The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
SIMONA CAVALU_Rotational Correlation Times of proteinsSimona Cavalu
Noncovalent spin labeled proteins (ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin, and cytochrome c) were
investigated in order to follow the different type of interactions between the nitroxide radical of 3-carbamoyl-
2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolin-1-yloxy spin label and functional groups of heme and nonheme proteins as
well as the pH influence on molecular motion of the label with respect to these proteins. EPR spectra were
recorded at room temperature and the computer simulation analysis of spectra was made in order to obtain
the magnetic parameters. Noncovalent labeling of proteins can give valuable information on the magnetic
interaction between the label molecule and the paramagnetic center of the proteins. The relevance of this
interaction can be obtained from line shape analysis: computer simulations for nonheme proteins assume
a Gaussian line shape, whereas for heme proteins, a weighted sum of Lorentzian and Gaussian components
is assumed. In the framework of the “moderate jump diffusion” model for rotational diffusion, the rotational
correlation time is strongly influenced by pH, because of the electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding.
SIMONA CAVALU_Rotational Correlation Times of proteinsSimona Cavalu
Noncovalent spin labeled proteins (ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin, and cytochrome c) were
investigated in order to follow the different type of interactions between the nitroxide radical of 3-carbamoyl-
2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolin-1-yloxy spin label and functional groups of heme and nonheme proteins as
well as the pH influence on molecular motion of the label with respect to these proteins. EPR spectra were
recorded at room temperature and the computer simulation analysis of spectra was made in order to obtain
the magnetic parameters. Noncovalent labeling of proteins can give valuable information on the magnetic
interaction between the label molecule and the paramagnetic center of the proteins. The relevance of this
interaction can be obtained from line shape analysis: computer simulations for nonheme proteins assume
a Gaussian line shape, whereas for heme proteins, a weighted sum of Lorentzian and Gaussian components
is assumed. In the framework of the “moderate jump diffusion” model for rotational diffusion, the rotational
correlation time is strongly influenced by pH, because of the electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding.
Synthesis of 3-methoxy-6-phenyl-6, 6a-dihydro-[1] benzopyrano-[3, 4-b] [1] be...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The 3-methoxy-6-phenyl-6,6a-dihydro-[1]benzopyrano-[3,4-b][1]benzopyran has been synthesised according to eight-steps synthesis. The target compound was obtained using a synthetic route based on two key cyclisations steps including the platinum chlorides-catalysed of alkynones and intramolecular oxo-Michael addition.
Investigation of spatial configuration of Polypropylene and the influence of ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Polypropylene is considered as one of the most important plastic types because of its substantial
supreme properties such as high melting temperature, good chemical resistance and desirable mechanical
properties, and achieving desired properties of Polypropylene is a significant activity, besides, gaining this
properties is the most important economical factor in reactor polymerization which gives a considerable curve
for performance cost polypropylene. In this paper, polypropylene properties, finding physical factor_ the form,
and other factors such as molecular weight _ the type of used catalyst and molecular mass which would be
expanded to properties of final polypropylene application, are all described. The state of mechanical changes
_thermal and photic changes of polymer which are closely dependant to foresaid factors_ is also discussed in
present paper, and this indicates the path toward achieving desired quality. Keyword: Polypropylene ¸ Stereo specificity Stereochemistry ،Ziegler-Natta catalysts، Atacticity
We have set up a tool to detect and monitor ferritin self assembly using FRET, which allows a better understanding on
the pathway and kinetics of ferritin assembly and inter-subunit
associations. We synthesized a batch of fluorescent ferritins,
both H- and L-type, and studied ferritin self-assembly by
different approaches. We found that when equimolecular
amounts of donor and acceptor fluorophores were coassembled, FRET efficiency raised from values of ̴0.3 on the
disassembled state to ̴0.7 after assembly, confirming an intersubunit fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) on the assembled state in accordance with inter-subunit distances. Studies carried out on the kinetics of assembly showed that both the H-chain homopolymers and H/L heteropolymers have similar patterns and complete the assembly process in about one hour. On the other hand, preliminary results suggest a different pattern for subunit distribution that is dependent on the homopolymeric or the heteropolymeric nature of reassembled ferritin.
Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin Using Charge Transfer...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of gemigliptin present in bulk drug and tablet formulation. It involves an indirect method of charge transfer complex formation in presence of NBS, metol and suphanilic acid. Gemigliptin was subjected to oxidation with excess amount of oxidant (NBS) and the unconsumed NBS oxidizes metol to give p-N-methylbenzoquinone monoamine (PNMM) which in turn forms a charge transfer complex with sulphanilic acid. Then validated the above developed method as per the current ICH guidelines. An excellent correlation coefficient (> 0.999) was found for the obtained regression equation
(y = –0.0302x + 0.928) in the range of 2.0–30.0 μg mL-1. The method was found to be simple and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range 99.92 – 100.08.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Chemical Constituents from the Base Leaves of Caryota Urens (Palmae)IOSR Journals
Triterpenes named as Lupeol, Myricadiol, -sitosterol along with two carboxylic acids named as
Tetracosonid and Ursolic acid, have been isolated from leaves of Caryota Urens. Their structures were
elucidated by chemical and physical data (IR, UV, 1H-NMR, and Mass spectra).
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Synthesis of 3-methoxy-6-phenyl-6, 6a-dihydro-[1] benzopyrano-[3, 4-b] [1] be...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The 3-methoxy-6-phenyl-6,6a-dihydro-[1]benzopyrano-[3,4-b][1]benzopyran has been synthesised according to eight-steps synthesis. The target compound was obtained using a synthetic route based on two key cyclisations steps including the platinum chlorides-catalysed of alkynones and intramolecular oxo-Michael addition.
Investigation of spatial configuration of Polypropylene and the influence of ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Polypropylene is considered as one of the most important plastic types because of its substantial
supreme properties such as high melting temperature, good chemical resistance and desirable mechanical
properties, and achieving desired properties of Polypropylene is a significant activity, besides, gaining this
properties is the most important economical factor in reactor polymerization which gives a considerable curve
for performance cost polypropylene. In this paper, polypropylene properties, finding physical factor_ the form,
and other factors such as molecular weight _ the type of used catalyst and molecular mass which would be
expanded to properties of final polypropylene application, are all described. The state of mechanical changes
_thermal and photic changes of polymer which are closely dependant to foresaid factors_ is also discussed in
present paper, and this indicates the path toward achieving desired quality. Keyword: Polypropylene ¸ Stereo specificity Stereochemistry ،Ziegler-Natta catalysts، Atacticity
We have set up a tool to detect and monitor ferritin self assembly using FRET, which allows a better understanding on
the pathway and kinetics of ferritin assembly and inter-subunit
associations. We synthesized a batch of fluorescent ferritins,
both H- and L-type, and studied ferritin self-assembly by
different approaches. We found that when equimolecular
amounts of donor and acceptor fluorophores were coassembled, FRET efficiency raised from values of ̴0.3 on the
disassembled state to ̴0.7 after assembly, confirming an intersubunit fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) on the assembled state in accordance with inter-subunit distances. Studies carried out on the kinetics of assembly showed that both the H-chain homopolymers and H/L heteropolymers have similar patterns and complete the assembly process in about one hour. On the other hand, preliminary results suggest a different pattern for subunit distribution that is dependent on the homopolymeric or the heteropolymeric nature of reassembled ferritin.
Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin Using Charge Transfer...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of gemigliptin present in bulk drug and tablet formulation. It involves an indirect method of charge transfer complex formation in presence of NBS, metol and suphanilic acid. Gemigliptin was subjected to oxidation with excess amount of oxidant (NBS) and the unconsumed NBS oxidizes metol to give p-N-methylbenzoquinone monoamine (PNMM) which in turn forms a charge transfer complex with sulphanilic acid. Then validated the above developed method as per the current ICH guidelines. An excellent correlation coefficient (> 0.999) was found for the obtained regression equation
(y = –0.0302x + 0.928) in the range of 2.0–30.0 μg mL-1. The method was found to be simple and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range 99.92 – 100.08.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Chemical Constituents from the Base Leaves of Caryota Urens (Palmae)IOSR Journals
Triterpenes named as Lupeol, Myricadiol, -sitosterol along with two carboxylic acids named as
Tetracosonid and Ursolic acid, have been isolated from leaves of Caryota Urens. Their structures were
elucidated by chemical and physical data (IR, UV, 1H-NMR, and Mass spectra).
