ah-Im-in-IÄ IS¶p h¶v krjvSn-¡p¶ {]iv-§-fm-Wv. 
‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ F¶ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS CXn-hr-¯w. kÀh Pohn-Ifpw `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I-fm-sW¶ 
_joÀ ne-]m-Snp hncp-²-ambn ]pc-bn-S-¯nsâ `mK-amb P´p-¡sf in-¸n-¡mpw HmSn-¡m-p-apÅ Xo{h-{i-a- 
¯n-emWv At±-l-¯nsâ `mcy. ho«p-I-e-l-¯nsâ cq]-¯n Cu hncp-²m-i-b-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS _joÀ 
apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ssPh-o-Xn-t_m-[s¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I-bmWv ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³ ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ 
hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ F¶ teJ--¯n-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. 
]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³ 
ae-bmf ocp-]W cwK¯v {it²-b-mb Fgp-¯p-Im-c-mWv ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³. 1966 Â Xncp-h--´-]p-c-¯mWv
At±-l-¯nsâ P-w. ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³, ncq-]-I³ F¶o ne-I-fn {it²-b³. ]nXr-L-Sn-Imcw þ H.-hn. hnP-bsâ Iebpw 
ZÀi--hpw, AÔ-mb ssZhw þ ae-bmf tmh-ensâ qdp hÀj-§Ä, GIm´ K-c-§Ä, hm¡nsâ aq¶mw-I-c, tmh : 
t_m[hpw {]Xn-t_m-[hpw (F-Un-äÀ) XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv {][m IrXn-IÄ. 
ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ 
1908 Pp-hcn 19v ssh¡w Xmeq-¡n Xe-tbm-e-¸-d-¼n Pn-¨p. kvIqÄ ]T--Im-e¯p Xs¶ C´y³ kzmX-{´y-k-a-c-t 
¯mSv Ap-`mhw ]peÀ¯n. D¸p kXym-{K-l-¯n ]s¦-Sp-¯-Xnsâ t]cn aÀ±w Gäp-hm-§p-Ibpw PbnÂhmkw 
Ap-`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-­v. 
k©m-cn-bm-bn-cp¶ _joÀ Xsâ kzX-kn-²-amb lmky-ssi-en-sIm­v 
ae-bm-f- 
¯nse sNdp-IYm {]Øm--¯n thdn«p n¡p-¶p. C´y³ `mj-I-fnepw hntZi `mj-I-fnepw At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn-IÄ 
XÀÖa sNbvXn-«p-­v. 
_mey-Ime kJn, Fâp-¸p-¸m-s¡m-cm-t-­mÀ 
¶v, ]m¯p-½m-bpsS BSv, aXn-ep-IÄ, i_vZ-§Ä, 
t{]a-te-Jw XpS-§n-bh {it²b IrXn-IÄ, kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-I-fpsS (tI-{μ, -tI-c-f) s^tÃm-jn¸v e`n-¨n-«pÅ At±lw 
]ß{io _lp-a-Xn¡pw AÀ-lm-bn-«p-­v. 
1994 Â ncym-Xm-m-bn. 
1) _joÀ F¶ Fgp-¯p-¡m-c-s-¡p-dn¨v Adn-bp-I. 
2) _joÀ apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ]mcn-Øn-XnI ZÀi-s¯ Adn-bp-I. 
3) `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ sNdp-IY ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-I.
t_m[-tm-t±-iy-§Ä 
]T-tm-]-I-c-W-§Ä 
4)- ]n.sI. cmP-ti-J-c³ F¶ ncq-]-Is Adn-bp-I. 
5) IY-I-fpsS ncq-]-W-§-fpsS {]kàn a-kn-em-¡p-I. 
6) ]pXnb ssPh-oXn t_m[w cq]o-I-cn-¡p-I. 
7) ap-jysâ hnthI cln-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Xncn-¨-dn-bp-I. 
1) ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ IY DÄs¸-Sp¶ Bn-ta-j³ kn.Un 
2) _joÀ hmNIw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb NmÀ«v 
3) {]hÀ¯ ImÀUv 
1) IYm-]-cn-Nbw S-¯p¶ Ipdn¸v
]T-tmÂ-¸¶-§Ä 
]T {]hÀ¯--§Ä 
Ip«n-I-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä 
• Ip«n-I-tfmSv IY-IÄ CjvS-amtWm F¶v Atz-jn-¨p-sIm­v 
¢mkv Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p. 
• Ip«n-I-tfmSv AhÀ¡n-jvS-apÅ IYm-Ir-¯p-¡-fpsS 
‘CjvS-amWv’ F¶v ]d-bp-¶p 
Ip«n-IÄ t]cp-IÄ ]d-bp-¶p.
t]cp-IÄ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. 
• ap-¡n¶v Hcp sNdp-IY ¢mkn ]cn-N-b-s¸Smw F¶v ]d-ªp-sIm­v 
_jo-dnsâ `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ sNdp-IY 
AS-§p¶ ]pkvXI ImWn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. 
• A[ym-]nI _jo-dnsâ ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-inIÄ’ F¶ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Bn-ta-j³ kn.Un ImWn-¡p-¶p. 
• Ip«n-I-fpsS Bi-b-§Ä tImÀ¯n-W-¡n-s¡m­v 
A[ym-]nI 
D]-kw-lmcw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. 
• `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ ioÀj-I-s¯bpw IY-bpsS 
{]k-àn-sbbpw Ipdn¨v ¢mkn eLp NÀ¨ S-¯p-hm-mbn 
c­p 
{Kq¸p-I-fm¡n Ip«n-Isf Xncn-¡p-¶p. 
• Ip«n-I-fpsS Bi-b-§Ä tImÀ¯n-W-¡n-s¡m­v 
A[ym-]nI 
D]-kw-lmcw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. 
Ip«n-IÄ{i²-tbmsS tm¡p-¶p. 
Ip«n-IÄ {i²-tbmsS Ccn-¡p-¶p. 
Ip«n-IÄ {i²-tbmsS tIÄ¡p- Ibpw kn.-Un. bnse cwK- 
§sf HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p 
_jo-dnsâ IY-sb-¡p-dn¨v ¢mkn NÀ¨ S-¯p-¶p.
• NÀ¨-bvs¡m-Sp-hn A[ym-]nI NmÀ«v {]ZÀin-¸n-¨p-sIm­v 
{Kq¸v 
{]hÀ¯w ÂIp-¶p. 
{]hÀ¯w : 
ssZh-kr-jvSn-bnÂ, sX§p-I-fnse Icn-¡p-I-fn hmh-ep-IÄ¡v 
Ah-Im-i-ap­v; 
ssZhw X¼p-cm³ krjvSn-bpsS Znhy aplqÀ¯-¯n 
IÂ]n-¨p-sIm-Sp¯ ]pcm-X ]pcm-X--amb Ah-Imiw HmÀ¡pI. 
“Pohn-I-fmb kÀh Pohn-Ifpw `qn-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ”. 
F¶ _jo-dnsâ hmNIw apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ASn-Øm Bibw ka-Im-enI temI¯v {]k-à-amtWm F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯p- 
I. 
• Ip«n-I-tfmSv ‘`qan’ F¶ ]Z-¯nv kam--amb ]Z-§Ä ]d-bp-hm³ 
Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. 
`qan = [c, £nXn, [cn-{Xn, Cf 
Ip«n-IÄ {i²-tbmsS Ccn-¡p-¶p. 
Ip«n-IÄ {]hÀ¯w FgpXn FSp-¡p-¶p.
• Ah-bpsS ASn-Øm--¯n mep {Kq¸p-I-fm¡n Ip«n-Isf Xncn-¡p-¶p. - 
•{]hÀ¯w sN¿m³ nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. 
• A[ym-]nI anI¨ {]I-Sw S¯nb {Kq¸ns Is­ 
¯n A`n--μn-¡m³ 
Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. 
• A[ym-]nI ]mT-`m-K-s¯-¡p-dn¨v eLp tNmZy-§Ä tNmZn¨v ¢mkv 
Ah-km-n-¸n-¡p-¶p. 
