The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The participatory management plan is a technical, legal and social device that joins the objectives of biodiversity conservation and the socio-economic needs of local populations. This research work aims to evaluate the impact of Wari-Maro classified forest management plan implementation on the structure and specific diversity of vegetation types. The methodological approach followed is based on the comparison of the dendrometric parameters and plant diversity parameters before and after the management plan implementation. The phytosociological and dendrometric database before the management plan was compiled with data from the forest inventory conducted by PAMF project in 2004 and others work. The forest and phytosociological inventories were carried out on the plots (70) from the forest inventory of PAMF project (2004) following the same methodological principles. The Shannon diversity index decreased from 3.35 ± 0.57 bits in 2004 to 1.98 ± 0.73 bits in 2014. The average density of dbh trees ≥ 10 cm decreased from 740.37 ± 269 , 86 stems / ha in 2004 to 184 ± 100 stems / ha in 2014. The results of the 5% sample matched t-test reveal a non-significant difference between the Shannon Diversity Index of 2004 and of 2014. On the other hand, the results of the sample t-test matched at the 5% threshold, reveal a significant difference between the average density value of 2004 and 2014 for all vegetation types except shrub savannas, fields and fallows. Most of the plant species found before the management plan are still present despite the decreased in individuals’ density.
A presentation made on forest resources and sustainable forest management, laws and regulations about forests in India, the status of the world and Indian forests.
Remodeling a Manually Operated Bio Briquetting Machine for Bio Briquetting of...Premier Publishers
Briquetting of organic waste like wheat straw, peanut shell, coconut fibers, rice husk, maize cob and various other agricultural residues is a common practice in India and abroad. Generally briquetting process is done by application of heat and pressure through electrically driven machines. This paper accounts for developing a bio briquetting machine in horizontal orientation and a comparative study between two models of manually driven bio briquetting machine for a harmful forest bio residue of Western Himalayas named as dry and fallen pine needles. One of the authors of this paper has successfully designed and manufactured these two types of manually driven forest bio residue briquetting machine in vertical and horizontal orientation. These machines are designed to reduce the use of fossil fuels and promote clean and green energy. The uniqueness of the paper is also reflected by adopting grass not level execution strategy for addressing climate change issue and creating livelihood opportunities for the communities through converting a harmful forest bio residue into a useful resource for clean energy under social entrepreneurship skills. It is further added that such an intervention will avoid devastating forest fires which are primarily initiated by huge quantity of dry and fallen pine needles lying on the forest floors. A manually operated bio briquetting machine finds its larger acceptability for a eco fragile, fire prone, chir pine forest areas of Western Himalayas by eliminating fire hazards as well as providing direct economic benefits to the villages through the sale of bio briquettes.
The participatory management plan is a technical, legal and social device that joins the objectives of biodiversity conservation and the socio-economic needs of local populations. This research work aims to evaluate the impact of Wari-Maro classified forest management plan implementation on the structure and specific diversity of vegetation types. The methodological approach followed is based on the comparison of the dendrometric parameters and plant diversity parameters before and after the management plan implementation. The phytosociological and dendrometric database before the management plan was compiled with data from the forest inventory conducted by PAMF project in 2004 and others work. The forest and phytosociological inventories were carried out on the plots (70) from the forest inventory of PAMF project (2004) following the same methodological principles. The Shannon diversity index decreased from 3.35 ± 0.57 bits in 2004 to 1.98 ± 0.73 bits in 2014. The average density of dbh trees ≥ 10 cm decreased from 740.37 ± 269 , 86 stems / ha in 2004 to 184 ± 100 stems / ha in 2014. The results of the 5% sample matched t-test reveal a non-significant difference between the Shannon Diversity Index of 2004 and of 2014. On the other hand, the results of the sample t-test matched at the 5% threshold, reveal a significant difference between the average density value of 2004 and 2014 for all vegetation types except shrub savannas, fields and fallows. Most of the plant species found before the management plan are still present despite the decreased in individuals’ density.
A presentation made on forest resources and sustainable forest management, laws and regulations about forests in India, the status of the world and Indian forests.