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Highly Crystalline Surface Supported Metal Organic Thin Film Materials Based ...CrimsonpublishersPRSP
Highly Crystalline Surface Supported Metal Organic Thin Film Materials Based Heterojunctions for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion by Shargeel Ahmad* in Peer Review Journal of Solar & Photoenergy Systems
Study of electrical properties of Polythiophene and its compositesIOSR Journals
Conducting polymers are known to have significant electrical properties which can be improved by strong oxidizing power of oxidizing agents like V2O5. In the current study oxidative polymerization of the thiophene monomers was done to obtain Polythiophene for converting it into its composites with V2O5 to study their improved electrical nature. The electrical properties of pure Polythiophene, pure V2O5, PTh- V2O5 composite 1:2 (thiophene: V2O5) and PTh- V2O5 composite 2:1(thiophene: V2O5) were studied by carrying out current voltage measurements. It can be stated that the increased concentration of V2O5 is responsible for the increased current flow through the polymer matrix. The study is explained on the basis of fact that oxidizing power leads to removal of higher number of charge carriers from the backbone thereby causing increases in current flow. Such conducting polymers have wide range of applications in the field of Metal ions detectors, molecular electronics, conductive adhesive, electrical displays, electromagnetic shields, chemical, biochemical and thermal sensors, rechargeable batteries, solid electrolytes, optical computers and ion exchange membrane
Synthesis, characterization and DC Conductivity Studies of NaCF3SO3 -PEO Dope...IJERA Editor
The polymer electrolyte based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) complexes with conducting Polyaniline (PANI) and Sodium triflate salt (NaCF3SO3) has been prepared in different weight percentage(wt%) by insitu polymerization method. The complexation is characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which confirmed the presence of polyethylene oxide complexes with conducting Polyaniline and Sodium triflate salt. DC conductivity studies show thermally activated behavior of all the composites. The conductivity was found to increase with the increase in temperature indicating the semiconducting behavior of all the complexes. Maximum conductivity was observed in 30 wt% of Sodium triflate salt complexes with conducting Polyaniline and polyethylene oxide.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
UV resonance raman study of streptavidin binding of biotin and 2 iminobiotin ...John Clarkson
J. Clarkson*, D.N. Batchelder & D.A. Smith, “UV Resonance Raman Study of Streptavidin Binding of Biotin and 2-iminobiotin: Comparison with Avidin”, Biopolymers (Biospectoscopy), 62, 307-314, 2001.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||3 ||Issue|| 3||Pages|| 38-42||2014||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 38
Effect of Spacers on 3, 4-Disubstituted Polythiophene Derivatives
Geeta Saini
Department of Chemistry,Gargi College, University of Delhi
----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------
To control the steric interactions induced by disubstitution in the polythiophene and its derivatives a series of
3,4-disubstituted polythiophene derivatives have been described. In the present study the effect of various
spacers (bithiophene, ethynylene and vinylene) on the effective conjugation length has been explored. The
polymers with vinylene spacers showed the significant red shift in absorption maxima among the 3,4-
disubstituted polymers.
KEYWORDS : 3-alkylthiophene), disubstitution, spacers, vinylene, ethynylene.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 07 January 2014 Date of Acceptance: 10 March 2014
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Semiconducting organic polymers have been extensively studied over the past few decades due to their
promising applications in the field of electronics like field effect transistors and organic solar cells etc [1-5].
Among these conducting polymers, poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT) and its derivatives have received great
attention because of ease of their synthesis, functionalization and interesting optical and electronic properties [6-
8]. The optical and electronic properties of the polymers strongly depend on its structure and P3HT has well
organized lamellar structure whereby stacks of planar thiophene main chains are uniformly spaced by the alkyl
side chains [9-10]. This perfect lamellar structure in the polymeric backbone is due to Head to tail (HT-HT)
coupling of adjacent thienyl units.