Ip«n-IÄ ]Z-§Ä ]d-bp-¶p. 
Ip«n-IÄ DÕm-l-]qÀhw {Kq¸p- 
Ifmbn Xncn-bp¶p. 
{]hÀ¯w sNbvXv 
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
1)‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ IY Fgp-Xn-b-Xmcv ? 
2) hoSpw ]d¼pw hm§p-t¼mÄ _jo-dnsâ Nn´-IÄ 
Fs´m-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p ? 
3) kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSv _jo-dnsâ ne-]mSv F´mWv ? 
4)_jo-dns `mcy FXnÀ¡p-¶Xv F´p-sIm-­mWv 
? 
5) aäp P´p-¡sf sIms¶m-Sp-¡n-bm F´v kw`-hn-¡p-sa¶v 
_joÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. ? 
• A[ym-]nI XpSÀ {]hÀ¯w ÂIp-¶p. 
XpSÀ {]hÀ¯ -w : 
`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ IYsb Iq«p-ImÀ¡v 
A[ym-]n-Ibpw Ip«n-Ifpw tNÀ¶v anI¨ {Kq¸ns 
Is­ 
¯n A`n--μn-¡p-¶p. 
Ip«n-IÄ tNmZy -§Ä¡v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.
]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Bh-iy-amb IYm-]-cn-N-b-¡p-dn¸v 
X¿m-dm-¡p-I. 
Ip«n-IÄ {]hÀ¯w FgpXn 
FSp-¡p-¶p.
Final padasootranam

Final padasootranam

  • 1.
    ]pXp-a-bmÀ¶ ]mTm-kq-{XWw A[ym-]n-I-bpsSt]cv : BXn-c. F³.-Fkv ¢mkv:H³]Xv hnZym-e-b¯nsâ t]cv : hn.-F-¨v.-F-kv.-F-kv.t^mÀtKÄkv,Xncp-hÃw kabw:45annäv hnjbw : ae-bmfw XobXn : GIIw : hkp-ss[h IpSpw-_Iw D]-G-IIw : `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]mT-`mKw : ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ þ IYm ]cn-Nbw
  • 2.
    BapJw ]mTm-]-{K-Yw Bi-b-]cw kmln-Xy-]cw ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ F¶ sNdp-IYmkm{am-«nsâ {]IrXn ZÀiw hnfw-_cw sN¿p¶ krjvSn-bmWv `pan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ sNdp-IY. Xsâ kzX-kn-²-amb ssien-bn B[p-nI ap-jysâ {]Ir-Xn-tbm-SpÅ kao-]--t¯bpw AXnsâ ]cn-WnX ^e-t¯bpw Ipdn¨v _joÀ hymIp-e-m-Ip-¶p. Ah-K-Wn-¡m³ km[y-X-bpÅ Cu sNdp-I-Y-bnse Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]cn-ØnXn ZÀi-s¯ hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv kaImenI ncq-]W temI¯v {it²-b-mb ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³. Hcp InWdpw ]gb hoSpw DÄs¸-Sp¶ ct­-¡ À ]pc-bn-Sw hm§n-b-tXmsS `mhn-Po-hnXw kpc-£n-X-ambn F¶v Icp-Xp¶ _jo-dnpw `mcybv¡pw CS-bn `qan-bpsS aäv Ah-Im-in-IÄ IS¶p h¶v krjvSn-¡p¶ {]iv-§-fm-Wv. ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ F¶ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS CXn-hr-¯w. kÀh Pohn-Ifpw `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I-fm-sW¶ _joÀ ne-]m-Snp hncp-²-ambn ]pc-bn-S-¯nsâ `mK-amb P´p-¡sf in-¸n-¡mpw HmSn-¡m-p-apÅ Xo{h-{i-a- ¯n-emWv At±-l-¯nsâ `mcy. ho«p-I-e-l-¯nsâ cq]-¯n Cu hncp-²m-i-b-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS _joÀ apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ssPh-o-Xn-t_m-[s¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I-bmWv ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³ ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ F¶ teJ--¯n-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³ ae-bmf ocp-]W cwK¯v {it²-b-mb Fgp-¯p-Im-c-mWv ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³. 1966  Xncp-h--´-]p-c-¯mWv
  • 3.