Remodeling a Manually Operated Bio Briquetting Machine for Bio Briquetting of...Premier Publishers
Briquetting of organic waste like wheat straw, peanut shell, coconut fibers, rice husk, maize cob and various other agricultural residues is a common practice in India and abroad. Generally briquetting process is done by application of heat and pressure through electrically driven machines. This paper accounts for developing a bio briquetting machine in horizontal orientation and a comparative study between two models of manually driven bio briquetting machine for a harmful forest bio residue of Western Himalayas named as dry and fallen pine needles. One of the authors of this paper has successfully designed and manufactured these two types of manually driven forest bio residue briquetting machine in vertical and horizontal orientation. These machines are designed to reduce the use of fossil fuels and promote clean and green energy. The uniqueness of the paper is also reflected by adopting grass not level execution strategy for addressing climate change issue and creating livelihood opportunities for the communities through converting a harmful forest bio residue into a useful resource for clean energy under social entrepreneurship skills. It is further added that such an intervention will avoid devastating forest fires which are primarily initiated by huge quantity of dry and fallen pine needles lying on the forest floors. A manually operated bio briquetting machine finds its larger acceptability for a eco fragile, fire prone, chir pine forest areas of Western Himalayas by eliminating fire hazards as well as providing direct economic benefits to the villages through the sale of bio briquettes.
Forests cover a third of our planet's land.
They provide raw materials, maintain biodiversity, protect land and water resources, and play a role in climate change mitigation.
Forests are heavily exploited, but important efforts are being made to use and manage them more sustainably.
What is the current state of the world's forests?
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Key note presentation of Steve Gliessman, from University of California Santa Cruz, on agroecology as the foundations for food system sustianability. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Trees gives more than what we are giving to trees. We are not giving anything to trees even though we are not protecting trees. Indian government proposed a act to preserve the forests that means trees. These slides contains information about why we need to protect forests as well as why we need to adhere forest conservation act.
The purpose of per is to review and assess the status of forests in India, analyze the trends in production and consumption of forest products, estimate demand and supply of forest products in relation to build national economy with sound environment.
Floristic Composition, Structural Analysis and Socio-economic Importance of L...IJEAB
Floristic assessment plays a crucial role in managing and conserving phytodiversity. Thisstudy tried to determine the floristic composition, woody structure and socio-economic importance of the legume flora in the commune of Mayahi. We used plot method based on systematic sampling approach to inventory legume species within the parklands in September 2012. We recorded 55 legume species belonging to 24 genera in 56 relevés. Fabaceae is the dominant family among the legume botanical families in the parklands of the commune of Mayahi. The average woody legume density is 62 individuals per hectare in the commune of Mayahi. The woody legume species of highest average density are Faidherbia albida and Piliostigma reticulatum. While the total basal area of legumes of the commune is 1.12m2 / ha in the Mayahi commune. The crown cover varies according to the vegetation types but it is higher in the Goulbi N’kaba forest reserve. Legume flora provides a myriad of benefits to the people of Mayahi. The present study recommends furtherresearch that examines the impact of human activities on the legume flora of the parklands in the commune of Mayahi.
S6c2 chapter 2 facts and figures on forestry.Shivu P
In this chapter some of the facts and figures related to forestry are mentioned like how the area under the cover of forest is decreasing, its impact on the environment, how desertification is increasing, the various causes for deforestation, urbanization and its impact on the forest and so on are mentioned in this chapter.
Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...AI Publications
Ruvu-South Coastal Forest Reserve forms one of the most important coastal forests in Eastern Africa coastal belt. It provides important ecological habitat for most endemic and endangered fauna and flora species including endangered Sokoke pipit bird (Anthussokokensis). The study evaluated the potential distribution and conservation of globally endangered Sokoke pipit bird in Ruvu Coastal Forest Reserve in Tanzania. Specifically the project assessed the current population size, distribution, and habitat conditions of Sokoke pipit bird in the study area. Using National Forest Inventory protocol, a total of 9 tagged line transects were established 900m from each other and sample plots of 50m x 30m were laid at every 400m along tagged transects. In each sample plot, information about forest floor conditions, forest gaps and signs for forest disturbances were assessed.Study recorded a total of 201 disturbance events along all 13 transects. Tree cutting events were observed at highest frequency rate with 71 incidences compared to others; followed by fire damage incidences. Also the study recorded 28 Sokoke pipit birds distributed in 5 sample plots among all 39 plots surveyed.The mean density ofS.pipit bird found is0.02 birds/ha, with a projected overall bird population estimated at 611 individuals in the entire forest. The study recommends further studies to other parts of the forest reserve so as to identify other fundamental niche, endangered and endemic species. Also to enhance of forest management by local authority and raise conservation awareness to address human-mediated forest destruction.
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
With the increased occurrence of catastrophic fires and droughts, managing woodlands and forests has taken on an increase importance. Learn about different forest management techniques and how they impact the community.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Forests cover a third of our planet's land.
They provide raw materials, maintain biodiversity, protect land and water resources, and play a role in climate change mitigation.
Forests are heavily exploited, but important efforts are being made to use and manage them more sustainably.
What is the current state of the world's forests?
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Key note presentation of Steve Gliessman, from University of California Santa Cruz, on agroecology as the foundations for food system sustianability. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Trees gives more than what we are giving to trees. We are not giving anything to trees even though we are not protecting trees. Indian government proposed a act to preserve the forests that means trees. These slides contains information about why we need to protect forests as well as why we need to adhere forest conservation act.
The purpose of per is to review and assess the status of forests in India, analyze the trends in production and consumption of forest products, estimate demand and supply of forest products in relation to build national economy with sound environment.
Floristic Composition, Structural Analysis and Socio-economic Importance of L...IJEAB
Floristic assessment plays a crucial role in managing and conserving phytodiversity. Thisstudy tried to determine the floristic composition, woody structure and socio-economic importance of the legume flora in the commune of Mayahi. We used plot method based on systematic sampling approach to inventory legume species within the parklands in September 2012. We recorded 55 legume species belonging to 24 genera in 56 relevés. Fabaceae is the dominant family among the legume botanical families in the parklands of the commune of Mayahi. The average woody legume density is 62 individuals per hectare in the commune of Mayahi. The woody legume species of highest average density are Faidherbia albida and Piliostigma reticulatum. While the total basal area of legumes of the commune is 1.12m2 / ha in the Mayahi commune. The crown cover varies according to the vegetation types but it is higher in the Goulbi N’kaba forest reserve. Legume flora provides a myriad of benefits to the people of Mayahi. The present study recommends furtherresearch that examines the impact of human activities on the legume flora of the parklands in the commune of Mayahi.
S6c2 chapter 2 facts and figures on forestry.Shivu P
In this chapter some of the facts and figures related to forestry are mentioned like how the area under the cover of forest is decreasing, its impact on the environment, how desertification is increasing, the various causes for deforestation, urbanization and its impact on the forest and so on are mentioned in this chapter.
Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...AI Publications
Ruvu-South Coastal Forest Reserve forms one of the most important coastal forests in Eastern Africa coastal belt. It provides important ecological habitat for most endemic and endangered fauna and flora species including endangered Sokoke pipit bird (Anthussokokensis). The study evaluated the potential distribution and conservation of globally endangered Sokoke pipit bird in Ruvu Coastal Forest Reserve in Tanzania. Specifically the project assessed the current population size, distribution, and habitat conditions of Sokoke pipit bird in the study area. Using National Forest Inventory protocol, a total of 9 tagged line transects were established 900m from each other and sample plots of 50m x 30m were laid at every 400m along tagged transects. In each sample plot, information about forest floor conditions, forest gaps and signs for forest disturbances were assessed.Study recorded a total of 201 disturbance events along all 13 transects. Tree cutting events were observed at highest frequency rate with 71 incidences compared to others; followed by fire damage incidences. Also the study recorded 28 Sokoke pipit birds distributed in 5 sample plots among all 39 plots surveyed.The mean density ofS.pipit bird found is0.02 birds/ha, with a projected overall bird population estimated at 611 individuals in the entire forest. The study recommends further studies to other parts of the forest reserve so as to identify other fundamental niche, endangered and endemic species. Also to enhance of forest management by local authority and raise conservation awareness to address human-mediated forest destruction.