The other modes of coupling like Head to Head (HH-HH) and Tail to Tail (TT-TT) gives the regio
irregular counterparts. The polymers with high HH-HH and TT-TT dyads are blue shifted because of shorter
effective conjugation length [5]. In the HH-HH configuration there is an increase in repulsive interaction
between the substituents and the sp2
lone pair on sulphur, which forces the backbone out of planarity [11]. It is
not easy to maintain regioregularity throughout the backbone of the polymer because the polymer has some
extent of regiorandom counterpart [12-16]. These polymerization defects affect the performance of the polymer
in the devices significantly. Although there are several methods reported in the literature to control the
regioregularity in the polymerization but all those processes are quite sensitive with respect to polymerization
conditions like temperature, solvents and catalyst etc. [16-24]. Among the various polymerization methods for
the 3-alkylthiophene the oxidative polymerization using FeCl3 is the most simple and straightforward approach
for the generation of polythiophene but it suffers from the polymerization defects by a great extent [1, 25].
Greater the structural defects lesser will be the effective conjugation length and hence wider will be the band gap
of the polymer. By doing the structural modification in the main and/or side chain the regioregularity can be
controlled. One of the effective ways to control the regioregularity and to get the polythiophene free from such
defects is to symmetrically substitute the thiophene ring at both the β positions. This approach has not been much
explored in the literature. This is because by the introduction of one more alkyl side chains as solubilising group
disturbs the lamellar structure and therefore there is increase in the repulsive interactions caused by the
incorporation of an additional alkyl side chain to the polymer backbone. The steric strain induced by
disubstitution has a negative impact on conjugation because of decreased backbone planarity. Fig 1 showed
some of the disubstituted polythiophenes with same or different substitutents at 3 and 4 positions [11, 26-27].
The present paper gives a method to control the steric strain in the 3, 4-disubstituted polythiophene and its
derivatives by introduction of a spacer molecule in the polymer backbone. The steric strain introduced by
disubstitution could be effectively reduced by placing a spacer in the polymer backbone. The effect of spacers on
the optical properties (conjugation in the polymer backbone) of 3, 4-diaryl substituted polythiophene derivatives
has been discussed.
2. Effect of spacers on 3, 4-disubstituted…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 39
In the following, the text is organized to follow the different types of spacers like bithienyl, ethynylene,
and vinylene. Along with this a comparison of these polymers with similarly substituted polythiophene
derivatives with and without spacers has also been presented. Fig 2 showed the structures of the various
polythiophene derivatives discussed in the present study. Here the alkyl side chain has been replaced by
alkylthienyl and alkylphenyl side chain.
S
CH3
OC4
H9
* *nS
C8H17CH3
* *n
S
C8
H17 C8H17
** n
S
CH3
* *n
S
H13C6 C6H13
* *n
S
OC4
H9
OC4
H9
* *n
P1 P2 P3
P4 P5 P6
(329) (330) (420)
(347) (460) (301)
Figure1 Structures of 3,4-disubstituted polythiophenes (number in bracket indicates absorption maxima)
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The polymer 3T1 and 3T2 were prepared by Yamamoto method by polymerizing their dibromo
monomers using Ni catalyst. All other polymers were prepared by Stille coupling from their respective dibromo
monomers with either bis(tributyl stannyl)acetylene (for 3TE1, 3TE2, TE1 and TE2) or
bis(tributylstannyl)ethene (for 3TV1, 3TV2, TV1and 3V2) via Pd catalyst. The detailed synthesis and
characterization of these polymers has been reported elsewhere [28-29]. The number molecular weight (Mn) was
determined using GPC with THF as eluent based on PS standards. Table 1 summarizes the number average
molecular weight of these polymers.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The polymers 3T1 and 3T2 are terthiophene based polymers and contains a centro-symmetric repeat
unit with an unsubstituted terminal thiophene unit which allows regular spacing of the bulky substitutents. The
absorption maxima of 3T1 and 3T2 polymer were measured in THF solution and were found to be at 484 nm
and 478 nm respectively. These values are significantly blue shifted than the 3, 4-dialkylsubstituted polymers
(P1-P6) shown above. The observed values of absorption maxima indicate stronger π-π transitions which are due
to reduction of the steric strain induced by introduction of bithienyl as spacer. The two thiophenes per repeat unit
act as spacer and therefore provide space for the accommodation of side chain.In the symmetrically β-
disubstituted polyterthiophenes the oxidative coupling is forced to afford completely regio regular polymers, due
to the chemical and geometrical equivalence of the coupling position [30]. P7 and P8 (see fig 3) are the
terthiophene based polymers with the alkyl side chain and are regioisomer of each other. Their absorption
maxima is slightly blue shifted than 3T1 and 3T2 which may be attributed due to enhanced conjugation in the
polymer backbone induced by aryl alkyl side chains. 3T1 and 3T2 are polymerized by Yamamoto method while
P7 and P8 by Stille coupling and oxidative polymerization using FeCl3 respectively. Zhenan Bao et.al reported
that polymer P7 showed high charge carrier mobility of 0.17cm2
V-1
s-1
in field effect transistors and power
conversion efficiency of 4.2% in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells [31].
