This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new switched capacitance power converter for a 6/4 switched reluctance motor drive. The proposed converter aims to reduce torque ripple and allow constant speed to be achieved more quickly with reduced power loss compared to an asymmetric converter. The operating principles and design of the proposed converter are described. Simulation results using MATLAB Simulink show that the proposed converter produces less torque oscillation and maintains a constant speed of 4500 RPM, making it suitable for low and medium speed applications.
V/F Control of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Drives Without Flux or Torque Me...Waqas Tariq
Based on the popular constant volts per hertz principle, two improvement techniques are presented: keeping maximum torque constant or keeping magnetic flux constant. An open-loop inverter-three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor drive system that provides constant maximum torque or increased maximum torque and reduced slip speed at frequencies below the nominal frequency has been modeled, simulated and tested. Load performance analysis of the proposed system under different operation conditions was provided. These principles of operation are extended to the case of operation from variable frequency or variable voltage control method. Finally, the effects of the non-sinusoidal voltage and/or current wave shapes are covered. The results show that both suggested improvement techniques (constant torque or constant flux) improve the steady-state performance A.C. drive system with squirrel cage induction motors. The slip speed has been decreased and the starting torque and maximum torque have been increased, which means that the suggested control techniques can be used in drive systems with short time operating mode under light loads.
This course covers electric drive systems controlled by power electronic converters. It discusses DC drives, induction motor drives controlled from the stator side and rotor side, and synchronous motor drives. Students will learn about drive characteristics and modeling, DC drive configurations, closed-loop control of induction motors, efficient speed control methods for induction motors, and control techniques for synchronous motors. The course aims to provide an understanding of electric drive performance and applications in various industries.
This document proposes a direct torque control strategy for doubly fed induction machine-based wind turbines that can operate under voltage dips without crowbar protection. The control strategy generates a rotor flux amplitude reference to control the torque of the wind turbine and reduce stator and rotor overcurrents during faults. It also provides fast dynamic response. While the control does not eliminate the need for crowbar protection entirely, it can prevent the crowbar from activating during low-depth voltage dips. The direct torque control approach maintains machine connection to the grid and reduces torque oscillations during faults.
Updated field oriented control of induction motor.pptxMohit Sharma
It is a simulation work project done on a 5hp,440V/5A and 1440rpm Induction motor.It explains the control of induction motor using matlab-simulink algorithm by PI control as well as Fuzzy logic control.
special electrical motor(switched reluctance motor)Srihari Datta
Switched reluctance motors have several advantages over traditional motors, including a simple and robust structure without windings or permanent magnets on the rotor. Torque is produced through the tendency of the rotor poles to align with excited stator poles. The motor has a doubly salient pole structure and nonlinear magnetic characteristics, which can cause torque ripple problems. The motor consists of concentrated stator coils and no coils or magnets on the rotor. Multiple stator/rotor pole combinations are possible. Torque is produced by controlling the timing of current pulses in the stator phases using power electronics. The motor can operate over a wide speed range at high efficiency using various control strategies to regulate the current pulses.
14. a variable speed, sensorless, induction motor drivesatya_m
The document presents a new sensorless control strategy for a three-phase induction motor drive using only DC link current measurements. The strategy estimates motor speed and torque through signal reconstruction rather than direct sensor readings. It includes independent speed and torque control loops as well as current regulation. Simulation results on a 2.2 kW induction motor show fast dynamic response and good agreement between actual and estimated torque and speed values. The proposed drive requires only one current sensor in the DC link, making it suitable for low-cost sensorless motor applications.
Simulation and speed control of induction motor drivesPANKAJVERMA315
This document discusses speed control methods for induction motors. It first describes that induction motors are widely used due to their reliability and robustness, but do not inherently have variable speed capability. Recent developments in induction motor speed control, such as constant V/f control, have enabled their use in electrical drives. Constant V/f control maintains a constant voltage-to-frequency ratio to keep the magnetic flux and maximum torque constant at different speeds. The document then examines transients during induction motor starting for different parameters like stator inductance, rotor resistance, and stator resistance. Finally, it analyzes various speed control methods like variable rotor resistance, variable stator voltage, constant V/f control, and vector control.
1. direct torque control of induction motor with fuzzy controller a reviewMajdi Dadeq
This document reviews direct torque control of induction motors with fuzzy controllers. It begins by providing background on induction motors and their widespread use in industry. It then discusses direct torque control, which aims to directly control the stator flux and torque of induction motors through optimal selection of inverter switching vectors. The rest of the document discusses modeling induction motor drives using direct torque control with fuzzy logic applications and compares various techniques that have been proposed.
V/F Control of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Drives Without Flux or Torque Me...Waqas Tariq
Based on the popular constant volts per hertz principle, two improvement techniques are presented: keeping maximum torque constant or keeping magnetic flux constant. An open-loop inverter-three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor drive system that provides constant maximum torque or increased maximum torque and reduced slip speed at frequencies below the nominal frequency has been modeled, simulated and tested. Load performance analysis of the proposed system under different operation conditions was provided. These principles of operation are extended to the case of operation from variable frequency or variable voltage control method. Finally, the effects of the non-sinusoidal voltage and/or current wave shapes are covered. The results show that both suggested improvement techniques (constant torque or constant flux) improve the steady-state performance A.C. drive system with squirrel cage induction motors. The slip speed has been decreased and the starting torque and maximum torque have been increased, which means that the suggested control techniques can be used in drive systems with short time operating mode under light loads.
This course covers electric drive systems controlled by power electronic converters. It discusses DC drives, induction motor drives controlled from the stator side and rotor side, and synchronous motor drives. Students will learn about drive characteristics and modeling, DC drive configurations, closed-loop control of induction motors, efficient speed control methods for induction motors, and control techniques for synchronous motors. The course aims to provide an understanding of electric drive performance and applications in various industries.
This document proposes a direct torque control strategy for doubly fed induction machine-based wind turbines that can operate under voltage dips without crowbar protection. The control strategy generates a rotor flux amplitude reference to control the torque of the wind turbine and reduce stator and rotor overcurrents during faults. It also provides fast dynamic response. While the control does not eliminate the need for crowbar protection entirely, it can prevent the crowbar from activating during low-depth voltage dips. The direct torque control approach maintains machine connection to the grid and reduces torque oscillations during faults.
Updated field oriented control of induction motor.pptxMohit Sharma
It is a simulation work project done on a 5hp,440V/5A and 1440rpm Induction motor.It explains the control of induction motor using matlab-simulink algorithm by PI control as well as Fuzzy logic control.
special electrical motor(switched reluctance motor)Srihari Datta
Switched reluctance motors have several advantages over traditional motors, including a simple and robust structure without windings or permanent magnets on the rotor. Torque is produced through the tendency of the rotor poles to align with excited stator poles. The motor has a doubly salient pole structure and nonlinear magnetic characteristics, which can cause torque ripple problems. The motor consists of concentrated stator coils and no coils or magnets on the rotor. Multiple stator/rotor pole combinations are possible. Torque is produced by controlling the timing of current pulses in the stator phases using power electronics. The motor can operate over a wide speed range at high efficiency using various control strategies to regulate the current pulses.
14. a variable speed, sensorless, induction motor drivesatya_m
The document presents a new sensorless control strategy for a three-phase induction motor drive using only DC link current measurements. The strategy estimates motor speed and torque through signal reconstruction rather than direct sensor readings. It includes independent speed and torque control loops as well as current regulation. Simulation results on a 2.2 kW induction motor show fast dynamic response and good agreement between actual and estimated torque and speed values. The proposed drive requires only one current sensor in the DC link, making it suitable for low-cost sensorless motor applications.
Simulation and speed control of induction motor drivesPANKAJVERMA315
This document discusses speed control methods for induction motors. It first describes that induction motors are widely used due to their reliability and robustness, but do not inherently have variable speed capability. Recent developments in induction motor speed control, such as constant V/f control, have enabled their use in electrical drives. Constant V/f control maintains a constant voltage-to-frequency ratio to keep the magnetic flux and maximum torque constant at different speeds. The document then examines transients during induction motor starting for different parameters like stator inductance, rotor resistance, and stator resistance. Finally, it analyzes various speed control methods like variable rotor resistance, variable stator voltage, constant V/f control, and vector control.
1. direct torque control of induction motor with fuzzy controller a reviewMajdi Dadeq
This document reviews direct torque control of induction motors with fuzzy controllers. It begins by providing background on induction motors and their widespread use in industry. It then discusses direct torque control, which aims to directly control the stator flux and torque of induction motors through optimal selection of inverter switching vectors. The rest of the document discusses modeling induction motor drives using direct torque control with fuzzy logic applications and compares various techniques that have been proposed.