    At±-l-¯nsâ P-w. ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³,ncq-]-I³ F¶o ne-I-fn {it²-b³. ]nXr-L-Sn-Imcw þ H.-hn. hnP-bsâ Iebpw ZÀi--hpw, AÔ-mb ssZhw þ ae-bmf tmh-ensâ qdp hÀj-§Ä, GIm´ K-c-§Ä, hm¡nsâ aq¶mw-I-c, tmh : t_m[hpw {]Xn-t_m-[hpw (F-Un-äÀ) XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv {][m IrXn-IÄ. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ 1908 Pp-hcn 19v ssh¡w Xmeq-¡n Xe-tbm-e-¸-d-¼n Pn-¨p. kvIqÄ ]T--Im-e¯p Xs¶ C´y³ kzmX-{´y-k-a-c-t ¯mSv Ap-`mhw ]peÀ¯n. D¸p kXym-{K-l-¯n ]s¦-Sp-¯-Xnsâ t]cn aÀ±w Gäp-hm-§p-Ibpw PbnÂhmkw Ap-`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-­v. k©m-cn-bm-bn-cp¶ _joÀ Xsâ kzX-kn-²-amb lmky-ssi-en-sIm­v ae-bm-f- ¯nse sNdp-IYm {]Øm--¯n thdn«p n¡p-¶p. C´y³ `mj-I-fnepw hntZi `mj-I-fnepw At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn-IÄ XÀÖa sNbvXn-«p-­v. _mey-Ime kJn, Fâp-¸p-¸m-s¡m-cm-t-­mÀ ¶v, ]m¯p-½m-bpsS BSv, aXn-ep-IÄ, i_vZ-§Ä, t{]a-te-Jw XpS-§n-bh {it²b IrXn-IÄ, kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-I-fpsS (tI-{μ, -tI-c-f) s^tÃm-jn¸v e`n-¨n-«pÅ At±lw ]ß{io _lp-a-Xn¡pw AÀ-lm-bn-«p-­v. 1994  ncym-Xm-m-bn. 1) _joÀ F¶ Fgp-¯p-¡m-c-s-¡p-dn¨v Adn-bp-I. 2) _joÀ apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ]mcn-Øn-XnI ZÀi-s¯ Adn-bp-I. 3) `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ sNdp-IY ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-I.
  • 4.
    t_m[-tm-t±-iy-§Ä ]T-tm-]-I-c-W-§Ä 4)-]n.sI. cmP-ti-J-c³ F¶ ncq-]-Is Adn-bp-I. 5) IY-I-fpsS ncq-]-W-§-fpsS {]kàn a-kn-em-¡p-I. 6) ]pXnb ssPh-oXn t_m[w cq]o-I-cn-¡p-I. 7) ap-jysâ hnthI cln-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Xncn-¨-dn-bp-I. 1) ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ IY DÄs¸-Sp¶ Bn-ta-j³ kn.Un 2) _joÀ hmNIw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb NmÀ«v 3) {]hÀ¯ ImÀUv 1) IYm-]-cn-Nbw S-¯p¶ Ipdn¸v
  • 5.
    ]T-tmÂ-¸¶-§Ä ]T {]hÀ¯--§Ä Ip«n-I-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä • Ip«n-I-tfmSv IY-IÄ CjvS-amtWm F¶v Atz-jn-¨p-sIm­v ¢mkv Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p. • Ip«n-I-tfmSv AhÀ¡n-jvS-apÅ IYm-Ir-¯p-¡-fpsS ‘CjvS-amWv’ F¶v ]d-bp-¶p Ip«n-IÄ t]cp-IÄ ]d-bp-¶p.