Fig 2 and 4 showed the structures of (3TV1, 3TV2, TV1 and TV2) 3, 4-diarylalkyl substituted
polythiophene derivatives with vinylene group as spacer. The TV1 and TV2 have two side chains and a vinylene
spacer per thienyl unit while 3TV1 and 3TV2 have two side chains per three thienyl units and a vinylene spacer.
The absorption maxima of 3TV1 and 3TV2 are 520 and 511 nm respectively which is significantly red shifted
than 3T1 and 3T2.
3. Effect of spacers on 3, 4-disubstituted…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 40
This enhanced value of absorption maxima is attributed by the fact that by the incorporation of vinylene
unit symmetrically along the polymer backbone there is increased conjugation and backbone planarity [32-33].
The absorption maxima for TV1 and TV2 occur at much higher value than 3TV1 and 3TV2 because in TV1 and
TV2 the ratio of number of thiophene to vinylene decreases and therefore the planarity along the polymer
backbone increases and there is enhancement in absorption maxima [34-36]. Roncali has described the synthesis
of well defined soluble mono and disubstitued oligo thienylene vinylene and it was reported that incorporation of
double bond at the regular interval make the oligomeric and polymeric backbone more planar, rigid and aromatic
[33, 35].
S
SS
*
*n
R1 R2
S
SS
R1 R2
* *n
S
SS
R1 R2
*
*n
C8H17
S C8H17
C8
H17
S C8H17
C8H17
S C8H17
3T1 whereR1=R2=
3T2 where R1=R2=
3TV1 whereR1=R2=
3TV2 where R1=R2=
3TE1 whereR1=R2=
3TE2 where R1=R2=
Figure 2 Structures of various terthiophene based polymers with spacers
S
S
S
R R
* *n
S
S
S
* *n
R R
R = -C8H17
P7
P8
Figure 3 Structure of terthiophene based polymers
S
R1 R2
*
*n
S
R1 R2
*
*n
C8
H17
S C8H17
C8H17
S C8H17
TV1 whereR1=R2=
TV2 where R1=R2=
TE1 whereR1=R2=
TE2 where R1=R2=
Figure 4. Structure of disubstituted polythiophenes
4. Effect of spacers on 3, 4-disubstituted…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 41
Fig 2 and 4 showed the structures of (3TV1, 3TV2, TV1 and TV2) 3, 4-diarylalkyl substituted
polythiophene derivatives with vinylene group as spacer. The TV1 and TV2 have two side chains and a vinylene
spacer per thienyl unit while 3TV1 and 3TV2 have two side chains per three thienyl units and a vinylene spacer.