Review of Improved Direct Torque Control Methodologies for Induction Motor Dr...AM Publications
ecoupled control of induction motor drives is possible using Direct Torque Control (DTC) method which
is very simple control strategy compared to field oriented control. In this method direct torque control is achieved by
selecting suitable inverter switching voltage vector from a lookup table. But drawback of this method is that it
produces toque ripples. Also the switching frequency of inverter switches is not constant. Many methods have been
proposed to address these issues of DTC. This paper reviews various methodologies which are suggested to improve
performance of basic DTC induction motor drive.
ENERGY EFFICIENT VARIABLE SPEED HIGH POWER FACTOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR...Journal For Research
Paper presents a new energy efficient technique of three phase AC to AC voltage control using medium frequency pulse width modulation and extinction angle control. This technique is deployed to obtain independent control on speed and power factor of the three phase induction motor, using four semiconductor controllable switches. The technique has been realized using AC freewheeling switch. Power factor (PF) of induction motor reduces as it depends on the load parameters, thus induction motor draws more current, increase stator copper losses. Increased stator copper losses of induction motor causes depreciation of power factor and efficiency. Proposed drive maintains power factor of induction motor at unity for controllable speed of the motor. Thus reduces current consumption of the motor at low speeds. Stator copper losses also reduce and efficiency of the motor is improved. Advantage of proposed drive is its higher efficiency and unity power factor with simplicity of control. .If number of motors are driven using the proposed drive, plenty of power conservation is possible.
IRJET- Analysis the Speed Manage of BLDC Motor Drive using SensorsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the speed control of a brushless DC motor (BLDC) using sensors. It begins with an introduction to BLDC motors and their advantages over brushed DC motors. It then presents the mathematical modeling of a BLDC motor, including voltage and flux linkage equations. It describes using Hall-effect sensors to sense the rotor position and control the motor. The document discusses using a PI controller for speed control and the challenges in selecting the PI gains. It concludes by presenting the methodology for mathematically modeling the motor, including the electrical and mechanical system dynamics equations.
Vector control is a more advanced and precise method of controlling AC induction motors compared to scalar control. It involves transforming the motor currents and voltages into a rotating reference frame to obtain decoupled control similar to a DC motor. This allows for independent control of flux and torque for faster dynamic response and better performance than scalar control. The basic implementation of vector control uses Clarke and Park transformations to convert between stationary and rotating reference frames in the controller. It provides DC motor-like precision in speed and torque control of induction motors.
Matrix Converter based Direct Torque Control of Induction MotorNeehar NLN
This topic falls under the area of speed control of induction motor. The using of advanced power electronic converters provides better response. In this case, a AC/AC converter is used to control the induction motor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SPEED AND TORQUE CONTROL OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR WITH ANN BASED DTCijics
Due to advantages such as fast dynamic response, simple and robust control structure, direct torque
control (DTC) is commonly used method in high performance control method for induction motors. Despite
mentioned advantages, there are some chronically disadvantages with this method like high torque and
current ripples, variable switching behaviour and control problems at low speed rates. On the other hand,
artificial neural network (ANN) based control algorithms are getting increasingly popular in recent years
due to their positive contribution to the system performance. The purpose of this paper is investigating of
the effects of ANN integrated DTC method on induction motor performance by numerical simulations. For
this purpose, two different ANN models have been designed, trained and implemented for the same DTC
model. The first ANN model was designed to select optimum inverter and the second model was designed to
use in the determination of the flux vector position. Matlab/Simulink model of the proposed ANN based
DTC method was created in order to compare with the conventional DTC and the proposed DTC methods.
The simulation studies proved that the induction motor torque ripples have been reduced remarkably with
the proposed method and this approach can be a good alternative to the conventional DTC method for
induction motor control.
This document summarizes a student project to develop sensorless control of a brushless DC motor using the third harmonic voltage signal method. The objectives are to design a control method, implement it in Simulink, and develop a circuit. BLDC motors are increasingly used due to their efficiency and reliability. Sensorless control can reduce costs by eliminating position sensors. The third harmonic method was chosen because it provides good signal-to-noise ratio and wide speed range. Key steps are extracting the third harmonic from phase voltages, and using its peaks to determine commutation points for switching the motor phases. The project involves modeling the motor and extracting the virtual neutral point in Simulink, and developing the commutation logic and starting strategy.
Study of Vector Control Algorithm and Inverter design for BLDC Motor, V/f con...Amol Mahurkar
This document summarizes a study on vector control algorithms and inverter design for BLDC motors. It discusses the objectives of studying BLDC motor operation, different control algorithms including vector control, and inverter design. It also covers V/F control of induction motors. Key topics covered include Clarke/Park transformations, sensorless control, inverter topologies, and a comparison of vector and V/F control techniques. The document is authored by engineering students and provides an overview of various motor control concepts and algorithms.
This document provides an overview of vector control of AC induction motors compared to scalar control. Vector control decouples the torque and flux produced by the motor, allowing for more precise independent control. It does this by controlling the direct current (Id) that produces flux and quadrature current (Iq) that produces torque. There are two approaches to vector control - direct field oriented control that directly measures the rotor angle and indirect field oriented control that indirectly measures it using slip speed. Key benefits of vector control are fast transient response since torque can be controlled without affecting flux, and ability to control speed in all four quadrants.
Design of Speed and Current Controller for Two Quadrant DC Motor DriveKaushik Naik
This document discusses the design of a current controller for a two-quadrant DC motor drive system using a model order reduction technique. It first presents the literature on various order reduction methods. It then derives the transfer functions of the DC motor, converter, current and speed controllers. Using the symmetric optimum method, it designs the current controller as a second-order system and the speed controller as a first-order system, reduced from their original higher orders. Simulation results show the performance of the reduced order system matches the conventional system. The document concludes the motor drive control is designed and simulated successfully using the symmetric optimum method.
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...IJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motors are widely used for many industrial applications because of their high efficiency, high
torque and low volume. This paper proposed an improved Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller to control the speed of
BLDC motor. This paper provides an overview of different tuning methods of PID Controller applied to control
the speed of the transfer function model of the BLDC motor drive and then to the mathematical model of the
BLDC motor drive. It is difficult to tune the parameters and get satisfied control characteristics by using normal
conventional PI controller. The experimental results verify that Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller has better control
performance than the conventional PI controller. The modeling, control and simulation of the BLDC motor have
been done using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Also, the dynamic characteristics of the BLDC motor (i.e.
speed and torque) as well as currents and voltages of the inverter components are observed by using the
developed model.
Performance Analysis of Current Controlled Three Phase Switched Reluctance Motoridescitation
Switched Reluctance Motor is an old member of Electrical Machines Family.It’s
simple structures and ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing capability make it more
attractive for industrial application. However these merits are overshadowed by inherent
high torque ripple, acoustic noise and difficulty to control. In proposed converter, the
hysteresis
current control technique is applied
for analysis of three phase 6/4
Switched Reluctance motor. Using this technique ,torque, current, and flux linkage speed
curves of SRM are obtained at no load and load condition by MATLAB /SIMULINK.
Index Terms—
IRJET - Three-Phase Single Switch PWM Controlled Induction Motor DriveIRJET Journal
This document proposes a three-phase induction motor drive with a single controllable switch and PWM control. It aims to improve efficiency and power factor over existing variable frequency drives. The proposed drive uses a single switch and diodes to chop the three-phase AC voltage fed to the motor. Low value capacitors connected in parallel maintain current continuity in the motor windings during freewheeling. Motor speed can be varied by controlling the duty ratio of the PWM signal to the switch. Simulation results show the motor current remains in phase with the supply voltage, improving power factor compared to conventional angle control methods. The proposed drive is expected to provide higher efficiency operation of industrial fans, pumps and other loads with simplicity and low cost.
Adaptive Variable Structure Controller Application to Induction Motor DriveIJERA Editor
Variable structure control is an adaptive control that gives robust performance of a drive with parameter variation and load torque disturbance. Variable control structure is a robust control scheme based on the concept of changing the structure of the controller in response to the changing state of the system in order to obtain a desired response. The control is nonlinear and can be applied to the linear or nonlinear plant. A high speed switching control action is used to switch between different structures of the controller and the trajectory of the system is forced to move along a chosen switching manifold in the state space. The controller detects the deviation of the actual trajectory from the reference trajectory and corresponding changes the switching strategy to restore the tracking. Prominent characteristics such as invariance, robustness, order reduction, and control chattering are discussed in detail. Methods for coping with chattering are presented. Both linear and nonlinear systems are considered. By using Variable structure controller to control the step change in reference speed and drive system under load torque variations.