  • 6.
    t]cp-IÄ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. •ap-¡n¶v Hcp sNdp-IY ¢mkn ]cn-N-b-s¸Smw F¶v ]d-ªp-sIm­v _jo-dnsâ `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ sNdp-IY AS-§p¶ ]pkvXI ImWn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. • A[ym-]nI _jo-dnsâ ‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-inIÄ’ F¶ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Bn-ta-j³ kn.Un ImWn-¡p-¶p. • Ip«n-I-fpsS Bi-b-§Ä tImÀ¯n-W-¡n-s¡m­v A[ym-]nI D]-kw-lmcw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. • `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ ioÀj-I-s¯bpw IY-bpsS {]k-àn-sbbpw Ipdn¨v ¢mkn eLp NÀ¨ S-¯p-hm-mbn c­p {Kq¸p-I-fm¡n Ip«n-Isf Xncn-¡p-¶p. • Ip«n-I-fpsS Bi-b-§Ä tImÀ¯n-W-¡n-s¡m­v A[ym-]nI D]-kw-lmcw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ{i²-tbmsS tm¡p-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ {i²-tbmsS Ccn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ {i²-tbmsS tIÄ¡p- Ibpw kn.-Un. bnse cwK- §sf HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p _jo-dnsâ IY-sb-¡p-dn¨v ¢mkn NÀ¨ S-¯p-¶p.
  • 7.
    • NÀ¨-bvs¡m-Sp-hn A[ym-]nINmÀ«v {]ZÀin-¸n-¨p-sIm­v {Kq¸v {]hÀ¯w ÂIp-¶p. {]hÀ¯w : ssZh-kr-jvSn-bnÂ, sX§p-I-fnse Icn-¡p-I-fn hmh-ep-IÄ¡v Ah-Im-i-ap­v; ssZhw X¼p-cm³ krjvSn-bpsS Znhy aplqÀ¯-¯n IÂ]n-¨p-sIm-Sp¯ ]pcm-X ]pcm-X--amb Ah-Imiw HmÀ¡pI. “Pohn-I-fmb kÀh Pohn-Ifpw `qn-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ”. F¶ _jo-dnsâ hmNIw apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ASn-Øm Bibw ka-Im-enI temI¯v {]k-à-amtWm F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯p- I. • Ip«n-I-tfmSv ‘`qan’ F¶ ]Z-¯nv kam--amb ]Z-§Ä ]d-bp-hm³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. `qan = [c, £nXn, [cn-{Xn, Cf Ip«n-IÄ {i²-tbmsS Ccn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ {]hÀ¯w FgpXn FSp-¡p-¶p.
  • 8.
    • Ah-bpsS ASn-Øm--¯nÂmep {Kq¸p-I-fm¡n Ip«n-Isf Xncn-¡p-¶p. - •{]hÀ¯w sN¿m³ nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. • A[ym-]nI anI¨ {]I-Sw S¯nb {Kq¸ns Is­ ¯n A`n--μn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. • A[ym-]nI ]mT-`m-K-s¯-¡p-dn¨v eLp tNmZy-§Ä tNmZn¨v ¢mkv Ah-km-n-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ ]Z-§Ä ]d-bp-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ DÕm-l-]qÀhw {Kq¸p- Ifmbn Xncn-bp¶p. {]hÀ¯w sNbvXv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
  • 9.
    1)‘`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ’ IYFgp-Xn-b-Xmcv ? 2) hoSpw ]d¼pw hm§p-t¼mÄ _jo-dnsâ Nn´-IÄ Fs´m-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p ? 3) kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSv _jo-dnsâ ne-]mSv F´mWv ? 4)_jo-dns `mcy FXnÀ¡p-¶Xv F´p-sIm-­mWv ? 5) aäp P´p-¡sf sIms¶m-Sp-¡n-bm F´v kw`-hn-¡p-sa¶v _joÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. ? • A[ym-]nI XpSÀ {]hÀ¯w ÂIp-¶p. XpSÀ {]hÀ¯ -w : `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶ IYsb Iq«p-ImÀ¡v A[ym-]n-Ibpw Ip«n-Ifpw tNÀ¶v anI¨ {Kq¸ns Is­ ¯n A`n--μn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ tNmZy -§Ä¡v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.
  • 10.
    ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Bh-iy-amb IYm-]-cn-N-b-¡p-dn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I. Ip«n-IÄ {]hÀ¯w FgpXn FSp-¡p-¶p.