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
With the increased occurrence of catastrophic fires and droughts, managing woodlands and forests has taken on an increase importance. Learn about different forest management techniques and how they impact the community.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Olorunnisola, A.O., Richards, A. and Omoniyi, T.E., 2021. A Review on the Renewable Energy from Agricultural and Forest Residues in Nigeria. United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), 3(1), pp.04-11.
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Prevention of fire and hunting in forests using machine learning for sustaina...BIJIAM Journal
Deforestation, illegal hunting, and forest fires are a few current issues that have an impact on the diversity andecosystem of forests. To increase the biodiversity of species and ecosystems, it becomes imperative to preservethe forest. The conventional techniques employed to prevent these issues are costly, less effective, and insecure.The current systems are unreliable and use more energy. By utilizing an Internet of Things (IOT) system, thistechnology offers a more practical and economical method of continuously maintaining and monitoring the statusof the forest. To guarantee excellent security, this system combines a number of sensors, alarms, cameras, lights,and microphones. It aids in reducing forest loss, animal trafficking, and forest fires. In the suggested system,sensors are used for monitoring, and cloud storage is used for data storage. Through the use of machine learning,the raspberry pi camera module significantly aids in the prevention of unlawful wildlife hunting as well as thedetection and prevention of forest fires.
A Review on Effects of Deforestation on Landslide: Hill Areasijsrd.com
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation includes conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Since the industrial age, about half of world's original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered. Despite the improvements in education, information and general awareness of the importance of forests, deforestation has not reduced much, and there are still many more communities and individuals who still destroy forest lands for personal gains. Deforestation also provides stability to slope through which mass movement of rocks, debris could not occur. As the plant or tree roots provides some reinforcement and also remove groundwater. On hilly areas vegetation can stabilize steep slopes and if the cutting of trees continues it would result in a drastic change in the atmosphere or in the environment. In this paper there is summarization of cause of deforestation, deforestation causes, environment changes i.e. loss of biodiversity and how deforestation is related to landslide.
Population Structure and Threats to Sustainable Management of Woody Plant Spe...Innspub Net
This study was conducted to assess population structure and threat to the sustainable management of woody species in the various ago-ecosystems in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area (LGA) Katsina State, Nigeria. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used to collect data from 21 randomly demarcated 100m × 100m sample plots. All woody plant species found in the sample plots with stem diameter >2 cm at 20cm above ground, were recorded. Population structure was summarized by diameter classes. For the identification of threats, field and questionnaire surveys were used. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed at ten questionnaires per ward in five out of the 11 wards in the LGA. The highest numbers (350) of small diameter trees (0.1-1.0cm) were recorded in the agrosilvopastoral system. This was followed by silvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems with 89 and 85, respectively. However, the highest number of large diameter woody tree species was recorded in the silvopastoral system followed by agrosilvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems. The regular reverse J-shaped and fairly regular reverse J-shaped size class distribution observed for agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral respectively, suggest a recuperating population. Over exploitation, debarking, de-branching, root- digging, leaf harvesting, seed harvesting, poor regeneration, slow rate of growth, wind effect and bush burning were the major threats to sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area. The implications of our findings for sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area are discussed and recommendations made.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
The study assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem using the case of IGGRs. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying the strategies used for natural resources management; examining the impacts of those strategies; examining the hindrances of the identified strategies; and lastly, examining the methods for scaling up the performance of strategies used for natural resources in the study area. The study involved two villages among 31 villages bordering IGGRs where in each village; at least 5% of the households were sampled. Both Primary data and secondary data were collected and analyzed both manually and computer by using SPSS software. The study revealed that, study population ranked IGGRs performance on protection of natural resources, especially on conserving wildlife for future generation and in reducing poaching to be good(53.3%). In addition, the relationship with IGGRs was said to be considerable good (46.7%). In the aspect of reducing poaching, the findings show that poaching has been reduced by 96.2% from 2009 to 2012. Furthermore, 81.4% of respondents said they use different strategies to control loss of natural resources which in turn has considerably improved the relationship between protected areas and the surrounding communities in some of the aspects. Despite of above successes, the study findings has revealed a number of challenges that hinders the full attainment of conservation objectives. Among the challenges are loss of life and properties (86.4%), shortage of water for livestock (68.9%) since water sources such as Grumeti and Rubana rivers are within protected area while the adjacent local communities do not have a free access to those water sources. Other challenges especially on the IGGRs management include insufficient fund base, working facilities and inadequate staffs. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that the strategies used for natural resources management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem is fairly sustainable and need functional participatory approaches of local people and other stakeholders in order to bring about a collaborative natural resources management network in the ecosystem. Furthermore, based on the findings above, equity in benefit sharing accrued from natural resource management in protected areas, more financial support to IGGRs and local community, the use of non-lethal deterrents for crop protection, integration of croplivestock production systems, adoption of land use plans as a solution to land conflicts, strengthens of community based conservation (CBC), adoption of modern information technology such as geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing are recommended.