Direct torque control of induction motor using space vector modulationIAEME Publication
This document discusses direct torque control of an induction motor using space vector modulation. It begins with introducing direct torque control as an alternative to field oriented control for controlling torque and flux directly and independently. It then provides details on the principles of vector control and direct torque control in stator reference frames. The document describes the modeling of an induction motor and simulations performed in MATLAB to validate the direct torque control approach. The simulations demonstrate control of speed, torque, and flux under different gain settings of the PI controller.
Multilevel inverter fed induction motor driveseSAT Journals
Abstract Induction motor drive is used in almost all industries including oil and gas sectors, production plants and process industries. Speed control of induction motor is a major concern. The proposed technology implements a better speed control for induction motor drives using a multilevel inverter. The switching sequences are generated by optimized pre-calculated angles for controlling induction motor. And also with the use of a multi-level inverter there is lower distortion of output voltages and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of machine currents under steady state operating conditions can be minimized. THD can be further reduced by optimizing the switching angles. This technology can be extended to higher levels of output voltages by using an n state multilevel inverter. In this paper, a seven level multilevel inverter is proposed, its simulation is done in MATLAB/Simulink and the results were verified by experimenting on a hardware prototype. This could be extended to higher levels of voltage waveform and can be used in photovoltaics. A multilevel inverter could be a better choice as a dc-dc converter in solar power circuits. Keywords: Multilevel inverter, optimal pulse with modulation, total harmonic d1istortion.
This document provides a summary of the contents and structure of a book on control of machines. It discusses control of machines using electromagnetic relays, static switching devices, and programmable logic controllers. The book is divided into several sections. The first section covers motor control using relays and timers. It describes various control components and provides examples of typical industrial control circuits. The second section deals with static control using digital devices. The third section covers the use of programmable logic controllers for machine control. The book aims to be a useful textbook for students and teachers of engineering colleges on the topic of machine control.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION OF A 3-PHASE 4- SWITCH INVERTER FED BLDC MOTORvanmukil
This document provides an overview of brushless DC motors. It discusses their construction, operation, and applications. Key points include:
- BLDC motors have electronic commutation rather than mechanical brushes. They provide linear torque-speed characteristics like brushed DC motors.
- They consist of a radially magnetized permanent magnet rotor and phase windings on the stator. Electronic controllers and position sensors enable synchronized commutation.
- BLDC motors are widely used in applications like computers, appliances, electric vehicles due to their reliability, efficiency and power density compared to brushed DC motors.
- The document reviews BLDC motor components, control methods, torque production principles and common configurations like three-phase
Impacts of Urban Land use changes on flood events in Warri, Delta State NigeriaIJERA Editor
Land cover change for the period 1987, 2002 and 2007 was investigated using satellite remote sensing data. The investigation was necessitated to determine the changes over time and how this changes influence urban flooding in Warri Metropolis Delta State, Nigeria. Landsat images of the study area for the years 1987, 2002, 2007 show that in 1987 total built-up area was 83.15km2 (16.7%) and by 2007 it was 236.76km (43.7%) this reflect an annual frequency of change of 1.09%. Marginal areas and vegetation were converted to residential areas which increased the total impervious cover of the study area and generally increased the peak runoff. The conversion of marginal areas also reduced the channel capacity thus leading to flooding. Questionnaires were also administered to get information on how the respondents perceive the cause of flood in the area, the data generated was subjected to ANOVA statistical tool using SPSS. The correlation matrix between Annual rainfall and frequency of flooding show that at P<0.01,>F crit at P < 0.05 show that uncoordinated or unregulated urbanization activities is similar in all the flood zones (Warri 1- Warr4).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Review of Improved Direct Torque Control Methodologies for Induction Motor Dr...AM Publications
ecoupled control of induction motor drives is possible using Direct Torque Control (DTC) method which
is very simple control strategy compared to field oriented control. In this method direct torque control is achieved by
selecting suitable inverter switching voltage vector from a lookup table. But drawback of this method is that it
produces toque ripples. Also the switching frequency of inverter switches is not constant. Many methods have been
proposed to address these issues of DTC. This paper reviews various methodologies which are suggested to improve
performance of basic DTC induction motor drive.
ENERGY EFFICIENT VARIABLE SPEED HIGH POWER FACTOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR...Journal For Research
Paper presents a new energy efficient technique of three phase AC to AC voltage control using medium frequency pulse width modulation and extinction angle control. This technique is deployed to obtain independent control on speed and power factor of the three phase induction motor, using four semiconductor controllable switches. The technique has been realized using AC freewheeling switch. Power factor (PF) of induction motor reduces as it depends on the load parameters, thus induction motor draws more current, increase stator copper losses. Increased stator copper losses of induction motor causes depreciation of power factor and efficiency. Proposed drive maintains power factor of induction motor at unity for controllable speed of the motor. Thus reduces current consumption of the motor at low speeds. Stator copper losses also reduce and efficiency of the motor is improved. Advantage of proposed drive is its higher efficiency and unity power factor with simplicity of control. .If number of motors are driven using the proposed drive, plenty of power conservation is possible.
IRJET- Analysis the Speed Manage of BLDC Motor Drive using SensorsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the speed control of a brushless DC motor (BLDC) using sensors. It begins with an introduction to BLDC motors and their advantages over brushed DC motors. It then presents the mathematical modeling of a BLDC motor, including voltage and flux linkage equations. It describes using Hall-effect sensors to sense the rotor position and control the motor. The document discusses using a PI controller for speed control and the challenges in selecting the PI gains. It concludes by presenting the methodology for mathematically modeling the motor, including the electrical and mechanical system dynamics equations.
Vector control is a more advanced and precise method of controlling AC induction motors compared to scalar control. It involves transforming the motor currents and voltages into a rotating reference frame to obtain decoupled control similar to a DC motor. This allows for independent control of flux and torque for faster dynamic response and better performance than scalar control. The basic implementation of vector control uses Clarke and Park transformations to convert between stationary and rotating reference frames in the controller. It provides DC motor-like precision in speed and torque control of induction motors.
Matrix Converter based Direct Torque Control of Induction MotorNeehar NLN
This topic falls under the area of speed control of induction motor. The using of advanced power electronic converters provides better response. In this case, a AC/AC converter is used to control the induction motor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SPEED AND TORQUE CONTROL OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR WITH ANN BASED DTCijics
Due to advantages such as fast dynamic response, simple and robust control structure, direct torque
control (DTC) is commonly used method in high performance control method for induction motors. Despite
mentioned advantages, there are some chronically disadvantages with this method like high torque and
current ripples, variable switching behaviour and control problems at low speed rates. On the other hand,
artificial neural network (ANN) based control algorithms are getting increasingly popular in recent years
due to their positive contribution to the system performance. The purpose of this paper is investigating of
the effects of ANN integrated DTC method on induction motor performance by numerical simulations. For
this purpose, two different ANN models have been designed, trained and implemented for the same DTC
model. The first ANN model was designed to select optimum inverter and the second model was designed to
use in the determination of the flux vector position. Matlab/Simulink model of the proposed ANN based
DTC method was created in order to compare with the conventional DTC and the proposed DTC methods.
The simulation studies proved that the induction motor torque ripples have been reduced remarkably with
the proposed method and this approach can be a good alternative to the conventional DTC method for
induction motor control.
This document summarizes a student project to develop sensorless control of a brushless DC motor using the third harmonic voltage signal method. The objectives are to design a control method, implement it in Simulink, and develop a circuit. BLDC motors are increasingly used due to their efficiency and reliability. Sensorless control can reduce costs by eliminating position sensors. The third harmonic method was chosen because it provides good signal-to-noise ratio and wide speed range. Key steps are extracting the third harmonic from phase voltages, and using its peaks to determine commutation points for switching the motor phases. The project involves modeling the motor and extracting the virtual neutral point in Simulink, and developing the commutation logic and starting strategy.
Study of Vector Control Algorithm and Inverter design for BLDC Motor, V/f con...Amol Mahurkar
This document summarizes a study on vector control algorithms and inverter design for BLDC motors. It discusses the objectives of studying BLDC motor operation, different control algorithms including vector control, and inverter design. It also covers V/F control of induction motors. Key topics covered include Clarke/Park transformations, sensorless control, inverter topologies, and a comparison of vector and V/F control techniques. The document is authored by engineering students and provides an overview of various motor control concepts and algorithms.