The absorption maxima of 3TV1 and 3TV2 are 520 and 511 nm respectively which is significantly red shifted
than 3T1 and 3T2. This enhanced value of absorption maxima is attributed by the fact that by the incorporation
of vinylene unit symmetrically along the polymer backbone there is increased conjugation and backbone
planarity [32-33]. The absorption maxima for TV1 and TV2 occur at much higher value than 3TV1 and 3TV2
because in TV1 and TV2 the ratio of number of thiophene to vinylene decreases and therefore the planarity
along the polymer backbone increases and there is enhancement in absorption maxima [34-36]. Roncali has
described the synthesis of well defined soluble mono and disubstitued oligo thienylene vinylene and it was
reported that incorporation of double bond at the regular interval make the oligomeric and polymeric backbone
more planar, rigid and aromatic [33, 35].
Table 1 Absorption maximaa
and molecular weight of various polymers
Polymer λmax (nm) Mn (103
)
gmol-1
Polymer λmax (nm) Mn (103
)
gmol-1
3T1 484 6.86 3TV1 520 8.77
3T2 478 5.46 3TV2 511 6.59
3TE1 462 19.3 3TE2 452 29.9
TV1 595 6.93 TV2 588 8.93
TE1 464 11.4 TE2 436 11.3
a
The absorption maxima were measured in solution
The third classes of polymers (3TE1, 3TE2, TE1 and TE2) described here are based on ethynylene spacers.
These polymers were synthesized by Stille coupling and table 1 summarizes their absorption maxima which are
found in the range from 436 to 474. Although these values are significantly red shifted than 3,4 dialkyl
substituted polythiophenes and are comparable to regioregular P3AT. These polymers exhibit lower absorption
maxima than vinylene based polymers. This suggests that incorporation of ethynylene moiety in the polymer
does not have much effect on the extent of conjugation. It is reported that triple bond has strong electron
withdrawing effect which makes it difficult to polymerize. The conjugation in this class of polymer is disturbed
by the formation of cumulene structures which is less stable [37]. Bauerle et al. have described the synthesis of
polymer based on alternating unit of bithiophene and triple bond and the polymer showed that incorporation of
triple bond lowers the HOMO level and therefore exhibit high open circuit voltage. Later on they have published
the synthesis of well defined homologous series of ethynylene containing oligothiophenes as model compounds
[38-39].
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusions, different classes of 3, 4-diaryl substituted polymers were described and it was found that
incorporation of spacers molecules is the effective method for the reduction of steric strain. The vinylene is very
effective in increasing the planarity in the polymer backbone followed by bithienyl. There is not much effect on
planarity by incorporation of ethynylene as spacer. From the observed values of absorption maxima for the
vinylene based polymers it could be anticipated that such polymers hold good promise as the future materials for
photovoltaics.
REFERENCES
Journal Papers:
[1] R. L. Elsenbaumer, K. Y. Jen, and R. Oboodi, Processible and environmentally stable conducting polymers, Synthetic Metals, 15
(2–3), 1986, 169-174.
[2] A. Facchetti, Semiconductors for organic transistors, Materials Today, 10 (3), 2007, 28-37
[3] K.Yue, Jen, G. G. Miller, and R. L. Elsenbaumer, Highly conducting, soluble, and environmentally-stable poly(3-alkylthiophenes),
Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, (17), 1986, 1346-1347.
[4] S. Günes, H. Neugebauer, and N. S. Sariciftci, Conjugated Polymer-Based Organic Solar Cells, Chemical Reviews, 107 (4), 2007,
1324-1338.
[5] R. D. McCullough, The Chemistry of Conducting Polythiophenes, Advanced Materials, 10 (2), 1998, 93-116.
[6] C. B. Nielsen and I. McCulloch, Recent advances in transistor performance of polythiophenes, Progress in Polymer Science, 38
(12), 20132053-2069.
[7] I. Osaka and R.D. McCullough, Advances in Molecular Design and Synthesis of Regioregular Polythiophenes, Accounts of
Chemical Research, 41 (9), 2008, 1202-1214.
5. Effect of spacers on 3, 4-disubstituted…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 42
[8] I. F Perepichka, D. F Perepichka, H. Meng, and F. Wudl, Light-Emitting Polythiophenes, Advanced Materials, 17 (19), 2005,
2281-2305.