The natural environment of the Nsukka, is characterized by a combination of trees and grasses in different proportions. This readily provides conducive conditions for the combined cultivation of annual crops and perennial crops, or trees. But, some factors might have stalled the espousal and practice of agro forestry in Nsukka; this is because Nsukka until recently was generally inaccessible and lacked basic infrastructure. These have contributed negatively to result in wastage of farm products especially during harvest periods, and consequent loss of income to the farmers. The broad aim of the study was to analyze agro forestry land use practices of Nsukka farmers, assess the benefits, and draw up lessons and recommendations for sustainable agro forestry development in community-based forestry projects by describing the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, determining the type of agro forestry practiced in the area, identifying the reasons for farmers’ participation in agro forestry practices, identifying the constraints to sustainable agro forestry in the area and the measures for tackling the constraints and determining the benefits of agro forestry to participating farmers and their communities at large. The results of the study showed that most farmers sale greater part of their produce as the only source of income and most farmers spend less because they use animal dropping as a source of fertilizer. The land tenure system of the entire study area is largely by inheritance, and land use is determined by the male head and, on whom the right of usage is vested. Similarly, the ownership, sponsorship and management of agro forestry farms are largely by the families.
2 ijfaf jan-2018-2-participatory mapping as a toolAI Publications
This study was carried out with the aim to contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources through the production of participative maps within forest communities in the Nguti subdivision. Specifically this was to illustrate the existing occupation and traditional tenure of forest lands and identify where conflicts of use or rights already exist or could arise both for national government planning and private investors. Data was collected through focus group discussions, household interview and field data collection with the local population through the use of GPS tablets. Results show that 90.7% of the population have no idea on this participative mapping process; however, 35.19% of the population are very interested in this mapping process as it could serve as a tool to enhance land security while 28% of respondents think it could serve as a tool for boundary clarification. Also 18% consider participative mapping an interesting tool to get good knowledge of an area and plan land use. However, forest is principally used here for farming, hunting and gathering with an average household farm size of 0.35ha per year with just 30% of the non-Timber forest products in this area being exploited. The study also revealed that, conflicts of use and right exist due to government affectations, unclear boundaries and the creation of chiefdoms. Participative mapping has proven to be the better tool for decision making as other tools such as satellite images have caused overlaps in state affectations.
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1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 3 ||Issue|| 01 || Pages || 73-78 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
Enviromental Effect of Continuous Use of Timber Harvesting
Machines in Free Areas and the Fate of Forest Reserve in
Southern Adamawa State-Nigeria
1
D.A. Mada, 2G.Y. Jamala
1
Department of agricultural engineering technology, Adamawa state college of Agriculture, Ganye Nigeria
2
Department of Forestry Technology, Adamawa state college of Agriculture, Ganye Nigeria
----------------------------------------------------------Abstract-----------------------------------------------------Forestry is a source of energy for cooking, domestic heating, baking, grilling and oven drying in the study zone.