This document provides an overview of vector control of AC induction motors compared to scalar control. Vector control decouples the torque and flux produced by the motor, allowing for more precise independent control. It does this by controlling the direct current (Id) that produces flux and quadrature current (Iq) that produces torque. There are two approaches to vector control - direct field oriented control that directly measures the rotor angle and indirect field oriented control that indirectly measures it using slip speed. Key benefits of vector control are fast transient response since torque can be controlled without affecting flux, and ability to control speed in all four quadrants.
Design of Speed and Current Controller for Two Quadrant DC Motor DriveKaushik Naik
This document discusses the design of a current controller for a two-quadrant DC motor drive system using a model order reduction technique. It first presents the literature on various order reduction methods. It then derives the transfer functions of the DC motor, converter, current and speed controllers. Using the symmetric optimum method, it designs the current controller as a second-order system and the speed controller as a first-order system, reduced from their original higher orders. Simulation results show the performance of the reduced order system matches the conventional system. The document concludes the motor drive control is designed and simulated successfully using the symmetric optimum method.
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...IJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motors are widely used for many industrial applications because of their high efficiency, high
torque and low volume. This paper proposed an improved Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller to control the speed of
BLDC motor. This paper provides an overview of different tuning methods of PID Controller applied to control
the speed of the transfer function model of the BLDC motor drive and then to the mathematical model of the
BLDC motor drive. It is difficult to tune the parameters and get satisfied control characteristics by using normal
conventional PI controller. The experimental results verify that Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller has better control
performance than the conventional PI controller. The modeling, control and simulation of the BLDC motor have
been done using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Also, the dynamic characteristics of the BLDC motor (i.e.
speed and torque) as well as currents and voltages of the inverter components are observed by using the
developed model.
Performance Analysis of Current Controlled Three Phase Switched Reluctance Motoridescitation
Switched Reluctance Motor is an old member of Electrical Machines Family.It’s
simple structures and ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing capability make it more
attractive for industrial application. However these merits are overshadowed by inherent
high torque ripple, acoustic noise and difficulty to control. In proposed converter, the
hysteresis
current control technique is applied
for analysis of three phase 6/4
Switched Reluctance motor. Using this technique ,torque, current, and flux linkage speed
curves of SRM are obtained at no load and load condition by MATLAB /SIMULINK.
Index Terms—
IRJET - Three-Phase Single Switch PWM Controlled Induction Motor DriveIRJET Journal
This document proposes a three-phase induction motor drive with a single controllable switch and PWM control. It aims to improve efficiency and power factor over existing variable frequency drives. The proposed drive uses a single switch and diodes to chop the three-phase AC voltage fed to the motor. Low value capacitors connected in parallel maintain current continuity in the motor windings during freewheeling. Motor speed can be varied by controlling the duty ratio of the PWM signal to the switch. Simulation results show the motor current remains in phase with the supply voltage, improving power factor compared to conventional angle control methods. The proposed drive is expected to provide higher efficiency operation of industrial fans, pumps and other loads with simplicity and low cost.
Adaptive Variable Structure Controller Application to Induction Motor DriveIJERA Editor
Variable structure control is an adaptive control that gives robust performance of a drive with parameter variation and load torque disturbance. Variable control structure is a robust control scheme based on the concept of changing the structure of the controller in response to the changing state of the system in order to obtain a desired response. The control is nonlinear and can be applied to the linear or nonlinear plant. A high speed switching control action is used to switch between different structures of the controller and the trajectory of the system is forced to move along a chosen switching manifold in the state space. The controller detects the deviation of the actual trajectory from the reference trajectory and corresponding changes the switching strategy to restore the tracking. Prominent characteristics such as invariance, robustness, order reduction, and control chattering are discussed in detail. Methods for coping with chattering are presented. Both linear and nonlinear systems are considered. By using Variable structure controller to control the step change in reference speed and drive system under load torque variations.
Direct torque control of induction motor using space vector modulationIAEME Publication
This document discusses direct torque control of an induction motor using space vector modulation. It begins with introducing direct torque control as an alternative to field oriented control for controlling torque and flux directly and independently. It then provides details on the principles of vector control and direct torque control in stator reference frames. The document describes the modeling of an induction motor and simulations performed in MATLAB to validate the direct torque control approach. The simulations demonstrate control of speed, torque, and flux under different gain settings of the PI controller.
Multilevel inverter fed induction motor driveseSAT Journals
Abstract Induction motor drive is used in almost all industries including oil and gas sectors, production plants and process industries. Speed control of induction motor is a major concern. The proposed technology implements a better speed control for induction motor drives using a multilevel inverter. The switching sequences are generated by optimized pre-calculated angles for controlling induction motor. And also with the use of a multi-level inverter there is lower distortion of output voltages and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of machine currents under steady state operating conditions can be minimized. THD can be further reduced by optimizing the switching angles. This technology can be extended to higher levels of output voltages by using an n state multilevel inverter. In this paper, a seven level multilevel inverter is proposed, its simulation is done in MATLAB/Simulink and the results were verified by experimenting on a hardware prototype. This could be extended to higher levels of voltage waveform and can be used in photovoltaics. A multilevel inverter could be a better choice as a dc-dc converter in solar power circuits. Keywords: Multilevel inverter, optimal pulse with modulation, total harmonic d1istortion.
This document provides a summary of the contents and structure of a book on control of machines. It discusses control of machines using electromagnetic relays, static switching devices, and programmable logic controllers. The book is divided into several sections. The first section covers motor control using relays and timers. It describes various control components and provides examples of typical industrial control circuits. The second section deals with static control using digital devices. The third section covers the use of programmable logic controllers for machine control. The book aims to be a useful textbook for students and teachers of engineering colleges on the topic of machine control.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION OF A 3-PHASE 4- SWITCH INVERTER FED BLDC MOTORvanmukil
This document provides an overview of brushless DC motors. It discusses their construction, operation, and applications. Key points include:
- BLDC motors have electronic commutation rather than mechanical brushes. They provide linear torque-speed characteristics like brushed DC motors.
- They consist of a radially magnetized permanent magnet rotor and phase windings on the stator. Electronic controllers and position sensors enable synchronized commutation.
- BLDC motors are widely used in applications like computers, appliances, electric vehicles due to their reliability, efficiency and power density compared to brushed DC motors.
- The document reviews BLDC motor components, control methods, torque production principles and common configurations like three-phase
Impacts of Urban Land use changes on flood events in Warri, Delta State NigeriaIJERA Editor
Land cover change for the period 1987, 2002 and 2007 was investigated using satellite remote sensing data. The investigation was necessitated to determine the changes over time and how this changes influence urban flooding in Warri Metropolis Delta State, Nigeria. Landsat images of the study area for the years 1987, 2002, 2007 show that in 1987 total built-up area was 83.15km2 (16.7%) and by 2007 it was 236.76km (43.7%) this reflect an annual frequency of change of 1.09%. Marginal areas and vegetation were converted to residential areas which increased the total impervious cover of the study area and generally increased the peak runoff. The conversion of marginal areas also reduced the channel capacity thus leading to flooding. Questionnaires were also administered to get information on how the respondents perceive the cause of flood in the area, the data generated was subjected to ANOVA statistical tool using SPSS. The correlation matrix between Annual rainfall and frequency of flooding show that at P<0.01,>F crit at P < 0.05 show that uncoordinated or unregulated urbanization activities is similar in all the flood zones (Warri 1- Warr4).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The study tested the effects of different plant growth regulators on in vitro multiplication of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, an economically important bamboo species in India.
2) The highest multiplication rate (90% bud sprouting) was achieved using a medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BAP, 0.25 mg/L TDZ, and 0.25 mg/L PGH.
3) Increasing the concentration of TDZ negatively impacted bud sprouting and shoot length. Combinations of BAP, NAA, and kinetin also promoted bud sprouting and shoot elongation, with an optimal combination being 1 mg/L BAP, 0.5 mg/L NAA, and 0.
Effect of Different Occlusion on Facial Expressions RecognitionIJERA Editor
Occlusions around facial parts complicate the task of recognizing facial expressions from their facial images. We propose facial expressions recognition method based on local facial regions, which provides better recognition rate in the presence of facial occlusions. Proposed method uses Uniform Local Binary pattern as a feature extractor, which extract discriminative features from some important parts of facial image. Feature vectors are classified using simplest classifier that is template matching with chi square distance measure. Extensive experiments are performed on JAFFE database.