[9] T. J. Prosa, M. J. Winokur, and R. D. McCullough, Evidence of a Novel Side Chain Structure in Regioregular Poly(3-
alkylthiophenes), Macromolecules, 29 (10), 1996, 3654-3656.
[10] T. J. Prosa, M. J. Winokur, J. Moulton, P. Smith, and A. J. Heeger, X-ray structural studies of poly(3-alkylthiophenes): an example
of an inverse comb, Macromolecules, 25 (17), 4364-4372.
[11] T. Johansson, W. Mammo, M.Svensson, M. R. Andersson, and O. Inganas, Electrochemical bandgaps of substituted
polythiophenes, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 13 (6), 2003, 1316-1323.
[12] R. E. Gill, G. G. Malliaras, J. Wildeman, and G. Hadziioannou, Tuning of photo- and electroluminescence in alkylated
polythiophenes with well-defined regioregularity, Advanced Materials, 6 (2), 1994, 132-135.
[13] H. S. Lee, J. Ho Cho, K. Cho, and Y. D. Park, Alkyl Side Chain Length Modulates the Electronic Structure and Electrical
Characteristics of Poly(3-alkylthiophene) Thin Films, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117 (22), 2013, 11764-11769.
[14] R. D. McCullough, R. D. Lowe, M. Jayaraman, and D. L. Anderson, Design, synthesis, and control of conducting polymer
architectures: structurally homogeneous poly(3-alkylthiophenes), The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 58 (4), 1993, 904-912.
[15] X. Wu, T.-An Chen, and R. D. Rieke, Synthesis of Regioregular Head-to-Tail Poly[3-(alkylthio)thiophenes]. A Highly
Electroconductive Polymer, Macromolecules, 28 (6), 1995, 2101-2102.
[16] M. Yuan, K. Okamoto, H. A. Bronstein, and C. K. Luscombe, Constructing Regioregular Star Poly(3-hexylthiophene) via
Externally Initiated Kumada Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation, ACS Macro Letters, 1 (3), 2012, 392-395.
[17] T.An Chen, R. A. O'Brien, and R. D. Rieke, Use of highly reactive zinc leads to a new, facile synthesis for polyarylenes,
Macromolecules, 26 (13), 1993, 3462-3463.
[18] M. C. Iovu, E. E. Sheina, R. R. Gil, and R. D. McCullough, Experimental Evidence for the Quasi-―Living‖ Nature of the Grignard
Metathesis Method for the Synthesis of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophenes), Macromolecules, 38 (21), 2005, 8649-8656.
[19] M. Kobayashi, J. Chen, T. C. Chung, F. Moraes, A. J. Heeger, and F. Wudl, Synthesis and properties of chemically coupled
poly(thiophene), Synthetic Metals, 9 (1), 1984, 77-86.
[20] R.S. Loewe, P. C. Ewbank, J. Liu, L. Zhai, and R. D. McCullough, Regioregular, Head-to-Tail Coupled Poly(3-alkylthiophenes)
Made Easy by the GRIM Method: Investigation of the Reaction and the Origin of Regioselectivity, Macromolecules, 34 (13),
2001, 4324-4333.
[21] K. Tamao, S. Kodama, I. Nakajima, M. Kumada, A. Minato, and K. Suzuki, Nickel-phosphine complex-catalyzed Grignard
coupling—II : Grignard coupling of heterocyclic compounds, Tetrahedron, 38 (22), 1982, 3347-3354.
[22] T. Yamamoto, T. Maruyama, Z. H. Zhou, Y. Miyazaki, T. Kanbara, and K. Sanechika, New method using nickel (0) complex for
preparation of poly(p-phenylene), poly(2,5-thienylene) and related π-conjugated polymers, Synthetic Metals, 41 (1–2), 1991, 345-
348.
[23] T. Yamamoto, K. Osakada, T. Wakabayashi, and A. Yamamoto, Nickel and palladium catalyzed dehalogenating polycondensation
of dihaloaromatic compounds with zinc. A new route to poly(2,5-thienylene)s and poly(1,4-phenylene), Die Makromolekulare
Chemie, Rapid Communications, 6 (10), 1985, 671-674.