It provides a habitat for wild life and tools that humans use to survive in the 21 st century society. Forest
products such as mushroom, fruit, honey and leaves are used in the study for food and medicine. It helps to
regulate gases that accumulate in the earth and atmosphere, especially air craft and boom sprayer use as an
optimum tool for crop protection. Trees help in absorbing the chemicals dust and poison fumes. It sanitizes
environment with fresh air. A single tree will produce 3000 sheets of paper. The study had revealed that 120,136
volumes of trees are razed monthly for fuel wood and local timber from 2000-2012 in free areas with Agro
forestry machines without replanting. It had increased local temperature from 30-40 per cent and changes in
hydrological cycle. Annual looses as a result overcutting trees is estimated N800, 000.00--N900, 000.00
annually caused by water and wind erosion.
Keyword; Environment, Effect, Forest reserve, free area, Machines
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------Date of Submission: 16 December 2013
Date of Acceptance: 10 January 2014
I.
INTRODUCTION
Forest covers 31 percent total land area in the world .The live hood of 1.6 billion people depend on
forest. It provides a home to more than 30million people worldwide. It is estimated that global trade in forest
products was value at about USD 379 billion in 2003.
The colonial administration in study zone with foresight for future years established forest reserve in
1902 -1940 in every ecological and geographical region. These forest reserves where established for socioeconomic reasons particularly in the southern part of Nigeria. It is estimated that total area of their forest reserve
is 10 million hectares which is about 10per cent of the total land of Nigeria (World Bank 1992).It should be
noted that forest reserves vary according to ecological classification. The forest reserve were own by state
Forestry Department, which have professional and technical staff. The bulk of the forest products and services
are obtained from management of forest reserves. Some of major products include; pole, saw wood, veneer and
fuel wood. Other products are used for food and medicine namely; mushroom, wildlife, leaves, fruit and honey
in the study zone. However, these products are still obtainable from free areas of the state.
Free areas are forest area that is not under strict management. Permission to exploit with timber
harvesting machines, axe and cutlass has to be obtain from forest official and guard in the study zone
The total area of free forest area in the zone is 11,780,890 ha. They provide additional sources of forest
products and services. In fact, they were considered to be very important for private forest development.
Timber harvest in free area is dominated and influence by businessmen without concerned of
environmental protection.
As result of demand for source of energy, construction and building, the removal of trees, shrubs
continuous to increase in the zone, due increase in population. The rampart use of timber harvesting machine in
free areas is the focus of this research work.
Thus, forestry engineering deals with machines required for a forestation and exploitation of forest
product in the study zone. These machines are limited in the zone which include planting, pruning felling trees
and for logging.
While the roles of forestry engineers are unique, who combine skills to solve problem in natural
environment with focus in the landscape, they have skills to develop and implement timber harvest. They help
to design, construct and evaluate the operational systems that make forest industry work.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 73
2. Enviromental Effect of Continous Use Timber Harvesting Machines in Free Areas and the Fate of Forest…
National policy on environment (NPE, 1999) reported the environmental effect on north western part of
Nigeria which was endowed with large fruitful arable lands, vital resource for agriculture and economic
activities had been severely encroached by Sahara desert. It is advancing to the study zone at an alarming rate
of 6.0 percent every year. Consequently, Nigeria loses about 350,000 hectares of productive agricultural land
yearly to desert encroachment. The effect of this environmental condition had led to demographic relocation of
village across eleven affected state in northern Nigeria. It is estimated that Nigerian government losses $5.1
billion every year owning to rapid drought. National action plan to combat desertification was fused into
national police on environment.
The national forest resource statistical data is shown in Table 1
Table 1: National Forest resources study report volume1 1998-Nigeria
Area in Forest Portion
of
Total Area in Free Forest
reserves(ha)
Forested
Area
in Area(ha)
Reserves (%)
1.