Non-NewtonianFluid Flow and Heat Transfer over a Non- Linearly Stretching Sur...IJERA Editor
This paper investigates the MHD flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting non-newtonian power-law
fluid over a non-linearly stretching surface along with porous plate in porous medium. The governing equations
are reduced to non-linear ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformations. These
equations are then solved numerically with the help ofRunge – Kutta shooting method. The effect of various
flow parameters in the form of dimensionless quantities on the flow field are discussed and presented
graphically.
Experimental Study for the Different Methods of Generating Millimeter WavesIJERA Editor
In this paper a analytical comparison and experimental implementation of different methods used in generating a low phase noise millimeter wave signals is presented. Four techniques were experimented and compared, Multiplication, phase lock loop (PLL), Injection locking (IL), and Injection locking with phase lock loop (ILPLL). The comparison and experimental results of a laboratory discussed.
This document proposes a stochastic model to describe the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) using a continuous-time Markov chain. The model has 5 states representing different stages of CKD severity and death. Explicit expressions are derived for the transition probabilities by solving the Kolmogorov differential equations. The mean time spent in each CKD stage and life expectancy of CKD patients can be estimated using the model. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the model.
Single Mode Optical Fiber in Rof System Using DWDMIJERA Editor
Performance analysis was carried out to find the effect of crosstalk in a WDM system. Firstly, analysis of BER
was carried out without crosstalk. Then analysis of BER with crosstalk was done. Using equation for crosstalk,
number of channels was plotted using matlab. System parameters were optimized for a particular crosstalk.
Objective of the thesis work
Performance Analysis is carried out to find the effect of crosstalk due to optical cross connect in a DWDM
system considering a WDM based optical cross connect (OXC). An analysis is carried out to find the amount of
crosstalk due to OXC. The bit error rate performance degradation due to crosstalk is evaluated for OXC
parameter and number of wavelengths per fiber. The optimum parameters such as optimum number of channels
and hops are determined.
This document proposes a new framework for secure mobile commerce (m-commerce) that combines double layer encryption, steganography, and secure XML messages transferred between a mobile terminal and server. The framework is based on J2ME/MIDP and aims to provide strong security and invisibility while maintaining high operating efficiency and compatibility with many mobile terminals. It encrypts data using an elliptic curve cryptography algorithm and hides the encrypted information in images using random least significant bit steganography before transmitting between devices.
A Hybrid Technique for the Automated Segmentation of Corpus Callosum in Midsa...IJERA Editor
The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest white-matter structure in human brain. In this paper, we take two techniques to observe the results of segmentation of Corpus Callosum. The first one is mean shift algorithm and morphological operation. The second one is k-means clustering. In this paper, it is performed in three steps. The first step is finding the corpus callosum area using adaptive mean shift algorithm or k-means clustering . In second step, the boundary of detected CC area is then used as the initial contour in the Geometric Active Contour (GAC) mode and final step to remove unknown noise using morphological operation and evolved to get the final segmentation result. The experimental results demonstrate that the mean shift algorithm and k-means clustering has provided a reliable segmentation performance.
A Modified Pair Wise Key Distribution Schemes and There Effect On Network Per...IJERA Editor
Key distribution schemes has always played a pivotal role in the security of wireless sensor networks. In this research work we focus mainly on the security aspect of WSN . We have developed a modified key distribution scheme which uses the concepts of post as well as pre distribution scheme and thus he proved to be a better alternative then the rest of two schemes. Simulation study has been carried out using matlab. The effort turned out to be fruitful s our modified scheme showed less dead nodes per round of data transfer as compared to post deployment scheme.
Effects of A Simulated Power Cut in AMS on Milk Yield Valued by Statistics ModelIJERA Editor
A statistics model was developed in order to be able to determine the effects of a simulated power cut of an
Automatic Milking System on the milk output.Measurable and relevant factors, such as power cuts, milk yield,
lactation days, average two days digestion and rumination and time were considered in the calculation tool.
A Versatile Control Scheme For Dynamic Voltage Restorer To Limit Downstream F...IJERA Editor
The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a custom power device utilized to counteract voltage sags. It injects
controlled three-phase ac voltages in series with the supply voltage, subsequent to voltage sag, to enhance
voltage quality by adjusting the voltage magnitude, wave shape, and phase angle. The DVR is conventionally
bypassed during a downstream fault to prevent potential adverse impacts on the fault and to protect the DVR
components against the fault current. This paper proposes an augmented control strategy for the DVR that
provides:1) voltage-sag compensation under balanced and unbalanced conditions and 2) a fault current
interruption (FCI) function. This paper introduces and evaluates an auxiliary control strategy for downstream
fault current interruption in a radial distribution line by means of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The
proposed controller supplements the voltage-sag compensation control of the DVR. It does not require phaselocked
loop and independently controls the magnitude and phase angle of the injected voltage for each phase.
Fast least error squares digital filters are used to estimate the magnitude and phase of the measured voltages and
effectively reduce the impacts of noise, harmonics, and disturbances on the estimated phasor parameters, and
this enables effective fault current interrupting even under arcing fault conditions. The performance of the DVR
for fault current interruption is analyzed by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Harmonic Response of A Rugged System Rack Used In Transport VehicleIJERA Editor
Any Electronic or machine device which is designed to operate under Harsh environment environments and conditions, such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures and wet or dusty conditions, depending on its operation are called as Rugged Systems. The design of the system makes it unique and robust which gives more reliability for its operation. The rugged system is used for carrying the sensitive items for one place to other place without damaging. The products like computers, guns, medicine, walk talky etc. to withstand harsh conditions. The rugged system provides the good conditions while traveling, it keep the devices clean, protected from water, dust, vibrations, and fire to and environmental conditions and more. In this work to perform the harmonic analysis of the rugged system to check its stress and deformation levels, when it undergoes by damping forces while the vehicle is moving. The harmonic response of the two different materials at three different frequencies are determined.
Word Problems are designed to help students to learn the application of mathematical concepts, algebraic identities and formulae in the real world. Variables are assigned the values of „real-world‟ entities and a logical approach in solving them is established. They help the students to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and the real world application of it by giving them hypothetical situations about the same. Probability is a measure or estimation of how likely it is that a particular event will happen. Probability concepts need to be properly understood before attempting to solve any problem related to it. In view of this a survey was conducted. Students from various schools and coaching classes were approached for the same. The study shows that majority of the students experience difficulties in identifying and understanding what exactly the word problem signifies and what approach it demands. Also, the process of learning Probability needs to be specialized given the different understanding levels of each and every student in contrast to the generalized education techniques that are being used in traditional classrooms. Keeping in mind these issues, Word Problem Solver for Probability is implemented, which caters to the learning needs of each and every student individually by providing a step-by-step solution to all problems from the Probability domain.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on the performance of a diesel engine using methyl esters of linseed oil (LSOME) and neem oil (NOME) as biofuels. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder, water cooled diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm using blends of LSOME and NOME with diesel (B10 and B20). Results show that the brake specific fuel consumption and indicated specific fuel consumption decreased for the biofuel blends compared to diesel. The brake thermal efficiency increased for the biofuel blends, with B20 showing equal efficiency to diesel. It was concluded that the biofuel blends derived from linseed and neem oils can be used as sustainable alternatives to
Effect of Cooking on the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Antioxidant Propertie...IJERA Editor
The effect of cooking method on the polyunsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant properties of small indigenous freshwater fish species, Amblypharyngodon mola and Puntius sophore of the Eastern Himalayas were determined. In the raw and fried samples, docosahexaenoic acid was significantly higher (2.907 and 1.167mg/100g) in Amblypharyngodon mola and lowest (0.749 and 0.291mg/100g) were recorded in Puntius sophore. The eicosapentaenoic acid of raw, fried and curried samples of Amblypharyngodon mola were recorded higher. In DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay of IC50 value of the raw fish extract were 2.9μg/ml and 1.66μg/ml respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was found in fish curry of Amblypharyngodon mola (0.11μg/ml). It shows that the Maillard reaction product forms the melanoidin during cooking, increases the antioxidant property of the fish curry and also improved the taste.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
Dynamic Topology Re-Configuration in Multihop Cellular Networks Using Sequent...IJERA Editor
Cellular communications has experienced explosive growth in the past two decades. Today millions of people around the world use cellular phones. Cellular phones allow a person to make or receive a call from almost anywhere. Likewise, a person is allowed to continue the phone conversation while on the move. Cellular communications is supported by an infrastructure called a cellular network, which integrates cellular phones into the public switched telephone network. The cellular network has gone through three generations.The first generation of cellular networks is analog in nature. To accommodate more cellular phone subscribers, digital TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division multiple access) technologies are used in the second generation (2G) to increase the network capacity. With digital technologies, digitized voice can be coded and encrypted. Therefore, the 2G cellular network is also more secure. The third generation (3G) integrates cellular phones into the Internet world by providing highspeed packet-switching data transmission in addition to circuit-switching voice transmission. The 3G cellular networks have been deployed in some parts of Asia, Europe, and the United States since 2002 and will be widely deployed in the coming years. The high increase in traffic and data rate for future generations of mobile communication systems, with simultaneous requirement for reduced power consumption, makes Multihop Cellular Networks (MCNs) an attractive technology. To exploit the potentials of MCNs a new network paradigm is proposed in this paper. In addition, a novel sequential genetic algorithm (SGA) is proposed as a heuristic approximation to reconfigure the optimum relaying topology as the network traffic changes. Network coding is used to combine the uplink and downlink transmissions, and incorporate it into the optimum bidirectional relaying with ICI awareness. Numerical results have shown that the algorithms suggested in this thesis provide significant improvement with respect to the existing results, and are expected to have significant impact in the analysis and design of future cellular networks.