[24] T. Yamamoto, K. Sanechika, and A. Yamamoto, Preparation of thermostable and electric-conducting poly(2,5-thienylene), Journal
of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition, 18 (1), 1980, 9-12.
[25] T. R. Jow, K. Y. Jen, R. L. Elsenbaumer, L. W. Shacklette, M. Angelopoulos, and M. P. Cava, Electrochemical studies of fused-
thiophene systems, Synthetic Metals, 14 (1–2), 1986, 53-60.
[26] M. R. Andersson, M. Berggren, O. Inganaes, G. Gustafsson, J. C. Gustafsson-Carlberg, D. Selse, T. Hjertberg, and O.
Wennerstroem, Electroluminescence from Substituted Poly(thiophenes): From Blue to Near-Infrared, Macromolecules, 28 (22),
1995, 7525-7529.
[27] M. Theander, O. Inganäs, W. Mammo, T. Olinga, M. Svensson, and M. R. Andersson, Photophysics of Substituted Polythiophenes,
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 103 (37), 1999, 7771-7780.
[28] G. Saini, J. Jacob, S. P Senanayak, and K. S. Narayan, Synthesis, characterization, and OFET characteristics of 3,4-diaryl
substituted poly(thienylene vinylene) derivatives, Polymer Bulletin, 67 (5), 2011, 753-761.
[29] G. Saini and J. Jacob, Synthesis and characterization of 3,4-diaryl-substituted polythiophene derivatives, Polymer International, 60
(7), 2011, 1010-1015.
[30] M. C. Gallazzi, C. Bertarelli, and E. Montoneri, Critical parameters for product quality and yield in the polymerisation of 3,3″-
didodecyl-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene, Synthetic Metals, 128 (1), 2002, 91-95.
[31] S.Ko, E. Verploegen, S. Hong, R. Mondal, E. T. Hoke, M. F. Toney, M. D. McGehee, and Z. Bao, 3,4-Disubstituted
Polyalkylthiophenes for High-Performance Thin-Film Transistors and Photovoltaics, Journal of the American Chemical Society,
133 (42), 2011, 16722-16725.
[32] M. L. Blohm, J. E. Pickett, and P. C. Van Dort, Synthesis, characterization, and stability of poly(3,4-dibutoxythiophenevinylene)
copolymers, Macromolecules, 26 (11), 1993, 2704-2710.
[33] E. H. Elandaloussi, P. Frère, P. Richomme, J. Orduna, J. Garin, and J. Roncali, Effect of Chain Extension on the Electrochemical
and Electronic Properties of π-Conjugated Soluble Thienylenevinylene Oligomers, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 119
(44), 1997, 10774-10784.
[34] J. W. P. Lin and L. P. Dudek, Synthesis and properties of poly(2,5-thienylene), Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry
Edition, 18 (9), 1980, 2869-2873.
[35] J. Roncali, Oligothienylenevinylenes as a New Class of Multinanometer Linear π-Conjugated Systems for Micro- and
Nanoelectronics, Accounts of Chemical Research, 33 (3), 2000, 147-156.
[36] A. P. Smith, R. R. Smith, B. E. Taylor, and M. F. Durstock, An Investigation of Poly(thienylene vinylene) in Organic Photovoltaic
Devices, Chemistry of Materials, 16 (23), 2004, 4687-4692.
[37] G. Zotti, G. Schiavon, S. Zecchin and A. Berlin, Conducting polymers from anodic coupling of dithienylacetylenes.
Electrochemistry and potential-driven conductive and magnetic properties, Synthetic Metals, 97 (3), 1998, 245-254.
[38] P. Bäuerle and J. Cremer, Oligo(thienylene ethynylene)s: A New Class of Oligomeric Model Compounds, Chemistry of Materials,
20 (8), 2008, 2696-2703.
[39] J. Cremer, P. Bäuerle, M. M. Wienk, and R. A. J. Janssen, High Open-Circuit Voltage Poly(ethynylene bithienylene):Fullerene
Solar Cells, Chemistry of Materials, 18 (25), 2006, 5832-5834.