Savanna wood forest
1,424,029
52.0
6,922,663
2
Low land rain forest
832,237
30.0
1,580,928
3
Fresh water swamp forest
226,320
8.3
1,430,436
4
Mangrove forest
48,859
1.8
945,592
5
Panted forest
144,610
5.3
7,044
Source: Beak consultants (1998)
S/N
Forest type
II.
METHOD AND MATERIALS
The research work uses data from several sources. In November 2013 we interviewed farmers, machine
operators ministry of environment and Department of Forestry along continuous use of Timber harvesting
machines in free areas from 2000 – 2012.
Materials used were questionnaires distributed randomly and oral interviews in the study zone.
Information gathered from these interviews and field survey was combined for quantitative database analysis.
Using the field base assumptions on the following experimental methods;
2.1 sudden climatic changes
The method of overcutting trees can change the global and local climate, not only through the micrometeorological process but
also by increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere(pinker, 1980). Consequence of felling trees will lead to climatic variation and unsustainable
land use. It causes global warming which includes; desertification, temperature shift, precipitation, ozone
depletion and atmospheric pollution.
2.2 soil resources losses and water
overcutting of tree in free areas disrupts water cycle (Bruijinzed, 2004) with removal of part of
forest, the study area cannot hold much water. water resource is affected by felling of trees which
include; drinking water, fisheries and aquatic life.
The long term effect of deforestation on soil resources can be severe to human and environment.
It can clear vegetation cover, owing to slash and burn farming and expose soil to the intensity of
tropical sun, rains and wind erosion.
Forest covers land with their leaves to make soil porous soi accommodates intense rainfall and
water.
2.3 Sources of energy
The method of utilization of fuel wood as a predominant source of energy in the study zone,
had accelerate continuous use of Agro forestry machines on free areas. Fuel wood is utilized for
cooking, baking, oven drying, grilling and domestic heating.
Thus, utilization of non-wood forest products had released pressure on free areas and forest reserves
such as cooking gas, kerosene solar panel and wood charcoal.
According to (FAO, 1988) about 2000 million people in rural and poor urban people depend
on fuel wood.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 74
3. Enviromental Effect of Continous Use Timber Harvesting Machines in Free Areas and the Fate of Forest…
2.4 severe effects on biodiversity
Free areas and forest reserves serves as a storehouse for biodiversity in the study zone. It
supports about 2/3 of all known species of animals, birds and plants use for food and medicine.
National geographical report (2013) that 70 percent of the world’s plants and animals live in forest.
According to world health organization, about 80 percent of world population relies on traditional
medicine from plants and animals.
The loss of biodiversity had trigger, abrupt and harmful to our society. New emergency in
trade of bush meat had declined in the study zone. In which many people had loss their business and
sudden increase in prices of domestic animals and birds.
2.5 social and Economic consequences
The method of continuous felling of trees in free areas is an expression of social injustice to
our future generations.
Impact of overcutting trees with Agro forestry machines occurs at the local level, such as
loss of biodiversity and ecological services.
Economic
loss
of
overcutting
trees
each
year
amount
t
o a loss in forest capital value at USD 45 billion (Hansen, 1997) by destroying the forests, all future
potential revenues, employment, fuel wood and timber product will disappear in the study zone.
III.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The studies in southern Adamawa state, Nigeria showed that the continuous use of Timber harvesting
machines on free area influence detrimental effect on environment. Over cutting trees by slashing, chopping
and chain saw had caused severe effect on wildlife and human.
Taking in account the statistical data and quantatification of information from field survey, it is
possible to estimate the percent of effect category on environment as presented in tables
Table2: Source of energy for sustenance had escalated continuous use of agro-forestry machines.
%
%
1
2
2
3
19
8888
8188
81
4
5
45
Source: Field survey (2013)
The increasing demand for fuel wood and local timber in the study zone from 2000-2012 had escalated felling
of trees as shown in table2:
Timber harvesting business is dominated and influenced by contractors who show less concern for
environment. According to FAO [1985] about 2000 million people all over the world, mostly rural dwellers and
poor urban people depend on fuel wood for cooking, grilling, baking, over draying and domestic heating.
Tree branches, trunk, stump and even root are good source of energy, when dried sufficiently to catch fine.