On-chip Optical Communication Using GrapheneIJERA Editor
Advancement in technology is increasing day by day. Accordance to Moore‟s Law, the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year. In this way, Graphene research so far has focused on electronics and photonic applications, in spite of its impressive optical properties, graphene can be used as optical communication devices which are more efficient than any other materials. It has as unique photonic and electronic extraordinary properties. This leads to remarkable high bandwidth, zero source-drain bias, better modulation of light, and good internal quantum efficiency.
Power Converter Configurations for Switched Reluctance Motors: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of different power converter configurations that can be used for switched reluctance motors. It begins with an introduction to switched reluctance motors and their drive system components. It then classifies power converter topologies as either hard switched or soft switched. The main part of the document describes and compares four types of bridge converter configurations: asymmetric half bridge, shared switch, shared phase winding, and full bridge converters. It provides circuit diagrams and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration. The purpose is to provide an overview of options for the power electronics component of switched reluctance motor drives.
This document discusses different types of converters that can be used in switched reluctance motors (SRMs) to reduce torque ripple. It begins by outlining the requirements of SRM converters, including allowing phase overlap control and modulating phase voltage. It then describes six converter types - dump converters (R-dump and C-dump), asymmetric, bifilar, auxiliary, and high demagnetization converters. For each type, it provides a circuit diagram and overview of how it dissipates energy during phase commutation. It also models and simulates the performance of SRM drives using the different converter types in MATLAB. The document concludes that asymmetric converters are well-suited for high-speed SRM drives due to their fast current
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simulation and Analysis of 5 Phase SRM ConverterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a simulation of a five-phase switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. Key points:
1) A simulation was performed of a 10/8 pole five-phase SRM drive using a converter with two IGBTs and two diodes per phase.
2) The simulation analyzed motor parameters such as phase flux, armature current, torque, and speed. It was observed that the motor draws ripple current and develops ripple torque corresponding to the phase current.
3) The motor speed settled at 1100 rpm with the phase flux exhibiting a triangular waveform with 72 degree phase shift between phases.
1) A new converter topology for closed loop speed control of a switched reluctance motor is proposed, consisting of half-bridge IGBT modules and SCRs.
2) The proposed converter topology aims to improve upon the conventional asymmetric bridge converter by enhancing utilization of switching devices.
3) Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink validate the operation of the proposed converter topology in both open loop and closed loop configurations for driving a switched reluctance motor.
Different type s of power converters fed relutanceSambit Dash
This document presents a comparison of six converter types for a 3-phase 6/4 switched reluctance motor (SRM). It summarizes the operation and simulation results of R-dump, C-dump, C-dump with freewheeling transistor, asymmetric, series, and parallel converters. The asymmetric bridge converter is identified as best for high speeds due to its fast current fall and rise times. Motor parameters and conclusions are also provided in less than 3 sentences.
This document discusses vector control of an 8/6 switched reluctance motor (SRM) using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). It begins with an introduction to SRM and discusses its construction, operating principle, and mathematical model. It then describes the use of direct torque control (DTC) to regulate the motor's torque output within a hysteresis band by controlling stator flux linkage and speed. The document outlines the development of an FLC for SRM speed control, including defining membership functions and fuzzy rules. Simulation results show waveforms for motor torque, speed, and current outputs indicating speed regulation and low torque ripple. The summary concludes the FLC provides accurate SRM control with fast torque/flux response and lower sampling time
This paper presents a novel converter configuration with fewer for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The proposed novel converter insists for less number of switches compared to conventional asymmetrical type of converter configuration for switched reluctance motor. Switch count reduction in converter reduces the losses, volume of heat sink, and number of gate drive circuits and thereby the performance of the system. Closed loop speed control of switched reluctance motor fed from proposed novel converter topology was presented in this paper. Performance of closed loop operation is compared to open loop system. Further the proposed converter for SRMT is evaluated with loaded condition and comparative analysis of no-load and loaded SRM is presented. The model presented is developed and the results are analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Closed loop performance of proposed novel converter fed switched reluctance motor drive is verified at fixed speed and variable speed conditions.
This document summarizes research on carrier shifting algorithms for mitigating circulating current in a diode-clamped multilevel inverter (MLI) driving an induction motor. It proposes phase shift (PS), phase disposition (PD), and phase opposition disposition (POD) carrier shifting pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques to reduce circulating current within each inverter phase leg. Simulation and experimental results show that the PD technique provides the best performance in terms of reducing circulating current and harmonics compared to PS and POD. The PD algorithm can reduce circulating current to ±Idc/6, whereas PS only reduces to ±Idc/2 and POD to ±Idc/3.
Speed Control of Induction Motor Using Hysteresis MethodIRJET Journal
This document discusses speed control of an induction motor using a hysteresis control method. It begins with an abstract that outlines using hysteresis current control in the speed loop control design to optimize induction motor performance. It then discusses using an extended state observer to estimate disturbances and compensate the speed controller. The document provides background on induction motors, including details on their stator, squirrel cage and wound rotors. It also discusses using inverters like diode-clamped and flying-capacitor inverters to generate the AC voltages used to drive the motor.
Iaetsd a decisive fuzzy controlled single switch basedIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a proposed fuzzy logic controller for a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive system. It presents a new single-switch converter topology for SRM drives that aims to improve performance with a simple design. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show that the proposed converter fed SRM drive has faster response and settling times under closed-loop control compared to open-loop operation, and further improvement when using a fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy logic controller design and simulation results validating its ability to enhance the dynamic performance of the SRM drive are discussed.
A VARIABLE SPEED PFC CONVERTER FOR BRUSHLESS SRM DRIVEIJCI JOURNAL
In many industrial applications Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is mainly used because of its high
efficiency and low maintenance. Its mechanical structure is so simple to construct because it has salient
poles, stator and rotor. Stator has concentrated winding and there is no winding on rotor. So therefore no
need of commutator and brushes. The SRM drive has another advantage of fast dynamic response and fault
tolerant capability. However since this drive requires DC excitation so we need to convert AC-DC, this ACDC
conversion imposes low power factor on grid side and this leads to high losses. Here we have consider
air-compressor used for household applications. In this paper we are proposing PWM rectifier on AC side
for Power factor correction the same rectifier is used for control of DC-link voltage. Also SRM motor is
Driven by Asymmetrical converter, the speed of the Motor is changed by changing the DC-link voltage of
Asymmetrical converter. A MATLAB/SIMULINK based model is developed for various loading conditions
and simulation results are presented.
A Modified Bridgeless Converter for SRM Drive with Reduced Ripple CurrentIJPEDS-IAES
A Single Phase Switched Reluctance Motor is more popular in many
industrial purposes for high speed applications because of its robust and
rugged construction. For low cost and variable speed drive applications SRM
are widely used.Due to doubly salient structure of motor, the torque
pulsations are high when compared to other sinusoidal machines. The major
drawback in using SRM drive is torque pulsations and increased number of
switching components. In order to overcome these drawbacks, a bridgeless
Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) is proposed. The major
advantages of this converter are continuous output current, smaller voltage
ripple and reduced semiconductor current stress when compared to the
conventional SEPIC converter. The ripple free input current is obtained by
using additional winding of input inductor and auxiliary capacitors. To
achieve high efficiency, active power factor correction circuits (PFC) are
employed to precise the power factor. Further, the unity power factor can be
obtained by making the input current during switching period proportional to
the input voltage is proposed. The proposed system consists of reduced
components and it is also capable of reducing the conduction losses. The
working principles and the waveforms of proposed converter are analyzed.