The agents of deforestation are slashes, ranchers, burn farmers’, loggers, fire wood collectors, infra structure and
other indiscremate cutting down of forest. Fuel wood gathering is often concentrated in developing countries,
dry and degraded forest areas [Repetto 1988, 1998, Roweetel 1992].
www.theijes.com
The IJES
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4. Enviromental Effect of Continous Use Timber Harvesting Machines in Free Areas and the Fate of Forest…
Table3: Sudden changes in local Hydrological cycle.
s/no
Group
Shifting temperature
Effect category %
Negative trend
35
1.
No effect
75
Total
100
2.
3.
Frequency of rainfall
Relocation of wildlife use for food
98
89
2
11
100
100
Source: field survey [2013]
Table3 shows the influence of over cutting trees on hydrological cycle. When trees were removed, soil
usually starts to dry out and cannot support biomass activities. Local temperature had shifted to 35% percent due
to loss of vegetative cover and shade to refresh air. Rain typically occurs less frequently due to dried vapor in
the air.
The biggest effect of over cutting trees influence desert encroachment. Soil is deprived of consistent
moisture; it turns to barren land and unproductive for agricultural activities.
U.S study [2012] report from Boston University that Cambodia, Burma, Thailand and vietman will loss
10-20% of their forest by 2030 with severe effect on wildlife and human. Five Asian countries have loss nearly
1/3 of their forest in 35 years.
Northern Nigeria has loss original vegetative cover as a result of continuous use agro forestry machine
on free areas for commercial fuel wood and local timber figures1-3. Villages have relocated in eleven states as
result of severe environmental effect on wildlife, agricultural activities and human [National policy on
environment 1999].
Table4: Susceptibility to soil and wind erosion
s/no
Group
Effect category%
Total
Negative trend
No effect
1.
2.
Escalation of erosion
Soil degradation
94
92
6
8
100
100
3.
Estimated yearly damage of wind storm and erosion in the zone
N600000N900,000.
-------------
-----------
Source: Field survey [2013]
The roots and stem of plant create an intricate network that makes it harder to sweep by force of erosion.
If we allow our soil to be degraded as shown in table4, it will take generations to reclaim. However, indiscremate
felling of trees will expose soil to the action of water and wind erosion. It acts on soil layer and dislodge soil particles loose
for transportation.
IV.
CONCLUSION
In this study of environmental consciousness and renewed campaign for environment protection; the drastic
vegetation losses due to continuous use of agro forestry machines in free areas should be restored. By replanting of tree
species in the study zone .These looses have caused serious destruction of 120,136 volume of trees removed monthly for fuel
wood and local timber without replanting from 2000-2012. It had resulted to annual economic loss of N600,000-900,000,
serious erosion and loss of economic trees in the study zone . The finding in the study had increased temperature from 3040% and changed local hydrological cycle. If this trend continues without replanting the lost species of tree used for food
and
medicine; then the zone will be highly vulnerable to environmental hazard. It will cause different forms of
environmental degradation and devastation on wildlife and human.
Legal actions which can be taken by state ministry of environment to conserve trees, save life and reserve natural forest
products for future generation include;
I.
Renew and reinforce simplified forestry code
II.
Regulate permissible area for logging i.e. exclude area with high degree of biodiversity as well as park and area
reserve for indigenous people
III.
Reduce premature harvesting of timber in free area to sustainable level
IV.
Re mandate forest management by law
V.
Replant species of trees annual in forest plantation, (Wing field et al 2001) suggested eucalyptus an Australian tree
in South America.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 76
5. Enviromental Effect of Continous Use Timber Harvesting Machines in Free Areas and the Fate of Forest…
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www.theijes.com
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6. Enviromental Effect of Continous Use Timber Harvesting Machines in Free Areas and the Fate of Forest…
Figure2: Logging and timber harvest in free area will result to severe effect on wildlife and human.
Source: Field survey (2013)
Figure 3: Effect of Commercial operation of chain saw in free area has dislocated animal and bird species use
for food. Bush meat trade had declined in the study area
Source: Field survey (2013)
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Page 78