To analyze the circuit operation, theoretical analysis and simulation results
are provided. Finally, the comparison between the waveforms of
conventional SEPIC and proposed system is presented by using
MATLAB/Simulink tools.
IRJET- A Review on - PMBLDC Motor Drive with Power Factor Correction ControllerIRJET Journal
This document reviews various techniques for power factor correction in brushless DC motor drives, including SEPIC converter, isolated-zeta converter, boost converter, four quadrant operation, Landsman converter, and BL-CSC converter. It discusses the operation and simulation results of each technique, comparing their performance in terms of percentage total harmonic distortion and power factor. The boost converter and isolated-zeta converter are highlighted as suitable for low power applications due to their ability to operate in discontinuous conduction mode with a single voltage sensor. Maintaining a high power factor is important to improve power quality at the AC supply.
Design and Simulation of PFC Converter for Brushless SRM DriveIJPEDS-IAES
In most of the industrial applications, Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is mainly employed due to the reasons like having low maintenance and high efficiency. SRM consists of windings only on its stator, but would not have any windings on rotor thus having very simple construction. The available supply is AC. But AC cannot be directly supplied to SRM when used for air-conditioner application which is employed in this paper. Also power factor in the system needs to be corrected when using a SRM drive. Thus AC supply is fed to power factor correction (PFC) converter which is Buck-Boost converter here in this paper. The output of the PFC converter is fed to SRM through a simple asymmetrical converter. This PFC circuit consists of a simple diode bridge rectifier with Buck-Boost DC-DC converter. A suiTable control circuit was proposed to control the input power factor under various loading conditions. This paper gives analysis of SRM drive for air-conditioner application with Buck-Boost converter based PFC circuit. A Matlab/simulink based model is developed and simulation results are presented. Simulation is carried out for different speed response.
This document presents a new method for starting induction motors to improve transient torque pulsations. It develops a mathematical model of a 415V, 4.7A, 1435rpm induction motor in MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed method connects two phases (Y and B) at startup, with the third phase (R) delayed by 0.0133333 seconds. Simulations show this unbalanced startup reduces torque pulsations and starting current compared to normal startup. The method provides smooth motor acceleration and high starting torque with minimized transients, making it suitable for induction motor applications.
IRJET- Simulation of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator based Wind Energy C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the simulation of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion system using MATLAB. Key points:
- DFIGs are commonly used in wind energy systems due to advantages like improved efficiency, active and reactive power control, and reduced converter costs.
- In a DFIG system, the stator is directly connected to the grid while the rotor is connected via power electronic converters. Field oriented control is used to control the DFIG.
- The paper presents the mathematical modeling of a DFIG and simulations run in MATLAB, showing outputs like stator current, rotor current, and output power.
- A floating capacitor bridge topology is proposed to control the voltage across the capacitor
Numerous studies had been made to improve the switched reluctance motor operation depend on the modification of the machine design, proposing the converter designs and/or applying a suitable control method. This paper introduces the field orientation control method for that motor using a simple and very efficient DC-DC converter topology. This control method is presented by two techniques; first technique is the advance of the turn-on switching angle and the other technique is the retard/delay of the turn-off switching angle. Instantaneous and average motor characteristics are obtained using Matlab/Simulink software package. Comparison between the simulation results presented using two converter types. A precise speed and torque control are obtained. The average total torque per current is maximized.
This document summarizes a paper that models and simulates a switched reluctance motor (SRM) to minimize torque ripple through different converter topologies and control strategies. The paper develops a mathematical model of a 6/4 SRM in Matlab/Simulink. It simulates the motor with asymmetric, Miller, and modified Miller converters. Torque ripple is evaluated using power spectrum density analysis. The modified Miller converter shows better performance in minimizing torque ripple compared to the other topologies. The document concludes the modified Miller converter combined with closed-loop control can effectively reduce torque ripple in SRM for high-speed applications.
IRJET- Variable Frequency Drive Used in TreadmillIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the use of variable frequency drives in treadmills. It discusses how most treadmills previously used DC brush motors but these had issues like high failure rates and maintenance costs. The document then explores how using an AC motor with a variable frequency drive can improve on the limitations of DC motors. It provides details on how variable frequency drives work, including discussing the rectifier, DC bus, inverter and control circuit components. It also explains techniques like pulse width modulation and flux vector control that are used to control the speed of AC motors. The objectives of using a variable frequency drive in a treadmill are listed as energy savings, increased life of components, reduced noise and vibration, lower thermal and mechanical stresses, and
1. S. M. Mohamed Saleem et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 3), June 2014, pp.73-78
www.ijera.com 73 | P a g e
Simulation of New Switched Capacitance Power Converter for Srm S. M. Mohamed Saleem1, G.Ajith2, P.Kannathasan3, P. Ravi Kumar4 1,2,3 PG Scholar, 1Department of Electrical Drives & Embedded Control,2Department of Communication Systems. 3Department of Embedded System Technologies. 1,2,3 R.V.S. College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. 4PG Scholar, Department of Power Electronics & Drives, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract In this paper, design and simulation of switched capacitance power converter are proposed for 6/4 switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The operating principle and design consideration of the proposed converter is explained. The proposed converter performance is better in reduction of torque ripple and constant speed can be achieved quickly with reduced power loss when compared with asymmetric converter. The proposed system is simulated by using MATLAB Simulink and their results are clearly presented.
Index terms-SRM, Switched Capacitance, power converter drives, MATLAB Simulink.
I. I.INTRODUCTION
The switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives for industrial applications are of recent origin. Because of its simple construction and easy operation, the SRM can be an ideal alternative for other motors if its problems can be solved [1]. Serious acoustic noise caused by the torque ripple is still a primary reason for the SRM to be unacceptable in variable speed drive market [2]. The three phase switched reluctance motor drives are suitable for the applications of the high power electric drive. The SRM drive is made up of the reluctance motor, the power converter, the controller and the rotor position sensor [3]. The general block diagram for SRM drive is shown in the fig.1. Fig.1.General block diagram of SRM Drive The modeling and analysis of the three phase (6/4) switched reluctance motor with torque ripple reduction is explained in [4-7]. The control strategies of SRM drive is dependent on the requirement of
particular control applications. Normally control strategies are applicable in the areas of
Position sensor information.
Speed control using PI, PID, Sliding mode controller, Fuzzy logic control etc.
Converter/inverter design including power quality control.
Torque ripples minimization.
Reduction of acoustic noise.
Current controller like PWM current controller, Hysteresis current controller etc.
Fuzzy logic controller for desired operation.[8]
The design and simulation of a PI Controlled Soft Switched Front End Converter and speed control for Switched Reluctance Motor is explained in [9- 10]. The power converter is the main part of the motor drive. The various topologies are normally used for the SRM drive is explained in [11-14]. The design and simulation of new power converter for SRM drive with power factor correction is explained in [15]. It consists of two diodes, one switch and bifilar winding for each phase. The main drawback of this converter is the improper connection of diodes. Due to that connection, demagnetizes of each phase will occur slowly. The constant speed cannot be achieved quickly. The cost of this converter and
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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power losses will be more due to the presence of more number of diodes. The torque ripple is reduced and speed settling time is also reduced by introducing new switched capacitance power converter in this paper. The operating principles of the proposed converter and its design considerations are explained in the following sections.
II. II.OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER
Fig.2. shows the circuit diagram of the proposed converter. It consists of switch, current limiting element, capacitor and diode for each phase. The operation of this converter is similar to the conventional asymmetric converter. The magnetization and demagnetization of the phase inductance of each phase is shown in the fig.3. Fig.2. Circuit diagram of the proposed new switched capacitance converter The operating modes of this converter are divided into three modes. They are magnetization, demagnetization and freewheeling. Operating Modes Mode 1: Magnetization During the operating mode 1, the SRM phase A starts to magnetize through the switch S1 and the diode D1 when the DC voltage is applied. At the same time, the capacitor C1 in series with the switch S1 is charging. The switch S1 conducts up to current reaches its limits. During this mode, the remaining phases B & C are not in conduction. Mode 2 : Demagnetization During this mode 2, the phase A inductance starts to demagnetize and C1 discharging. The phase B energize through the switch S2 and diode D2 and capacitor C2 starts charging. Similar to phase A & B, phase C magnetizes and demagnetizes. Fig.3. Modes of operation Mode 3 : Freewheeling The freewheeling action takes place during demagnetize of each phase, the energy stored in the inductance and capacitor is back to the supply. During all the modes, current limiting elements perform is to limit the current through the phase winding.
III. DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER
Vin = 240V, N = 4500 RPM A. Design of Switch: The evolution of power semiconductor device technology has caused a progressive overlap in application areas for different devices. Devices with high voltage and current ratings are available. For drive applications the following controllable switches are available[16]:
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Switches
Characteristics
Applications
SCR
Has low switching speed.
Very high power applications(>5 MW).
GTO
Switching speed is not very high.
High power applications up to some MW.
MOSFET
Low current ratings up to some hundred amperes.
Low to medium power applications up to some KW.
IGBT
High current ratings up to 1 KA.
Medium power applications (<1MW).
Where, SCR - Silicon Controlled Rectifier. GTO - Gate Turn Off Thyristor. MOSFET - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor. IGBT - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor. Here, Switched Reluctance Motor has used for high speed applications. It leads to high current flow into the power converter thus they requires high current rating switches to control the current flow through the converter. From the above table, IGBT is more suitable for the SRM drive. Ratings of switches: FGB5N60UNDF(600V, 55A,10US)- 3Nos. B. Design of Diode: The input voltage is applied to the converter, the IGBT switches conducts the current to energize each winding in the SRM motor. When the switch is turned off, the stored energy in the magnetic field is fed back to the DC source through the winding and diodes. The demagnetization of each winding must be as quickly as possible to avoid high torque ripple. Thus fast recovery diodes are used for this purpose. Ratings of Diodes: STTH8R04D (400V, 8A, and 25 ns)- 3 Nos.
C. Design of Current Limiting Element:
High current rating switches are used to limit the current and torque ripples. In addition to this current limiting element (resistor) in series with the fast recovery diode is used to limit some amount of current ripple. Ratings of Current limiting element: 0.5K Resistor – 3 Nos. D. Design of Capacitor:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. They are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking d.c. while allowing a.c. to pass through it. In the proposed system capacitors are charged when the switches are closed and discharging when the phases are demagnetizing and the switches are not in conduction mode. The main purpose of capacitor in this circuit is maintaining the torque in one (positive) direction. The value of capacitance is inversely proportional to the speed of the motor. Rating of Capacitors:
21.75F * 3Nos. for 5000 RPM.
47.50F * 3Nos. for 4500 RPM.
77.50F * 3Nos. for 4000 RPM.
IV. SIMULATION & RESULTS
The SRM drive is simulated with conventional asymmetric converter is shown in the fig.4. is compared with the new switched capacitance converter is shown in the fig.8. Case (i):
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Fig.4.Conventional Asymmetric Converter Fig.5. Current profile of Asymmetric Converter This shows that the current profile of the asymmetric converter. The Current of each phase is independent of other phase. The Current Starts from 0 to 75A for the time period of 0.002S of each phase. When it goes to zero, other phase starts to conducts. Fig.6. Speed profile of Asymmetric Converter
This shows that the speed profile of the asymmetric converter. It attains the speed of 6050 rpm in 4 seconds. Fig.7. Torque profile of Asymmetric Converter This shows that the torque profile of the asymmetric converter. The torque produced in the SRM is independent of current in each phase. In this converter, torque is not well settled but it produces only positive torque. The torque ripple starts from 5 N-m to 33N-m. This produces more oscillation in the motor. Case (ii): Fig.8.Proposed Switched Capacitance Converter Fig.11. Current profile of Proposed Converter
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This shows that the current profile of the proposed switched capacitance converter. The Current of each phase is independent of other phase. The Current Starts from 0 to 70A for the time period of 0.003S of each phase. When it goes to zero, other phase starts to conducts. The current ripple is less than the conventional asymmetric converter due to the presence of current limiter used in the circuit. Fig.12. Torque profile of proposed converter This shows that the torque profile of the proposed switched capacitance converter. The torque produced in the SRM is independent of current in each phase. In this converter, torque is well settled with zero, it also produces only positive torque. The torque ripple starts from 0 to 26 N-m. This produces only less oscillation in the motor compared to asymmetric converter. Fig.13 Speed profile of proposed Converter This shows that the speed profile of the proposed switched capacitance converter. It attains the speed of 4500 rpm throughout the operation. It is suitable for low and medium speed applications.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new switched capacitance converter SRM drive is proposed. In this converter circuit mode of operations are discussed. It highly reduces the torque ripples and keeps it us positive torque of the motor compared with the conventional asymmetric converter. One more advantage of the proposed converter is reduced number of switches & diodes and it will reduce the cost. Both asymmetric & proposed circuits are simulated by using MATLAB Simulink. Finally their results are analyzed in this paper. REFERENCES [1] Timar and P.L., Noise and Vibration of Electrical Machines, Elsevier, Amsterdam/ New York, 1989. [2] Wu, C.Y. and C. Pollock, “Analysis and reduction of vibration and acoustic noise in the switched reluctance drive ”, Conf. Record, IEEE IAS Ann. Mtg.,93CH3366-2, pp.106-113, 1993. [3] Souvik Ganguli, “Comparison of the Various Converter Topologies For A Three Phase Switched Reluctance Motor Drive” , Journal of Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN0976-7916. [4] Sunita.Ch, M.V.Srikanth, “Modeling And Analysis Of 6/4 Switched Reluctance Motor With Torque Ripple Reduction”, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278- 1676, p-ISSN: 2320-3331, PP 37-42. [5] Joseph Peter, “Modeling &Torque Ripple Minimization of Switched Reluctance Motor for High Speed Applications, “International Journal of Science and Modern Engineering (IJISME),ISSN: 2319-6386, Volume-1, Issue-10, September 2013. [6] Vandana R and B. G. Fernandes, “Switched reluctance motor for hybrid electric Vehicles”, Fifth International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Kathmandu, Nepal, 28 - 30 October, 2013. [7] G.Vijay Kumar & J. Somlal, “Design Modelling And Simulation Of 6/4 Switched Reluctance Motor “,International Journal Of Advanced Scientific Research And Technology, Issue 2, Volume 2 (April 2012) ISSN: 2249-9954. [8] Yogesh Pahariya, Rakesh Saxena, Biswaroop Sarkar, “Control Strategy of SRM Converters for Power Quality Improvement”, International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:6 No:9, 2012.
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[9] Dr.S.Pushpa Kumar & X.Felix Joseph, “Design and Simulation of a PI Controlled Soft Switched Front End Converter for Switched Reluctance Motor”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 34– No.10, November 2011. [10] P. Bala Koteswararao & J. Hema Sunder , “A Closed Loop Speed Control of a Switched Reluctance Motor with a New Converter Topology”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013). [11] Jin-Woo Ahn, Jianing Liang and Dong-Hee Lee, “Classification and Analysis of Switched Reluctance Converters”, Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 571~579, 2010. [12] Z. Zhang, N.C.Cheung, K.W.E. Cheng, X.D. Xue, J.K Lin, and Y.J Bao ,“ Analysis and Design of a Cost Effective Converter for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives Using Component Sharing”, 4th International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications, 2011. [13] Souvik Ganguli,“Comparison Of The Various Converter Topologies For A Three Phase Switched Reluctance Motor Drive”, Journal of Engineering Research and Studies, E-ISSN 0976-7916. [14] Ehab Elwakil, “A New Converter Topology for High-Speed High-Starting-Torque Three-Phase Switched Reluctance Motor Drive System” for his submission of thesis for doctor of philosophy in the year 2009. [15] Hrudaya Ranjan M and A.Srinivas, “Design and Simulation of New Power Converter for SRM Drive with Power Factor Correction”, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.5 (December 2013). [16] Amandeep Singh, “ Study of Soft Switching Converter for Switched Reluctance Motor Drive”, A thesis report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Master of Engineering, July 2010.
VI. ACKNOWLEGEMENT MOHAMED SALEEM received B.E degree from Syed Ammal Engineering College, Ramanathapuram in the year 2013 and currently pursing M.E. in Electrical Drives & Embedded Control at R.V.S. College Engineering and technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. His areas of interest are Power Electronics and Drives, Electrical Machines and the application of power electronics in Drives. AJITH completed B.Tech. degree from College of Engineering, Kidangoor(Kerala) in the year 2008 and currently pursing M.E. in Communication Systems at R.V.S. College Engineering and technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. His areas of interest are Electronics and communication system. KANNATHASAN received B.E degree from Maharaja Institute of Technology, Coimbatore in the year 2013 and currently pursing M.E. in Embedded System Technologies at R.V.S. College Engineering and technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. His areas of interest are Embedded systems and application of power electronics. RAVI KUMAR received B.E degree from Vickram College of Engineering, Enathi in the year of 2007 and currently pursing M.E. in Power Electronics & Drives at Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. His areas of interest are Power Electronics and Drives.